residence time: t ave = c/r

Residence time: Tave = C/R

• 1 resident of the United States. • 2.3 residents of Europe.• 7.6 residents of Mexico.• 7.4 residents of South America. • 26.3 residents of Africa.• 12.35 residents of the Far East.

1000 kilowatt-hours of electricity is equivalent to the average amount of electricity consumed per month by:

• 574 fast-food meals. • 34 pieces of firewood. • 28.5 gallons of gasoline. • 274 pounds of coal. • 34 therms of natural gas. • lead-acid battery weighing

61,110 pounds.

1000 kilowatt-hours of electricity is equivalent to the energy stored in each of the following:

1000 kilowatt-hours of electricity production emits the following pollutants:

Pounds Ping pong balls (eq. vol. @STP)

CO2 1,725 14,960,000

SO2 4.12 35,900

NOX 3.48 30,530

And require 422 gallons of cooling water

Oil consumption per capita

Major oil trade movements

Coal production - Coal consumption

Natural gas consumption per capita

Major natural gas trade movements

*

* C3 refers to 3-phosphoglycerate, C4 to a 4-carbon analogue

(3.2 x 1010 GJ/year)

Note:

Approximate surface area of the earth is 4πr2, or4π(6.378 106 m)2. This comes to ~5.112 1014 m2,and a hemisphere is ~2.556 1014 m2.

Approximate average insolation is 343 W/m2.

So the total power falling on one hemisphere is:

343 W/m2 2.556 1014 m2 = 8.78 1016 W

U.S. energy consumption is ~100 quad/yr, or1.05 1020 J/yr.

World energy consumption is ~4.71 1020 J/yr.

SO:

and

min9.19s196,1W1078.8J1005.1 s60min/1

16

20

min4.89s364,5W1078.8J1071.4 s60min/1

16

20

In other words, the average insolation

in: is enough to satisfy the energy needs of: For:

20 min The United States 1 year

1 hour The United States 3 years

1.5 hours The world 1 year

3 hours The world 2 years