respiratory system by abigail camba paulin slear sokmany soeum
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Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem
By Abigail CambaPaulin SlearSokmany Soeum
Functions Functions
Movement of air into & out of the lungsMovement of air into & out of the lungs Gas exchange between the blood & the air in the Gas exchange between the blood & the air in the
lungslungs Gas transport in blood between the lungs & the Gas transport in blood between the lungs & the
body cellsbody cells Gas exchange between the blood & the cellsGas exchange between the blood & the cells
Part of the face Part of the face centered about the centered about the mouth, in and below mouth, in and below space between eyes space between eyes
Has two nostrils that Has two nostrils that are openings where are openings where air can enter and air can enter and leave the nasal cavityleave the nasal cavity
Has many internal Has many internal hairs for protection hairs for protection (filtration of (filtration of incoming hair)incoming hair)
Structures of the Structures of the SystemSystem
Nose
Nasal CavityNasal Cavity
Hollow space Hollow space between behind the between behind the nosenose
The nasal septum The nasal septum divides the nasal divides the nasal cavity to a left and cavity to a left and right portionright portion
Nasal conchae are Nasal conchae are bones that create bones that create walls, making the walls, making the cavities into cavities into passagewayspassageways
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Air filled spaces Air filled spaces located within the located within the maxillary, frontal, maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the sphenoid bones of the skullskull
Reduces weight of Reduces weight of skull skull
Resonant chambers Resonant chambers that effect quality of that effect quality of voicevoice
Pharynx Pharynx (aka Throat)(aka Throat)
Located behind the Located behind the oral cavity, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity and the nasal cavity and the larynxlarynx
Passageway for food Passageway for food and air passing and air passing
Produce sounds of Produce sounds of speechspeech
NasopharynxNasopharynx
Passageway for airPassageway for air Auditory tubesAuditory tubes
OropharynxOropharynx
Passageway for Passageway for foodfood
Posterior to soft Posterior to soft palate palate
Inferior to Inferior to nasopharynxnasopharynx
LarypharynxLarypharynx
Passage to Passage to esophagusesophagus
Inferior to Inferior to oropharynx oropharynx
LarynxLarynx
Located at the top Located at the top of the trachea & of the trachea & below the pharynxbelow the pharynx
Contains air in & Contains air in & out of the trachea out of the trachea
Prevents foreign Prevents foreign objects from objects from enteringentering
Houses vocal cordsHouses vocal cords
TracheaTrachea (aka windpipe)(aka windpipe)
Extends downward Extends downward anterior to the anterior to the esophagus and into esophagus and into the thoracic cavitythe thoracic cavity
Flexible tube that Flexible tube that connects larynx with connects larynx with bronchial treebronchial tree
Passageway for air Passageway for air as well as filters itas well as filters it
Contains 20 C-Contains 20 C-shaped pieces of shaped pieces of hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage
Bronchial TreeBronchial TreeBronchial tree left/right primary bronchi Bronchial tree left/right primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli alveoli Branched tubes that Branched tubes that
lead from the lead from the trachea to alveolitrachea to alveoli
Alveoli are large Alveoli are large surface areas where surface areas where gas can be gas can be exchanged exchanged
Structure is similar Structure is similar to the tracheato the trachea
LungsLungs Soft, cone-shaped Soft, cone-shaped
organs that occupy organs that occupy a large portion of a large portion of the thoracic cavitythe thoracic cavity
Right lung is larger Right lung is larger than the left than the left
Contains air Contains air passageways, passageways, alveoli, blood alveoli, blood vessels, connective vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic vessels and nerves vessels and nerves of the lower of the lower respiratory system respiratory system
Pleural wall Pleural wall
Breathing Mechanism Breathing Mechanism (aka (aka ventilation) ventilation)
Movement of air from outside of the body into and out of the bronchial tree and alveoli
Inspiration Expiration
InspirationInspiration
Atmospheric pressure is the force that Atmospheric pressure is the force that moves air into lungsmoves air into lungs
Occurs when pressure inside alveoli Occurs when pressure inside alveoli decreasesdecreases
Diaphragm contracts and rises as air Diaphragm contracts and rises as air comes into lungscomes into lungs
Pleural membranes play a role in Pleural membranes play a role in expansion of lungsexpansion of lungs
ExpirationExpiration
Force comes from elastic recoil of tissues and Force comes from elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension surface tension
Abdominal organs return to original shapeAbdominal organs return to original shape Decreases diameters of alveolarDecreases diameters of alveolar
Respiratory Air Volumes Respiratory Air Volumes and Capacitiesand Capacities
Respiratory cycle = 1 inspiration + 1 expiration Respiratory cycle = 1 inspiration + 1 expiration 4 distinct respiratory volumes :4 distinct respiratory volumes :
- Tidal/ Resting tidal volume- Tidal/ Resting tidal volume
-Inspiratory reserve volume-Inspiratory reserve volume
-Expiratory reserve volume-Expiratory reserve volume
-Residual volume -Residual volume
Spirometry measures air volumes of different intensities in breathing
Tidal Volume/RestingTidal Volume/RestingEnters/leaves 1 Enters/leaves 1 respiratory cyclerespiratory cycle 500ml of air 500ml of air (normal)(normal)
Residual VolumeResidual Volume Air in lungs after Air in lungs after exhales the tidal exhales the tidal volumevolume Prevents fluctuationPrevents fluctuation 1,200ml of air1,200ml of air
Inspiratory/ Inspiratory/ expiratory Volumeexpiratory Volume Volume of air Volume of air inhaled/exhaled in inhaled/exhaled in addition to addition to tidal/restingtidal/resting 3,000ml of air (I)3,000ml of air (I) 1,100ml of air (E)1,100ml of air (E)
Volumes
CapacitiesCapacities
Vital capacityVital capacity Combination of Combination of inspiratory reserve inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume volume, tidal volume and expiration volumeand expiration volume Maximum amount of Maximum amount of breathe exhaledbreathe exhaled 4,600ml of air4,600ml of air
Inspiratory capacityInspiratory capacity Tidal volume plus Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve inspiratory reserve volumevolume Maximum amount of Maximum amount of air inhaled air inhaled
Capacities (continued)Capacities (continued)
Functional residual Functional residual capacitycapacity
Expiratory reserve Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume and residual volumevolume Amount of air Amount of air remaining in lungsremaining in lungs 2,300ml of air2,300ml of air
Total Lung CapacityTotal Lung CapacityVital capacity and Vital capacity and the residual volume the residual volume togethertogether(about 5,800ml)(about 5,800ml) Varies in age, sex, Varies in age, sex, and body sizeand body size
Respiratory CenterRespiratory Center
Controls breathing depth and rateControls breathing depth and rate Group of neurons scattered in pons and Group of neurons scattered in pons and
medullamedulla Pons: pneunmotaxic areaPons: pneunmotaxic area Medulla: rhythmicity areaMedulla: rhythmicity area
PonsPons Pneumotaxic areaPneumotaxic area Control breathing Control breathing
raterate Strong = bursts Strong = bursts
short, breathing short, breathing increaseincrease
Weak= long bursts, Weak= long bursts, breathing rate breathing rate decreasedecrease
MedullaMedulla
Dorsal respiration Dorsal respiration group: control group: control rhythmrhythm
Signal diaphragm Signal diaphragm and other musclesand other muscles
Increase volume of Increase volume of air entering air entering
Ventral respiratory Ventral respiratory group: increase group: increase inspiratory inspiratory movementmovement
Alveolar Gas Alveolar Gas ExchangesExchanges
Microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal Microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal ends of alveolar ductsends of alveolar ducts
Respiratory membrane consists of alveolar Respiratory membrane consists of alveolar and capillary wallsand capillary walls
Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across membranemembrane
Diffusion across Diffusion across membranemembrane
Diffuses from Diffuses from regions of higher regions of higher blood pressureblood pressure
21% Oxygen, 78% 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen ,0.04% Nitrogen ,0.04% Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, 0.996% other 0.996% other
Oxygen diffuses Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air from alveolar air into bloodinto blood
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood diffuses from blood into alveolar airinto alveolar air
Partial pressure of a gas is proportional to the concentration of gas in a mixture or the concentration dissolved in a liquid
Oxygen transportOxygen transport
Gas enters as a liquid Gas enters as a liquid Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs
and cellsand cells Gases enter in blood (98% hemoglobin, 2% Gases enter in blood (98% hemoglobin, 2%
plasma)plasma) Oxyhemoglobin is form when blood and iron Oxyhemoglobin is form when blood and iron
atoms combineatoms combine
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide transporttransport CO2 transport to lungs in 3 ways:CO2 transport to lungs in 3 ways: dissolved in plasma (7%),dissolved in plasma (7%), compound with hemoglobin (23%)compound with hemoglobin (23%) and a bicarbonate ion (70%)and a bicarbonate ion (70%)
PlasmaPlasma
Determined by Determined by partial pressurepartial pressure
Amount of Pco2 in Amount of Pco2 in the tissues = more the tissues = more Co2Co2
HemoglobinHemoglobin CO2 combines with CO2 combines with
amino group (-NH2) amino group (-NH2) for proteinfor protein
CO2 loosely bonds CO2 loosely bonds with with carbaminohemoglobcarbaminohemoglobin but forms slowly in but forms slowly (most effective)(most effective)
Biocarbonate ionsBiocarbonate ions
CO2 reacts with H2OCO2 reacts with H2O Has carbonic anhydrase that speeds up the Has carbonic anhydrase that speeds up the
processprocess Creates carbonic acidCreates carbonic acid
Factors Affecting Factors Affecting BreathingBreathing
ChemicalsChemicals Stretching of lung Stretching of lung
tissuestissues Emotional statesEmotional states
Chemosensitive areasChemosensitive areas
Sense changes in Sense changes in the cerebrospinal the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluid (CSF) concentrations of concentrations of CO2 and hydrogen CO2 and hydrogen ionsions
Stimulation of these Stimulation of these receptors increases receptors increases breathing rate breathing rate
Peripheral Peripheral chemoreceptorschemoreceptors
Sense change in low Sense change in low blood blood concentrationsconcentrations
Located in walls of Located in walls of arteries in the neck arteries in the neck and thoraxand thorax
Oxygen plays small Oxygen plays small rolerole
Inflation reflexInflation reflex
Occurs when lung Occurs when lung tissue stretches tissue stretches
Shortens duration Shortens duration of inspiration of inspiration breathingbreathing
Prevents Prevents overinflation of overinflation of lungs when forceful lungs when forceful breathingbreathing
Emotional factorsEmotional factors
Increase breathing Increase breathing rate rate
Voluntarily stop Voluntarily stop breathing breathing
Hyperventilation, Hyperventilation, resulting in fainting resulting in fainting
Diseases in the Diseases in the Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
AsthmaAsthmaLung disease that Lung disease that inflames and narrows inflames and narrows the airwaysthe airwaysOver 25mil people Over 25mil people have it in the U.S., have it in the U.S., 7mil are children7mil are childrenNo cure, but No cure, but treatments are treatments are available (such as available (such as inhaler)inhaler)
BronchitisBronchitisInflammation of Inflammation of bronchial tubes bronchial tubes Usually caused to Usually caused to sickness (viruses) or sickness (viruses) or smoking smoking Take medications: Take medications: antibiotics, cough or antibiotics, cough or medicinemedicine
Works citedWorks cited
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/basics/definition/con-20014956http://www.walgreens.com/marketing/library/contents.html?docid=001087&doctype=1http://vectorblog.org/2013/12/the-obesity-asthma-connection-a-link-in-the-innate-immune-system/
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