review of safety in residential installations & the need for periodic inspection
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Review of safety in residential Review of safety in residential installations & the need for periodic installations & the need for periodic
inspectioninspection
A European PerspectiveA European Perspective
Michel Machiels, Hans De KeulenaerMichel Machiels, Hans De Keulenaer
Beyrouth, 4-Feb-02Beyrouth, 4-Feb-02
Slide 2of 26
OverviewOverview
Residential safetyResidential safety
• Market perspectiveMarket perspective
• Regulator perspectiveRegulator perspective
• Consumer perspectiveConsumer perspective
• Supply industry perspectiveSupply industry perspective Current regulation on periodic inspectionCurrent regulation on periodic inspection Proposal for best-practice regulationProposal for best-practice regulation
Slide 3of 26
Market perspectiveMarket perspectiveAge profile - Europe’s dwelling stockAge profile - Europe’s dwelling stock
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bel
gium U
K
Luxe
mbo
urg
Fra
nce
Ital
y
Sw
eden
Den
mar
k
Ex-
DD
R
Aus
tria
AV
ER
AG
E
Ger
man
y
Hun
gary
*
Pol
and*
Net
herl
ands
Spa
in
Por
tuga
l
Gre
ece
Irel
and
Fin
land
>19801971-1980
1946-1970
1919-1945<1919
Housing Built Post 1970
Housing Built Pre 1970
*G&P estimates
Slide 4of 26
COUNTRYTotal No.
Householdmillions
% ElectricalRenovation Rate
% Renovations SignificantlyContributing to Electrical Safety -
Numbers
France 28 3.5 0.35
Germany 36 3.4 0.26
Italy 27 2.4 0.23
Netherlands 7 4.1 0.33
Spain 17 1.5 0.15
UK 22 5.3 0.44
Hungary 4 1.7 0.15
Poland 13 2.0 0.13
Average 158 3.8 0.32
Market perspectiveMarket perspectiveRenovation rates - EuropeRenovation rates - Europe
Sources: National Statistical Agencies, DETR renovation data,Gorham & Partners survey 1998 (UK)
Slide 5of 26
Market perspectiveMarket perspectiveAverage penetration of 12 appliancesAverage penetration of 12 appliances
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year
# P
ow
er
Ap
plia
nc
es
/ h
om
e
+ 170%
July 4th 2000Source: Euromonitor, G&PGorham & Partners Ltd
Slide 6of 26
Regulator perspectiveRegulator perspectiveView on electrical safetyView on electrical safety
SAFETY LEVEL OF CURRENT HOUSING IN THE 8 COUNTRIES
55
61
6 22
25
3
14
55 28 17
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Safety Level
Renovation
Year Housing Built
% of Homes
DEFINITELY UNSAFE POSSIBLY UNSAFE
Housing Built pre-1970
Renovation 1970 - 1990
Housing Built 1970 - 1990
Renovation after 1990
SAFE
Slide 7of 26
Regulator perspectiveRegulator perspectiveElectrical firesElectrical fires
Sources: National Fire Statistics, Gorham & Partners calculations
NUMBER OF ELECTRICAL FIRES PER 1000 HOUSEHOLDS 1998
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Spain
UK
Average for 8 countries
Slide 8of 26
CountryFatality
#/yrInjury requiring medical treatment
#/yr
France 122 3513
Germany 99 2848
Hungary 24 682
Italy 87 2517
Netherlands 9 284
Poland 53 1545
Spain 94 2726
UK 52 1511
Total 540 15626
Regulator perspectiveRegulator perspectiveInjuries from electrical firesInjuries from electrical fires
Source: Gorham & Partners calculations
Slide 9of 26
Consumer perspectiveConsumer perspectiveSurvey methodologySurvey methodology
Survey methodology:Survey methodology:• Street interviewsStreet interviews Ru (2,000)Ru (2,000)• Telephone interviewsTelephone interviews F (500), I (500)F (500), I (500)
TR (2,000)TR (2,000)• OmnibusOmnibus Bg,Cz,H,Pl,RoBg,Cz,H,Pl,Ro
(5,000)(5,000)• Visits by professionalVisits by professional Spain (2,000), Spain (2,000),
I (100)I (100)
• TotalTotal 14,000 interviews14,000 interviews10 countries10 countries
Q
U
A
L
I
T
Y
C
O
S
T
Q
U
A
N
T
I
T
Y
Slide 10of 26
Consumer perspectiveConsumer perspectiveSafety issues in the homeSafety issues in the home
Unearthed socketsUnearthed sockets DIY extensionsDIY extensions Bare conductorsBare conductors Experience shockExperience shock No 300 mA RCD No 300 mA RCD
protectionprotection No 30 mA RCD for No 30 mA RCD for
wet areaswet areas Loose socketsLoose sockets
Slide 11of 26
Consumer perspectiveConsumer perspectiveSafety issues in the home (cont’d)Safety issues in the home (cont’d)
No protection at allNo protection at all Over-rated circuit Over-rated circuit
breakersbreakers Extension cords Extension cords
under carpetunder carpet Hot socketsHot sockets Black burn marksBlack burn marks Loose contactsLoose contacts
Slide 12of 26
Customer perspectiveCustomer perspectiveChallenges with survey methodologyChallenges with survey methodology
Survey bias (except Omnibus)Survey bias (except Omnibus) Interpretation of questions (except Visits)Interpretation of questions (except Visits)
• by surveyorby surveyor• by surveyeeby surveyee
Best practice depends on configuration of Best practice depends on configuration of electricity grid & local conditionselectricity grid & local conditions• e.g. earthing, protectione.g. earthing, protection
No full agreement on best practiceNo full agreement on best practice• e.g. bondinge.g. bonding
Slide 13of 26
Consumer perspectiveConsumer perspectiveResultsResults
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Franc
eIta
ly
Czech
Spain
Hunga
ry
Bulgar
ia
Poland
Russia
Roman
ia
Turke
y
% o
f d
wel
ling
s
UNSAFE
POSSIBLY UNSAFE
SAFE
Slide 14of 26
Consumer perspectiveConsumer perspectiveExample - Turkey Marmara regionExample - Turkey Marmara region
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
DIY
Indirect contact
Direct contact
Shock
Burn spots
Overrated breakers
Hot sockets
RCD wet areas
Earthing
Extension cords / carpet
Bonding
Sockets fixed
RCD mains
ProblemNo problemDon't know
Slide 15of 26
Consumer perspectiveConsumer perspectiveDemographics of electrical safetyDemographics of electrical safety
Old dwellingsOld dwellings are less safe than new onesare less safe than new ones Rented dwellingsRented dwellings are less safe than owner-are less safe than owner-
occupied dwellingsoccupied dwellings Dwellings occupied byDwellings occupied by low-income familieslow-income families
are less safe compared to middle & high are less safe compared to middle & high income familiesincome families
Slide 16of 26
Supply industry perspectiveSupply industry perspectiveThe business opportunityThe business opportunity
Both the regulator and customer Both the regulator and customer perspectives confirm over 50% unsafe perspectives confirm over 50% unsafe installationsinstallations
140 million dwellings * 50% * 1,500 € =140 million dwellings * 50% * 1,500 € =
• € € 105 billion105 billion Who will pay?Who will pay?
Slide 17of 26
Overview of regulationOverview of regulationElementsElements
Requirement for periodic inspectionRequirement for periodic inspection• against a modern code of practiceagainst a modern code of practice• inspection during the lifetime of the dwelling, and inspection during the lifetime of the dwelling, and
not just initiallynot just initially• enforcementenforcement• accredited inspectorsaccredited inspectors• certificationcertification
Slide 18of 26
Overview of regulationOverview of regulationCurrent systems for periodic inspectionCurrent systems for periodic inspection
Periodic inspection at a fixed time interval = Russia, Periodic inspection at a fixed time interval = Russia, PolandPoland
Inspection at time of transaction (sale, change of Inspection at time of transaction (sale, change of tenant) = UK (social housing only), Cztenant) = UK (social housing only), Cz
Compliance with modern code within a period of time = Compliance with modern code within a period of time = ItalyItaly
Inspection when performing renovation (requiring a Inspection when performing renovation (requiring a licence) = France, Spain (new)licence) = France, Spain (new)
Inspection when extending the meter = Belgium, SpainInspection when extending the meter = Belgium, Spain No regulation = Turkey, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, No regulation = Turkey, Denmark, Finland, Ireland,
NetherlandsNetherlands
Source: CENELEC BTTF95 survey, ECI
Slide 19of 26
Best practice regulationBest practice regulationItalian case studyItalian case study
Law 46/90:Law 46/90:• covers all technical installations in residential buildingscovers all technical installations in residential buildings• requirements to comply to law within 10 yearsrequirements to comply to law within 10 years• accompanied by fiscal incentiveaccompanied by fiscal incentive
Result:Result:• Burst in renovation activityBurst in renovation activity
Problems:Problems:• ControlControl• Criteria for complianceCriteria for compliance
Slide 20of 26
Best practice regulationBest practice regulationItalian case studyItalian case study
5 64 69
7.2% 92.8% 100.0%
17 1 59 77
22.1% 1.3% 76.6% 100.0%
50 2 72 124
40.3% 1.6% 58.1% 100.0%
148 21 3 79 251
59.0% 8.4% 1.2% 31.5% 100.0%
220 24 3 274 521
42.2% 4.6% .6% 52.6% 100.0%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
< 10 YRS
11 - 20 YRS
21 - 30 YRS
> 30 YRS
Age ofdwelling
Total
< 10 YRS 11-20 YRS 21-30 YRSNEVER
RENOVATED
Last renovation
Total
No regulationRegulation
(1990)
Slide 21of 26
Relation between type of regulation and Relation between type of regulation and safety survey outcomesafety survey outcome
# ‘unsafe’dwellings
Noregulation
Regulationfor periodicinspectionat fixedtimeinterval
Regulationwith user /consumertrigger
Graceperiodregulation& incentivescheme
<25% Italy (-3yrs) France Italy
25-50% Czech
50-75% Spain (old) Spain (new) Hungary
>75% Turkey PolandRussia
Slide 22of 26
Best practice regulationBest practice regulationRequirement for periodic inspectionRequirement for periodic inspection
Countries that do have a requirement forCountries that do have a requirement for periodic periodic inspectioninspection (every 5 or 10 years) have(every 5 or 10 years) have difficulty difficulty to enforceto enforce itit• e.g. Russia, Poland, Greecee.g. Russia, Poland, Greece
Statutory periodic inspection requires aStatutory periodic inspection requires a user / user / consumer oriented triggerconsumer oriented trigger to ensure that it is to ensure that it is carried outcarried out
Italian approachItalian approach has proven has proven effectiveeffective for raising for raising safety levels, but there is room for improvementsafety levels, but there is room for improvement
Slide 23of 26
ConclusionConclusionBest practice regulationBest practice regulation
> 50% of unsafe dwellings = € 105 billion > 50% of unsafe dwellings = € 105 billion out of which:out of which:• partially ‘unsafe’:partially ‘unsafe’:
– 10 years grace period to comply (€ 3-5 bi/yr)10 years grace period to comply (€ 3-5 bi/yr)– Combined with fiscal incentives & subsidies Combined with fiscal incentives & subsidies
(e.g. 50% owner, 25% gov, 25% tax)(e.g. 50% owner, 25% gov, 25% tax)
• partially ‘possibly unsafe’ partially ‘possibly unsafe’ – Transaction-oriented legislation: change of owner, Transaction-oriented legislation: change of owner,
tenant, renovation, extension of metertenant, renovation, extension of meter(costs ‘hidden’ in overall transaction, and covered for (costs ‘hidden’ in overall transaction, and covered for example by mortgage)example by mortgage)
Slide 25of 26
ConclusionConclusionNew dimensions justifying actionNew dimensions justifying action
Int’l initiatives (FISUEL, UIE, BTTF95, ECI) as Int’l initiatives (FISUEL, UIE, BTTF95, ECI) as vehicles to publicise the issue and promote best vehicles to publicise the issue and promote best practicepractice
Forum to bring together supply side (installers, Forum to bring together supply side (installers, distributors, manufacturers), standards bodies, distributors, manufacturers), standards bodies, inspectors, consumer side, fire protection, inspectors, consumer side, fire protection, legislatorslegislators• e.g. Barcelona workshop, Feb 22, 2002e.g. Barcelona workshop, Feb 22, 2002
Integrate promotion, regulation & inspection into a Integrate promotion, regulation & inspection into a single initiativesingle initiative
Slide 26of 26
ConclusionsConclusionsQuestionsQuestions
What should be the objective?What should be the objective? What’s the best approach?What’s the best approach? Who should be involved / lead?Who should be involved / lead? Have we sufficient information & tools?Have we sufficient information & tools?
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