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Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
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Annexes
Annexes ..................................................................................................... 1 Annex 1a: National Readiness Management Arrangements ..................................................... 2 Annexes for 1b: Stakeholder Consultations Held So Far on the R-PP ........................................ 14 Annex 1b-4: Stakeholder Consultations and Participation Plan (for R-PP Implementation) ............. 40 Annex 2b: REDD Strategy Options.................................................................................. 57 Annex 2c: REDD Implementation Framework .................................................................... 94 Annex 2d: Social and Environmental Impact Assessment ...................................................... 94 Annex 3: Reference Scenario ...................................................................................... 101 Annex 4: Monitoring System ....................................................................................... 102 Annex 6: Program Monitoring and Evaluation .................................................................. 102 Annex 7: Background Paper ........................................................................................ 102 A. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 103 A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 107 A. THE CONTEXT .................................................................................................. 108 B. DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION.............................................. 111
C.1 Demographic changes in Ghana ................................................................................................. 112
C.2 Immediate drivers of deforestation and forest degradation ...................................................... 113
C. LESSONS LEARNT ............................................................................................... 129 D. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 132 ANNEX ONE: Land and Tree Tenure in Ghana .................................................................. 136
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Annex 1a: National Readiness Management Arrangements
Annex 1a-1: Table 1. Composition of the National REDDplus Steering Committee (NRSC)
NAME ORGANIZATION CONTACT ( EMAIL) CONTACT
(PHONE)
Hon. Deputy Minister
Henry Ford Kamel
(Chairman)
Ministry of Lands and
Natural Resources (MLNR)
0262661999
J. G. K Owusu (Co-
chairman)
IRNR (Forestry Consultant) jgkowusu@yahoo.com 0277412230
Alex Dadzie Ghana Timber Millers
Association
yawlex@yahoo.com 0246768096
K. S. Nketiah Tropenbos International -
Ghana
ksnketiah@yahoo.com 0208150148
R. K. Bamfo Forestry Commission bamforobert@yahoo.com
0208237777
William Agyeman-Bonsu EPA wkabonsu@gmail.com 0244382900
Ernest Foli FORIG efoli@hotmail.com
0243714148
Joseph Osiakwan MLNR josephosikwan@yahoo.com
0208182556
Andrew Agyare FC (Wildlife Division) akagyare_an@yahoo.com
0208888100
Kwame Adorbor Min. of Energy kadorbor@hotmail.com 021667151-
3/
0208181769
Irene Messiba Min. of Local Govt. & Rural
Dev.
ireness@yahoo.com 021682030
0244629991
Vincent Antwi Ghana Meteorological
Agency
vincentantwi@yahoo.com 0277721800
Adamu Sulemanu FC admsuuk@yahoo.co.uk
0244720212
Delali Nutsukpo MoFA delali-nutsukpo@hotmail.com
0208383885
Kyeretwie Opoku Civic Response kyeretwie@civicresponse.org
0246520544
Alhassan Iddrisu MoFEP alhassan_370@yahoo.com 0207368002/
0248326300
Ton Van Der Zon Netherlands Embassy ton-vander.zon@minbuza.nl
0248894652
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
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Nana Frimpong Anokye
Ababio,
National House of Chiefs isaacberkoh@yahoo.com
05122123/
05124948
Naa Robert Loggah National Forest Forum bobloggan@yahoo.com 0244210608
E.E. K Acquah- Moses GTMO eek.acquahmoses@yahoo.com
0244453910
K. A. Tabi MEST kwasitabi@yahoo.com
0264961368
Emmanuel Afreh Minerals Commission eafreh@hotmail.com 0242936688
B. Cab-Beyuo Attorney General’s
Department
betuuriseecabbeyuo@yahoo.com 0244615647
Annex 1a-2: Terms of Reference of National REDDplus Steering Committee
The NRSC is a multi-stakeholder body set up by the MLNR. The Committee is composed of 22 members
representing different stakeholders.
The NRSC is chaired by the Deputy Minister for Lands and Natural Resources and co-chaired by Prof. J.G.K.
Owusu.
The scope of work of the NRSC include the following:
1. The Climate Change Unit of the Forestry Commission will serve as the secretariat of the NRSC in its
role of advising the Minister.
2. Make policy recommendations to the Minister for Lands and Natural Resources on any relevant
strategies that could form a sound basis for a National REDD-Plus policy or strategy formulation.
3. Provide advice, guidance on all National REDD-plus processes including Ghana’s REDD Readiness
Preparation Proposal (R-PP) through the sharing of experiences and lessons from partnerships with
other forestry projects and initiatives in the private and public sector.
4. Serve as the liaison between respective institutions and stakeholder groups for the effective
planning and implementation of REDD-plus initiatives.
5. Maintain oversight role over consultancies on National REDD-plus issues, review, and recommend for
approval consultancy reports regarding REDD-plus initiatives to ensure compliance with laid down
terms of reference.
6. Advise on institutional roles and mandates for implementation of REDD-plus processes and ensure
that the interests of relevant institutions are served within the overall interests of all stakeholders.
7. Recommend a consultative and participatory process to create awareness and integration of REDD-
plus related sectoral, institutional and stakeholder programmes e.g. forestry, agriculture (including
cocoa) land, water, energy gender etc.
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8. Review, approve and provide continuous guidance and support to REDD-plus plan of operations,
annual work plans, annual budgets, monitoring and evaluation processes and implementation.
9. Develop a communication and outreach strategy to disseminate REDD-plus objectives, activities,
results and benefits to participating agencies and to a wider audience in Ghana.
10. Identify, advise and support Ghana’s negotiating position on REDD-plus at the UNFCCC.
11. Any other assignments that the Minister may decide to include from time to time.
Annex 1a-3: Composition of FC Climate Change Mainstreaming Committee
Oppon Sasu (FC Hqrs.) - Chairman
Hugh Brown (FSD) - Member
Joseph Boakye (FSD) - Member
Valerie Fumi-Mensah (RMSC) - Member
Kofi Affum-Baffoe (RMSC) - Member
Robert Bamfo (CCU) - Member
Richard Gyimah (VPA) - Member
C. C. Amankwah (WD) - Member
Adamu Sulemanu (CCU) - Member
Annex 1a-4: Terms of Reference of FC Climate Change Mainstreaming Committee
1. Examine and make recommendations for the mainstreaming and integration of climate change and
REDDplus planning, programmes and activities within the Forestry Commission.
2. Examine and recommend measures and programmes which will ensure education and training on climate
change and REDDplus issues to a wider group of Forestry Commission staff to create a critical mass of
expertise in those issues in the Forestry Commission.
3. Propose a structure that would ensure that climate change and REDDplus are mainstreamed within the
Forestry Commission and the role of the Climate Change Unit is facilitation and co-ordination under the
Chief Executive.
4. Any other matters incidental to the above.
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Annex 1a-5: TERMS OF REFERENCE (TORs) FOR NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE (NCCC)
1.Formulate a National Climate Change Policy for Ghana that takes into account mitigation and adaptation
actions necessary for sustainable national development and endeavour to ensure that the policy is integrated
into the main planning processes at national, regional and district levels, in this regard initiate a
consultative and participatory process for the development of the National Climate Change Policy;
2. Envision for Ghana Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for implementing the Climate Change Policy or
otherwise review any existing sector strategies and associated action plan(s)
3. Recommend for the consideration of the Minister relevant area(s) of study that could provide a sound basis
for comparative analyses of climate change adaptation strategies;
4. Identify skills deficiencies within sectors and propose needed training need of particular sectors, training
modules and institutions for action by the sectors
5. Evolve harmonized climate change programmes from all sectors especially in the key sectors of finance
and economic planning, forestry, agriculture (including cocoa), land and water, health, energy, gender and
coastal zones management to ensure coherence and building of synergies among all these sectors;
6. Source and utilize funding for the implementation of Climate Change mitigation and adaptation activities
by the NCCC and strengthen financial mechanism for sustained implementation;
7. Initiate action on CC adaptation and mitigation related matters and maintain oversight responsibility over
consultancies and interface with both local and international
8. Work out modalities for transmitting the outcomes of the Committee’s work to Cabinet Parliament, and
other decision-makers;
9. Develop a communication strategy for climate change related matters for Ghana;
10. Ensure to establish synergy with other relevant conventions especially the three Rio Conventions;
11. Prepare a Common Ghanaian Position in relation to the ongoing climate change negotiations. Such a
position should as far as possible be consistent and feed adequately highlighting national areas of difference;
12. Sufficiently prepare national delegations for international assignment on CC;
13. Develop common approaches to engaging with the international community, including visiting Mission to
Ghana on COP 15 issues, discussions and preparations as well as locally-based development partners, in
finding solutions challenges posed by climate change;
14. Offer strong technical backstopping to the political leadership, Cabinet and Parliament in particular, to
share the common African vision on efforts made to combat climate change in general and on the African
climate platform to Copenhagen 2009;
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15. Generally advance the country’s preparation for COP Meetings and ensure that commitments are
fulfilled;
16. The NCCC shall collaborate and share experience with other countries through peer reviews and other
methods as may be deemed necessary to augment its own capacity.
17. Any other term(s) or matter that the Minister or Cabinet may decide to include from time to time;
18. The NCCC shall formulate its own rules of procedure for the approval of the Minister.
MEMBERSHIP OF NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE
NAME ORGANISATION MR. E. O. NSENKYERE MEST MR. RUDOLPH KUUZEGH MEST MR. OPPONG BOADI KYEKYEKU
EPA MR. JOSEPH KWASI ADU ENAPT MR. Z. MINIA GHANA METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY DR.SEAN DOOLAN NETHERLANDS EMBASSY DR. K.O. OFOSU AHENKORAH ENERGY COMMISSION MR. GEORGE AWUDI FRIENDS OF EARTH MR. YAW OSEI OWUSU CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL DR. ERNEST FOLI FORIG/CSIR MR. WINFRED NELSON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING COMMISSION MR. NAMBUYI DOKURUGU NADMO MR. EBENEZER ASHIE MINISTRY OF ENERGY MR. DELALI NUTSUKPO MOFA MR. ROBERT BAMFO FORESTRY COMMISSION HON. RAYMOND TAWIAH PARLIAMENT HOUSE HON. CHRISTOPHER AMEYAW EKUMFI
PARLIAMENT HOUSE
DR. AMA ESSEL KORLE BU TEACHING HOSPITAL MR. EMMANUEL M. LONGI MINISTRY OF HEALTH MR. FRANKLIN ASHIADEY MOFEP DR. ALHASSAN IDDRISU MOFEP DR. CHRIS DADZIE GENDER ACTIVIST AND LEGAL PRACTIONER
Annex1a-6: FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES ADVISORY COUNCIL
INTRODUCTION
Ghana’s economy is highly dependent on the utilization of natural resource especially forestry, wildlife and
the mining which account for almost 15% of gross domestic production. A greater proportion of the
population (about 70) depends on natural resources for their livelihood (food, water and energy
requirements). In the face of increasing population, there is enormous pressure on the environment and
natural resources. For the natural resources to continue supporting economic growth there is the need to
strengthen environmental governance through the improvement of the policy, regulatory and institutional
framework.
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This calls for the establishment of a national inter-ministerial advisory body consisting of stakeholders
representing government, labour, business and civil society to discuss environmental and natural resource
issues and provide strategic direction on matters concerning environmental and natural governance and
management prior to decision making.
The establishment of the proposed inter-ministerial advisory body shall have the following elements.
NAME
Environment and Natural Resources Advisory Council (ENRAC)
OR
Environment and Natural Resources Council (ENRC)
MISSION STATEMENT
• A body which will provide overall strategic direction to government and relevant stakeholders on
environmental and sustainable development issues
MANDATE
• The ENRAC will be a high level policy coordinating body that will deliberate on critical national
issues, priorities, strategies and policies necessary for sustainable development and advice
government on appropriate action
• The ENRAC shall provide strong political leadership to build on economic strengths in harmony with
environment as a basis for prosperity.
To achieve their mandate and mission the Council will specifically:
• Ensure stronger integration of environmental perspectives into decision making
• Ensure government protects the environment and natural resources of the country for the benefit of
present and future generations
• Ensure government takes the lead in combating environmental and natural resource degradation and
the adverse effects thereof.
• Assist government to take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of
environmental and natural resource degradation and mitigate adverse effects to avoid irreversible
damage.
• Ensure environment is mainstreamed into development processes and other relevant policy areas
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• Promote coordination of policies and programs and facilitate a platform for dialogue among all
stakeholders (including private sector and the civil society) on environmental and natural resource
governance.
• Assess current policy reform and provide feedback on their impact on environment and natural
resources management, enhance policy options and help shape future policy
• Assist Government in decision making and policy formulation on the environment and natural
resources
• Identify priority areas for change or improvement and suggest solutions including law enforcement
• Increase the government’s understanding of factors driving or hindering sustainable environmental
and natural resources management
• Conduct regular policy reviews on the local implications of global agreements on national
development
• Conduct regular policy reviews and provide periodic reports on trends of sustainable development in
Ghana
STRUCTURE
ENRAC MEMBERSHIP
• Membership should be ten or eleven in number including Vice President, Ministers of Food and
Agriculture, Local Government and Rural Development, Environment Science and Technology, Lands
and Natural Resources, Finance and Economic Planning, Energy, Water Resources, Works and
Housing, Representatives of the Private Sector, President of the National Hose of Chiefs and a
Representative of Civil Society.
• The Council shall have the power to invite or co-opt individuals or representatives of groups to
enrich deliberations.
• The ENRAC will be chaired by HE Vice President. There shall be a vice chair which will rotate
between MEST and MLNR on yearly basis.
MEETINGS
• The ENRAC shall adopt its own rules of procedure at its first session
• Meetings shall be held at least twice a year
• The first meeting will be convened by the Minister for Environmental, Science and Technology
TENURE OF OFFICE
• The tenure of office shall be four years in line with the political term.
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SECRETARIAT
• A secretariat shall be established at the Environment Directorate of Ministry of Environment Science
and Technology which will play a coordinating role with technical support from EPA and MC.
The functions of the secretariat shall be:
• Coordinate, facilitate and make arrangements for ENRAC meetings and to provide them with
services as required; including minutes of meetings
• Compile and prepare reports for discussion by ENRAC
• Communicate the decisions to ENRAC to all relevant stakeholders
• Prepare a yearly work plan and accompanying budget
• The secretariat will be supported by a Technical Committee whose membership tenure will be two
ears subject to renewal. The Technical Committee shall be drawn from EPA, Minerals Commission,
Forestry Commission and Ministries of Environment Science and Technology and Lands and Natural
Resources and relevant institutions depending on the issue under focus.
OPERATING BUDGET
The activities and operations of ENRAC will be supported from MEST funds
Annex 1a-7: Working Group Participants
Consultation Working Group
K.S. Nketiah - Tropenbos
Alex Asare – FC
Wale Adeleke – IUCN
Acquah Moses – GTMO Kyeretwe Opoku – Civic Response
REDDplus Strategy Working Group
Joseph Osiakwan – MLNR (Member of NRSC)
Oppong Sasu – FC
Albert Katako – CARE International
Alex Dadzie – GTA
Delali Nutsukpo – MOFA Ton Van der Zon – Royal Netherlands Embassy
Technical Working Group
Ernest Foli – FORIG
Daniel Benefoh – EPA
Forster Mensah – CERGIS
Yakubu Mohammed – RMSC
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Kofi Affum-Baffoe – RMSC
Annex 1a-8 Terms of Reference (TORs) of REDD+ Secretariat within Forestry Commission- Climate
Change Unit
1) Coordinate and facilitate the organization of meetings for the National REDD Steering Committee
(NRSC) and dissemination of relevant information including minutes of meetings to members
2) Prepare annual work plans and budgets for consideration and approval by NRSC and provide technical
and logistical support to enhance the operations of the NRSC
3) Identify potential opportunities in Ghana to apply REDD/REDD+ mechanism, monitor and coordinate
Ghana’s REDD readiness activities leading to the formulation of National REDD strategy
4) Conduct demonstration or pilot projects on REDD/REDD+ implementation and assemble relevant
information for circulation to NRSC members
5) Provide necessary information, statistics and feedback on REDD/REDD+ issues for the Unit’s strategic
decision making
6) Coordinate training activities to different stakeholders concerned with REDD/REDD+ and Carbon
finance
7) Design Ecological Economics models for climate and forest resources valuation through the use of
remote sensing, land use models, economic analysis and forest inventory.
8) Identify potential consultants , stakeholders and institutions to partner FC in potential REDD/REDD+
initiatives
9) Maintain working relationship and network links with relevant corporate, NGO and governmental
sectors on REDD/REDD+ issues
10) Maintain regular communication and update with existing and potential stakeholders of existing
REDD/REDD+ projects and initiatives
Annex 1a-9 Specific Task of VPA Implementation Committee
1. Oversee the overall implementation of the VPA and co-ordinate the delivery of outputs of the
various task teams to ensure that the objectives are achieved in line with the content and time
schedule in the agreement
2. Ensure that the implementation of the VPA continues to be linked to the national aspirations of
forest and wildlife management as well as Ghana’s obligations under other international conventions
3. Maintain open communication channels with all stakeholding constituencies on the implementation
of the VPA
4. Prepare the grounds for the work of the Joint Monitoring Review Mechanism (JMRM).
CONTACT DETAILS OF VPA STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS
NAME
DEPARTMENT CONTACT NO. E-MAIL ADDRESS
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Mr. Betuuriseeh Cab-Beyuo
ATTORNEY GENERAL’S
DEPARTMENT 020 8121 630 / 021 682
119
b.cabbeyuo@yahoo.com
Mr. Alhassan Attah TIDD 020 20 15 687 anattah@aol.co.uk
Dr. Victor Agyeman FORIG 0244 84 41 71 agyemanvictor@yahoo.com
Dr. Abeney NWGC 0277 45 17 46 eaabeney@yahoo.com
Mr. Acquah Mosses GTMO 0244 45 39 10 gtmo@africaonline.com.gh
Mr. M.O. Abebrese FSD 0244 80 62 90 abebmo@yahoo.com
Mr. Chris Beeko FC 0208216733 cabeeko@yahoo.com
Mr. Albert Katako CIVIL SOCIETY/ FWG 0244 64 21 86 katako@caregog.org
Ms. Augustine Quayson MoTI
0242 97 29 56 \ 027 63 48
928\0242 97 29 56
sapotchi69@yahoo.com
Sheila Naah MFEP (MDBS) 020 73 33 779 sheilanaah@hotmail.com
Mr. Tabi Agyarko
MLFM 0243 32 92 00
tabimlf16@yahoo.com
Ms. Veronica Sadah CEPS 027 743 5726 vsadah@yahoo.com
Mr. Prempeh Agyeman FC 0277 72 53 18 agyemanprempeh@yahoo.com
Mr. Cletus Nateg WD 0244 72 21 52 cnateg@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Richard Gyimah FC 028 71 02 59 7 rich_gyimah@yahoo.com
Hon. Joseph Boahene Aidoo
Parliamentary Select
Committee 0242 60 55 19
aidoojb08@yahoo.com
Alex Dazie Timber Industry
020 819 84 77
0246 76 80 96
031 20 75 7
yawlex@yahoo.com
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Ia-10 TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE NREG TECHNICAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE PLUS
(TCC+)
Introduction
The government of Ghana and its Development Partners have been implementing the NREG programme for the past three years. The overarching objectives of the NREG program are increasing revenues in logging and
mining and securing livelihoods in those sectors, while simultaneously improving environmental protection and environmental governance. The funding for the NREG program is been provided as Sector Budget Support
(SBS). The main coordinating mechanism of the NREG is the Technical Coordinating Committee. With the coming on board of the Forest Investment programme (FIP) it was agreed at NREG Ministerial meeting to use
the NREG coordinating mechanism to coordinate the FIP .The present NREG TCC will therefore be expanded with additional members to form TCC+.
The TCC+ will be responsible for coordinating the NREG programme in addition to other new environment and
natural resources programmes which have linkages to the NREG Programme. The programmes include the
Forest Investment Programme (FIP), the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA), National Forest Forum, Non-
Legal Binding Instruments (NLBI). The TCC+ will Coordinate REDD+/VPA/NLBI and other initiatives through
their respective Technical Working Groups.
The existing Steering Committees including VPA, National Forest Forum, Non-Legal Binding Instruments (NLBI),
and the FIP will be converted into Technical Working Groups and report to the TCC+. The TCC+ will meet four times per year.
Composition of the Technical Coordinating Committee Plus
The NREG Technical Coordination Committee plus will be chaired by MOFEP.
The Committee will be composed of:
• Chief Director , MoFEP (Chair)
• Chief Director, MLNR (co-chair);
• Technical Director Forestry (MLNR);
• Technical Director Mines (MLNR);
• Technical Director Environment (MEST);
• Chief Executive Forestry Commission;
• Chief Executive Mineral Commission;
• Chief Executive EPA;
• Representative , MOFEP- NREG Coordinator
• NREG Policy Focal persons, MLNR
• NREG Policy Focal persons, MC
• NREG Policy Focal persons, MEST
Mr. Samuel Nketiah Tropenbos Int. 020 81 50 148 / 051 61 361 ksnketiah@yahoo.com
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• NREG Policy Focal persons, EPA
• Representative of NDPC;
• Representative, Ministry of Agriculture
• Representative, Ministry of Energy
• Representative, Lands Commission
• Representatives, Private sector
• Representatives, civil society,
• Representative , Forest Forum
• Representative, Research Institutions
• Representative, Traditional Authorities
Tasks of the Technical Coordinating Committee Plus
The main tasks of the Technical Coordination Committee plus are:
• To conduct sectoral policy dialogue with the DP-NREG group;
• To organise meet with the DP/NREG group at least twice a year: in April/May to discuss the results of
the annual review of the NREG-PAF, and in October/November (i) to discuss the execution of the
annual work plans and budgets of the MDAs involved in the NREG programme during the first half of
the year, (ii) to review the audit reports of the MDAs concerned as regards the previous year, (iii) to
discuss special policy, strategy and reform issues and (iv) to update the PAF for the following years.
• To review the budgets, medium term action plans, annual workplans and Annual Progress Reports
(APR) of the MDAs involved in the NREG program;
• To coordinate cross sector issues and issues common to all MDAs involved in the NREG program, in
close collaboration with the NDPC (see annex);
• To ensure that experiences are shared and lessons are learned by the MDAs involved in the NREG and
other allied programs;
• To ensure that MDAs involved in the NREG and other allied programs collaborate well as regards
those issues and targets where they have a common interest and task;
• To coordinate REDD+/VPA/NLBI and other initiatives through their respective Technical Working
Groups.To stimulate the establishment of an inter-ministerial committee or forum on environmental
and natural resources governance;
Task specific to the Forest Investment Programme (FIP)
• Identify key priority sectors and activities for the Ghana FIP Investment Strategy
• Identify key actors to be involved in the implementation of the strategy with respective roles and
responsibilities
• Coordinate stocktaking, analysis and findings and other key documents;
• Coordinate preparation of the FIP investment strategy
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Annexes for 1b: Stakeholder Consultations Held So Far on the R-PP
Annex 1b -1
Consultation & Participation Approach
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REDD Readiness Plan Development
Context:
There is potential for Ghana to access new flows of finance that are becoming available to support activities
in the land use sector that simultaneously help reduce emissions of carbon and improve land management
practices. The government has obtained preparatory support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
(FCPF) of the World Bank to assess the potential of these opportunities. This “REDD Readiness planning” will
support the analysis of possible activities, policies and measures in the country that can help reduce
deforestation and degradation, and enhance sustainable forest management, forest enrichment and
conservation (together called REDD+).
The Ghana Forestry Commission and partners in the Steering Committee are leading the development of the
Ghana REDD+ Readiness Plan over the coming months. This will then be submitted to the independent
Participant’s Committee1 of the FCPF.
The process and issues that will form the Readiness plan will be defined collaboratively with the participation
of stakeholders from multiple levels in relevant sectors. A Consultation and Participation Plan is being
prepared to ensure that all key stakeholders are involved.
Development of the REDD Consultation and Participation Plan:
This Draft Methodology (see below) outlines a proposed consultation and participation approach to be used
during the REDD+ Readiness Plan Phase. In the next two weeks, we hope to receive feedback and suggested
modifications to this draft methodology, and seek approval on its scope at a Workshop at the Forest
Commission in Accra. Please send comments by June 16, 2009 to the Forest Commission (att’n Climate
Change Unit) in writing, or send email to both Melody Ocloo at melodyocloo@yahoo.com and Victoria Wiafe
at v.wiafe@frr.co.uk.
This document will be available in print at the Forest Commission’s offices in Accra and Kumasi, and at
offices of key stakeholders, as well as on the website of the Forest Commission and other related websites.
The process of developing the REDD Readiness Plan will include the development of a Consultation and
Participation Plan for the future REDD Implementation process.
Proposed Principles:
The Consultation and Participation Process must be:
� incremental in building on existing initiatives
� inclusive in engaging all stakeholders affected by, involved in implementation of, or otherwise
interested in REDD+
� respectful of stakeholders’ institutions and structures
� sensitive to stakeholders’ needs for time and other resources (including capacity building &
feedback processes)
1 The Participants Committee is the primary decision making body of the FCPF governance board.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
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� tailored in providing information that is accessible and enables participation and elicit input on
issues of relevance
� sensitive to the need for continuous evaluation at multiple levels and by different players
� participatory & iterative in the determination of goals and focus
� sensitive to the need for a conflict management process
Proposed Methodology:
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION:
• Continuously update FC and other websites to post information & solicit input
• Place hard copies of docs at NGO and FC offices in the districts
• News bulletin of the FC
• Propagate through local FM & Community Radio
HOW WE CONSULT:
Review issues in R-Plan component drafts through:
• Formal and Semi Structured Interviews
• Focus Group Meetings with Stakeholder groups
• Workshops
• Complete REDD R Plan Products and post / distribute to obtain final comments This approach will be formulated into the four phase approach described below:
Phase 1: Information Sharing
- Initial workshop held May the 14th 2009
- REDD Secretariat attendance and presentation at IUCN Diagnostic Workshops in Kumasi, Tamale,
and Takoradi – 3rd – 12th June
- Development of REDD web page on Forestry Commission web site – by mid June
- Individual consultations on existing projects and programmes in the forest sector and their
implications for REDD This phase is intended to increase awareness of the R-plan process, develop an understanding of what other
processes are occurring in the forest sector and further the secretariats understanding of stakeholders
priorities regarding forest governance.
Phase 2: Development of Overall Structure of R-plan
- National Workshop in Accra 18th June
- Three Zonal Workshops in Tamale , Kumasi, and Takoradi between June the 22nd and 26th This phase is intended to provide a forum for focused discussion on the structure of the R-plan. The outcome
of these discussions will form the basis of the draft R-plan documents that will be developed further during
phase 3. Final validation of the Consultation and Participation plan for R-plan development (this document)
will also occur during the 1st National Workshop.
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Phase 3: Development of R-PP Draft – Early – Mid July
- Consultation and review of draft documents by key stakeholders and interested parties This phase is intended to develop draft documents based on the structure provided by phase 2 combined with
international best practice. Input for these documents will be sought from key stakeholders as well as those
groups that expressed interested during phase 2.
Phase 4: Broad stakeholder review and Validation – Mid to End July
- Draft documents circulated to a broad multi-stakeholder group (this group will be identified and
approved during phase 2)
- National Validation workshop held – late July This phase is intended to allow the draft documents to be reviewed by a wider audience and input provided
by them, prior to final validation.
Through this process and in accordance with the working group discussions held during the week of the 11th
of May stakeholders will be consulted on:
• What REDD is (basic information sharing)
• Potential Components of REDD
• The R-Plan Process, including
• REDD+ Consultation & Participation Plan
• Consultation Structures
• Responsibilities for consultation and participation
• Coordination with other land-use management programmes’ consultation processes
• Cross-cutting Issues in
• Land Use Rights / Land Tenure Systems
• Forest Governance
• Benefit Sharing systems
• Coherence with other initiatives (VPA, NLBI, GFP, etc) Stakeholders to be consulted:
Civil Society
• CBOs (e.g. Fire volunteers, economic groups)
• CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs, NFF
• National & International NGOs
• Traditional Authorities – Chiefs, Land priests etc.
• Professional Associations – Ghana Institute of Foresters,
• Trade Unions, Associations, FOSSA, Students’ Unions,
• Research & Academic organisations
• Religious bodies
State Level
• Office of President / Office of Vice President
• Land & Natural Resources
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
18
• Foreign Affairs
• Finance & Economic
• Food & Agriculture
• Environment Science & Technology
• Local Government & Rural Development
• Education
• Energy
Statutory Level
• Forestry Commission
• Lands Commission
• Water Resources Commission
• Energy Commission
• Internal Revenue Service
• National Development Planning Commission
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Savannah Accelerated Development Authority
• Ghana National Fire Service
• Customs Excise & Preventive Services
• Immigration national Service
• Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands
• Ghana Investment Promotion Centre
• Ghana Cocoa Board
• Meteorology Service
• National Commission on Civic Education
• National Biodiversity Council Private Sector
• AGI Assoc of Ghana Industries
• Wood Industry- GTMO, DOLTA, GTA, GATEX, FAWAG, Woodworkers Association
• Mining Industry – Chamber of Mines, Galamsey
• Fuel wood & Charcoal Burners Associations (producers, transporters, consumers)
• NTFP gatherers (Hunters, Fishers, Fuel wood collectors)
• Farmers Large & small scale
• Services - Investment/Buyers, technical experts, carbon consultants
Annex 1b-2 Forestry Commission Newsletter
The Forestry Commission Newsletter Issue No. 6 dated April-July 2009 describes the importance of forests in
climate change particularly REDD implementation within the broader framework of current forest sector
institutional reforms, such as the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) under the Forest Law Enforcement,
Governance and Trade (FLEGT)
Annex 1b-3: Complete Participants Lists at all Consultations Gatherings discussing R-PP
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
19
MULTI-STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP ON REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFOESTATION AND FOREST
DEGRADATION (REDD) - 12TH - 13TH MAY 2009 AT THE FORESTRY COMMISSION
METHODOLOGICAL GROUP
NO. NAME ORGANISATION STATION
1. Stephen Adu-Bredu FORIG Kumasi
2. Joseph Appiah-Gyapong FC Corporate Hedquarters Accra
3. Ali Mohammed RMSC Kumasi
4. Bernice Addo MOFA Accra
5. Andrew Kyei Agyare WD/FC Accra
6. Kofi Affum-Baffoe RMSC Kumasi
7. Yakubu Mohammed RMSC Kumasi
8. Sandra Brown Winrock USA
9. Phil Cowling IDL UK
10. Joseph Adu Mintah FC Hqtrs. Accra
CONSULTATION GROUP
NO. NAME ORGANISATION STATION
1. Alex Boameh Asare RMSC - FC Kumasi
2. John Mason NCRC Accra
3. K.S. Nketiah Tropenbos Kumasi
4. Samuel Kofi Nyame IUCN Accra
5. Kwame Adorbor Ministry of Energy Accra
6. Saeed Abdul-Razak Civic Response Accra
7. Kinsley Ansah Bekoe FWG Accra
8. Vincent Antwi Gh. Meteorological Agency Accra
9. Richmond Antwi-Bediako Rural Env. Care Assoc. (RECA) Tarkwa
10. Carina Bracer Climate Focus USA
11. Haddy Jatou Sey World Bank USA
12. Kyeretwie Opoku Civic Response Accra
13 Albert Katako Civil Society Takoradi
14 Victoria Wiafe IDL Accra
15. Terry Green IDL UK
16. Melody Ocloo FC Hqts. Accra
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
20
POLICY GROUP
NO. NAME ORGANISATION STATION
1. Michael Richards Forest Trends/IDL Group U.K.
2. David Kpelle FAO/FC Accra
3. David Brown IDL U.K
4. Wale Adeleke IUCN Accra
5. Kingsley Bekoe Ansah FWG Accra
6. Charlotte Streck Climate Focus Belgium
7. Emelia Arthur FWG Accra
8. Heather Wright Moore Foundation USA
11. Andre` Aquino World Bank USA
12. Ali Mohammed MOFEP Accra
13. Joseph Osiakwan MLNR Accra
14. Robert Bamfo FC - HQ. Accra
15. F.S. Amoah FSD HQ. Accra
16. J.G.K. Owusu Chairman Kumasi
17. Robert Nyarko FC – HQT. Accra
18. Fredua Agyeman MLNR Accra
19. Ali Mohammed MOFEP Accra
20. Henry Akotey Accra
21. Oppon Sasu FC - HQTS Accra
22. Lawrence Agyekum Accra
23. Herbert Antor Accra
24. K. Awua-Peasah MFEP Accra
May 14th Multi-stakeholder Workshop
Stakeholder Group Agency Name Station
State Level
Ministry of Land &
Natural Resources
MLNR Joseph
Osiakwan
Accra
MLNR Macdana Accra
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
21
Yumes
Parliamentary Select Committee on
Lands and Forestry
Hon. A.
Adjei-Yeboah
Accra
Andrew
Agyare
Ministry of
Finance &
Economic
MOFEP Henry Akotey Accra
Ministry of Food &
Agriculture
MOFA Bernice Addo Accra
Ministry of Local
Government &
Rural
Development
Min. of Local Government Harold
Owusu-Ansah
Accra
Ministry of Energy MP, Nkwantia, South Hon G.K.B.
Gebediame
Accra
Statutory Level
Forestry
Commission
FC Prof. Nii
Ashie Kotey
Accra
RMSC Kofi Affum-
Baffoe
Kumasi
RMSC Alex Asare Kumasi
RMSC Valerie
Fumey
Nassh
Kumasi
FC U.K. Armoo Accra
Wildlife Division Andrew
Kyei Agyare
Accra
FSD E.N.
Amanor
Accra
FSD Obour-
Wiredu
Jonathan
Kintampo
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
22
FSD Emmanuel
Ntiako
Dunkwa
FC Sasu Oppon Accra
FSD Michael K.
Benni
Sunyani
FSD Mary Ashon
Mensah
Accra
FC Thomas
Okyere
Takoradi
FSD Opoku
Samuel
Sunyani/We
nchi
FSD A.K. Okrah Accra
FSD J.E. Manu Koforidua
FC B.M. Iddrisu Accra
FC Richard
Gyimah
(Phd)
Accra
FSD William
Baah
Sunyani
FSD F.S. Amoah Accra
RMSC E. Obiaw Kumasi
FSD W.K. Bimah Ho
FC R.B. Wilson Accra
FSD Edith
Abronquah
Kumasi
FSD E.K.K.
Mensah
Accra
FSD Kofi
Yehoah-
Gyan
Kumasi
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
23
FSD Charles D.
Draf
Kumasi
FSD Daniel
Donkor
Takoradi
FSD Obed
Kwame
Ofori
FC Chris Beeko Accra
FSD Diana Fiat Accra
FSD A.A. Boadu Accra
FC Elisha
Asiedu-
Amponsah
Accra
FC Vincent
Oppong
Amoak
Accra
FC Ebo Darko Accra
FC Joe Appiah
Gyapong
Accra
FC D.Mac
Ashun
Accra
FC Charles Dei-
Amoah
Accra
FC Melody
Ocloo
Accra
FC Charlotte
Asare
Accra
Minerals
Commission
Minerals Commission James Adjei Accra
Water Resources
Commission
Water Resources Commission Ronald
Abrahams
Koforidua
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
24
Environmental
Protection
Agency
P.O./ EPA Daniel
Benefoh
Kumasi
Meteorology
Service
Gh. Meteo. Agency Vincent
Antwi
Accra
Donors
MPO – Swiss Embassy Seth Adjei
Boye
Accra
E.C Delegation Jaap
Vermaat
Accra
Royal Netherlands Embassy Elijah Danso Accra
FAO/FC David
Kpelle
Accra
Private Sector
Wood Industry-
GTMO, DOLTA,
GTA, GATEX,
FAWAG,
Woodworkers
Association
GTA Abdullah
Bin
Abubakar
Takoradi
FAWAG E.A. Sackey
G.T.A. Alex K.
Dadzie
Takoradi
GATEX Nene Otiro Akosombo
ABTS Ltd. Edward K.
Asare
GAWU – G. TUC Osei Owusu
Joseph
Accra
CEO E.E.K.
Acquah-
Kumsi
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
25
Moses
GTMO Acquah
Moses
FAWAG Nana Adu
Baafo
Services -
Investment/Buye
rs, technical
experts, carbon
consultants
Private Afforestation Dev. Org. Osei K.
Bonsu
Offinso
Consultant K.K. F.
Ghartey
Takoradi
Civil Society
CBOs (e.g. Fire
volunteers,
economic
groups) CRMCs,
DFFs, RFFs, NFF
Kwaebibirem Forest Forum Barima
Sarpong
Kumankum
II
Kade
Chairman, National Forest
Forum
Naa Robert
Loggah
WA UWR
National &
International
NGOs
Civic Response Nana
Ampiah VI
Accra
Forest Watch Abdul-Razak
Saeed
Cape Coast
Forest Watch Samuel
Manufor
Accra
The Dev. Inst. Forest Watch Kingsley
Bekoe
Ansah
Accra
FWG Emelia
Arthur
Accra
FWG Willie Laate Accra
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
26
FWG Richmond
Antwi-
Bediako
Accra
RFCA/FWG Ekua Ansah-
Eshon
Takoradi
ATWWAR John Mason Takoradi
NCRC Paul Osei
Tutu
Tropenbos – Ghana K.S. Nketiah Kumasi
Tropenbos Wale
Adeleke
Kuamsi
IUCN Peter Ossei-
Wusu
Accra
NUTREEGA Nicholas
Helm
Kumasi
A.B. - Federation of the
disabled
Delali
Pearce-
Kporhs
Accra
Trade Unions,
Associations,
FOSSA,
Students’
Unions,
NUGS Stephen
Adu-Bredu
Accra
Research &
Academic
organizations
FORIG Ernest Foli Kumasi
FORIG Foster
Mensah
Kumasi
Salifu
Abdul-
Raliaman
Accra
Press Ghanaian Times Kwame
Mensah
Accra
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
27
B.F.T. Michael
Ayeh
Accra
Ghanaian Times Ernest
Annan
Accra
Metro TV Budu
Bismark
Accra
Metro TV Abrahim Accra
Metro TV Prince
Frimpong
Bediako
Accra
Metro TV D.D. Asare Accra
The Moment Aisha
Wellington
Accra
GBC Radio Samuel
Addo-Gyasi
Accra
GBC Radio Albert
Asiamoah
Accra
Daily Graphic A.B. Arthur Accra
Daily Graphic
Others Sylvia De-
Graft Mends
Irene
Addoatey
Accra
Ebenezer
Arkoful
Accra
A. Oduro-
Barnie
Accra
Kparib
Peter
Accra
APM George
Awudi
Accra
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
28
Programme Coordinator Accra
SAO Accra
Tamale Workshop 16th July – 42 Participants
State Level NAME ORGANIZATION/
DESIGNATION
STATION
Ministry of Lands &
Natural Resources Musa Abu Juam
Northern Savannah
Biodiversity Project Tamale
Ministry of Food &
Agriculture Salifu Shaibu H. MOFA Bawku
Yakubu Stephen MoFA Tamale
Statutory Level
Forest Commission Ebenezer
Djablitey FSD Regional Manager Tamale
John Ocansey FSD Regional Manager
Upper West
Region
Osei Gyamfi FSD Regional Manager
Upper East
Region
J.W. Kuma FSD Bolga
Moses Komoah WSD / Regional Manager
Tamale/Bolga/
Wa
Jacob Kabanda WSD/ CREMA Bolga
Luri Kanton WD
Kyabobo
National Park
ED Djagletey FSD Tamale
Enoch Ashie WSD/ Park Manager Mole Damango
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
29
Nsiah Dempah NFF member FSD Tamale
Environmental
Protection Agency John Bosco B.S EPA Tamale
National Disaster
Management
Organisation
Chris A. Tanga NADMO Tamale
Meteorology Service Jafaru Abdul-Aziz
Tamale Meteo
Association Tamale
District Assemblies Emmanuel Liebib
Kassena-Nankay District
Assembly Tamale
Donors
Private Sector
AGI Assoc of Ghana
Industries Osei K. Bonsu
Private Afforestation
Dev. Org. Offinso
Fuel wood & Charcoal
Burners Associations
(producers,
transporters, consumers)
Mary Dokurugu Charcoal Association Bolgatanga
Wasilatu Alidu Charcoal Association. Sandema
NTFP gatherers
(Hunters, Fishers, Fuel
wood collectors)
Paul Azongo Musagba Walewale
Civil Society
CBOs (e.g. Fire
volunteers, economic
groups)
Abdujah Danaah Rural Women and
Children Development Org Tamale
Afdulrazak Afukari
Community
Empowerment Organisation Tamale
GN Sulemana RIDEC Tamale
CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs, NFF Naa Robert Loggah
National Forest Forum,
President WA
Samuel Abatey UE RFF Navrongo
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
30
Bawal Seidu RFF Upper West
Fidelis Zumakeph D.F.F Tamale
Adams Inusah Jrapa Forest Forum Wa
National & International
NGOs George K. Amarnan ODA Sandema
Issifu Sulemana ZEFP Walewale
Abdulai Damoah RWCDO Tamale
Mohammed A.
Jabaru NGND Tamale
Ben Bawa JIDA Salaga
Mumuni Joseph
Shaibu KCODEC
Abdul-Karim Ziblim WUZDA Tamale
Abdulai Boba Youth Leader Tamale
Traditional Authorities –
Chiefs, Land priests etc. Stephen B. Kpen Chief Wa
Abudulai Mahama Chief of Nyohini Tamale
Iddrisu Ibrahim Silinboma naa, Tamale
Research & Academic
organizations
Prof. Gordana
Kranjac-Berisavljevic UDS/SLM Project Bolga
Prof. David Millar UDS Bolga
Kumasi Workshop – 55 Participants
State Level Name Organisation Location
Ministry of Food &
Agriculture
John Ayisi Jatango MoFA Sunyani
Mr. Badu Yeboah Regional Director Ashanti Region
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
31
(MOFA)
Godwin Horly MoFA
Statutory Level
Forest Commission Ruth U. Azu FSD-FC Atebubu
Augustine Gyedu FSD-FC Bekwai
Chemogo Deri FSD-FC Nkawie
William Baah FSD Sunyani
Regional
Manager
Dickson Adjei Sakyi FSD-FC, Sunyani
Edith Abruquah FSD, Regional Manager Kumasi/
Ashanti Region
J. E Manu FSD, Regional Manager Koforidua/
Eastern Region
Mercy O. Ansah RMSC-FC
Charles Hazel WSD Regional Manager Ashanti/ Brong
Ahafo
Emmanuel Nimo Zoo Manager Ashanti
Godfred Ohene Gyan RMSC – FC Kumasi
Alex Asare Manger , Collaborative
Forest Management Unit
RMSC Kumasi
Kofi Afum-Baffoe Production Manager,
RMSC
Kumasi
Yakubu Mohammed Manager, Digital
Mapping Remote Sensing
and GIS (RMSC)
Kumasi
Valerie Fumey Nash RMSC Kumasi
Isaac Sintim-Yabbey FSD
Awuah Edward Assistant Manager, FSD Kumasi
C.K.A Haizel FC Wildlife Kumasi
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
32
Water Resources
Commission
Ronald Abrahams Water Resources
Commission
Koforidua
Environmental
Protection Agency
Daniel Benefoh P.O./ EPA Kumasi
Donors
James Macqueen EU Chainsaw Project Kumasi
Private Sector
Wood Industry- GTMO,
DOLTA, GTA, GATEX,
FAWAG, Woodworkers
Association
Edward K. Asare ABTS Ltd. Berekum
Kwabena Enoch Modern Wood Kumasi
IK NKRUMAH TWU/TUC
ANTHONY P. ASARE SAWN TIMBER ASSOC
Kwame Appiah FAWAG
E.E.K. Acquah-Moses GTMO Kumasi
Owusu Brobbey GTA, Techiman
D. K. Boabeng-Poku GTA, Kumasi
Chris Dadzawa FAWAG
Julius Oduro GTA, Sunyani
Farmers Large & small
scale
Nana Abodi Farmer Sunyani
Civil Society
CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs, NFF Barima Sarpong
Kumankuma
Kwaebibirem F. Forum
E. C. Ansong BAR FF Brong Ahafo
Region
Ahmed Suleman Forest Forum Techiman
Kwasi Afena Chariman Bargfa
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
33
National & International
NGOs
Osman Ahmed Environmental
Protection Association of
Ghana (EPAG)
Paul Osei Tutu Tropenbos Ghana Kumasi
K.S. Nketiah Tropenbos Kumasi
Clement Owusu Tropenbos Kumasi
Margarette Opuni Dynamic Extension
Group
Kumasi
Kwaku Addai CEMED Kumasi
John Coffie Green Solutions Kumasi
Peter Ossei-Wusu NUTREEGA Kumasi
Josephine Aqyen Environmental
Awareness
Traditional Authorities –
Chiefs, Land priests etc.
Nana Kofi Sasraku
Ayiwa I
TWIFU Chief
Research & Academic
organizations
Dr. Stephen Adu-
Bredu
FORIG Kumasi
Dr. Ernest Foli FORIG Kumasi
Enoch C. Ofosu KNUST Kumasi
Dr. Emmanuel Opuni-
Frimpong
FORIG Kumasi
Press Lovelace Opoku-
Agyemang
Freelance Journalist
REDD Steering
Committee Chair
J.G.K. Owusu Chairman, NRSC Kumasi
Cape Coast – 36 Participants
State Level Name Organisation Location
Ministry of Food &
Agriculture
Kutah King Joseph
Jnr.
Ministry of Food and
Agriculture
Apowa, Western
Region
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
34
Statutory Level
Forest Commission Sulemana Adamu Wildlife Division Winneba
Isaac Adonteng Forest Services Division, Ho Ho
Godfried Amankwah T I D D Takoradi
Yaw Opare Addo Forest Services Division, Ho-
Volta
Ho
Peter Mensah PTM Officers, FSD Nkwanta
I.C.Y. Apetorgbo Forest Services Division Assin Fosu
Attah Owusu Forest Services Division Cape Coast
Afreh Boakye Secretary,FSD Mankessim
Papa Kwaw Quansah Wildlife Division Koforidua
Badu Henry Forest Services Division Cape Coast
Thomas Okyere Forest Services Division Takoradi
Linda Acheampong Forest Services Division Cape Coast
Private Sector
Wood Industry- GTMO,
DOLTA, GTA, GATEX,
FAWAG, Woodworkers
Association
Victor K. Nyadi National Chairman DOLTA Tema
Ebenezer Adu-Kona DOLTA Member Western Region
Kwabena Affum Deputy Treasurer, GTA Sefwi-Juaboso
J.A. Opong Mensah G.T.A. Central Region
Representative
Fosu
Emmanuel Owusu G.T.A. Dunkwa
William Beckson G.T.A. Kumasi
Louis Abraham G.T.A Asamko
Nana Annan II G.T.A. Asamko
Farmers Large & small Jesse K. Ashong Peter’ Farms Limited Kpetoe
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
35
scale
Stephen Mensah Set-up Farms Ho
Kasens Asiamah 10 Farms Ventures Cape Coast
Samuel Nana Otoo Darko Farms Tarkwa
Amoatey K. Ernest Farm Manager Anloga
Civil Society
CRMCs, DFFs, RFFs,
NFF
Nana Blankson Natural Forest Forum Assin Fosu
National &
International NGOs
Richmond Antwi
Bediako
Rural Environmental Care
Association
Tarkwa
Anthony K. Darko New Generation Concern Wassa Akropong
Jerry Affum Offei Conservation Foundation Sefwi-Juaboso
Bernard Yeboah Conservation Founder Sefwi-Juaboso
Newlove N. Ayensu Devascom Foundation Enchi
Andrew Kojo Morrison New Generation Concern Wassa Akropong
Research & Academic
organizations
Joseph O. Aduam Executive Research
Association
Tarkwa
Religious bodies Osei Gyamfi Young Christian Youth Ho
Joseph Akpoto Catholic R.S. Kpando
FURTHER STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION WORKSHOPS
With funding from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation further consultation and sensitization workshops were
organized for the Traditional Authorities and Forest - dependent communities to enhance their understanding
on REDD-plus and Ghana’s R-PP.
Two Civil Society Organizations namely, Tropenbos (Ghana) and HATOF Foundation were contracted to
facilitate the process in the three ecological zones of Ghana which include; High Forest zone, Transitional
Zone and the Northern Savanna zone. Mr Samuel Kwabena Nketiah of Tropenbos (Ghana) was tasked to
coordinate the consultation process organized by the Civil Society Organizations.
The sensitization workshops reports are detailed below:
List of Participants- 45 Venue:- VAG Hall - Ho, Volta Region 6-7 January 2010
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
36
Civil Society
Organization
Name Organization Location
1 Facilitator Samuel C. Dotse (
facilitator)
HATOF Foundation HO
Name
Traditional Area/Village/Organization
1. Togbega Adanu Sakrafo X Goviefe
2. Fiato Atsrima Z.K Have
3. Robert Hodey Hohoe (CSO/ Land owner)
4. H.K Dzorgzenu Goviefe
5. Wellington Agudu Goviefe
6. Michael Manu Goviefe
7. Tsiami (Goviefe) Goviefe
8. Paul Kpai Yao Have Traditional area (Opinion Leader)
9. Ezuvor Wemega Afife Traditional area (Land owner)
10. Togbui Adodo Akatsi Traditional area (Land owner)
11. Akakpo Daniel Brain DI (Opinion Leader)
12. Togbe Wuor III Asorgli Traditional area, Ho
13. Togbe Adzimah II Asorgli Traditional area
14. Obed V. Kissiedu Have (Land owner& Opinion leader)
15. Gershon Anku Tsrukpe (Land owner& opinion leader)
16. Togbe Dede III Asorgli Traditional area, Ho
17. Togbe Dekortsu II Asorgli State, Ho
18. Togbe Kwaku Ayim Ziavi Traditional area
19. Rev. John Binah Ziope
20. Godwin Zakli South Dayi District Assembly
21. Togbui Dzelu III Ziope/Yevi
22. Victoria A.X Atsiku Akatsi-Abor
23. Sam Felix Kuagbenu Akatsi-Abor
24. Vincent Peter Kotogbor Akatsi-Abor
25. Nana Kwasi Agyeman Abutia- Tete (Norvinenyo Development
Network)
26. Sherry Adipa Women Organization, Avatime
27. Shem Adu Klefe
28. Togbe Kekesi Dzolo
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
37
29. E.G.K Deletsu Dzolo
30. Benjamin Korzu Azaglo Ho, Asorgli
31. Togbe Kasa III Chairman, VOREFF
32. Tobge Kotoku XI Kpenoe traditional area
33. Togbe Tsigbe Zikpitor III Kpenoe traditional area
34. W.E.K. Bimah Forestry Department
35. Theophilus Dzadey Ho- Ahoe Assembly member
36. Tobge Fia Komla Kpeve Traditional area
37. Mrs. Mary Senaye Hohoe
38. Victor Don King NCCE- Ho
39. Anthony Dzigbor Ho
40. Seth Esahe Abutia
41. Madam Christine Agbesinyale Hohoe
42. Innocent Gyamfi Hohoe
43. (3 Media Personnel) Ho
List of Participants- 47 Venue:- Tropical Hotel-Sunyani 5th January 2010 Civil Society
Organization
Name Organisation
2 Paul Osei Tutu (
Facilitator)
Tropenbos Ghana
Participants location
Ruth Nana Gyapong Sunyani
David Yeboah ‘’
Susana Agyemang ‘’
Nana D. Agyeman ‘’
Nana Sarfo Adu
Amankwah
‘’
Pascal A. Edwards ‘’
George Azigli ‘’
Esther Tawiah ‘’
George Donkor ‘’
Daniel Aduse-Poku ‘’
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
38
Felix D. Okyere ‘’
Matilda Odoro ‘’
Mercy Yeboah ‘’
Appiah Issah Techiman
Atta Kwame ‘’
Janet Abankwa ‘’
Asante Amoako ‘’
Janet Konadu ‘’
Faustina Abrofi ‘’
Adoma Stella ‘’
Abubakari Adams ‘’
John Asarga ‘’
Eric Baafi ‘’
Nana Baah Bredu Sunyani
Alex Quartey ‘’
Richard Mensah ‘’
Ofori Acheampong Goaso
Yaw Mensah Techiman
Kow E. Mensah Sunyani
Andrea Ellis Nsiah ‘’
Attah Yeboah ‘’
Charles K. Kumi ‘’
E.C Ansong ‘’
K. Asamoah Yeboah ‘’
F.B Mensah ‘’
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
39
Kwasi Ansah ‘’
Theresa Banigewo ‘’
Delali Matilda ‘’
Alfred Yeboah ‘’
John Ayisi Jatanfo ‘’
P.K Asankwa ‘’
Joseph Boama ‘’
Zotoo Ernest ‘’
Gariba Sulley
Victor Adanse-Poku
E.C. Ansong
Nana Bosome Adu
Nkwan II
Participants List-29- At Feyiase Forest Gate Lodge -Kumasi, 8th January 2010
Name Title
1 Mercy Owusu Ansah and Faciliator
2 Peter Ossei Wusu ‘’
3 Nana Baffoe Amankwa Bantamahene
4 Nana Ansah Baah Yamfohene
5 Nana Yaw Agyei Mimhene
6 Nana Gyasi Adabo Hwiediemhene
7 Nana Sampson Edusah Aseibu Amenfi
8 Nana Owusu Kwabi Etwereso
9 Nana Osei Akwesi Kokofohene
10 Nana Kofi Aboagye Asempanaye
11 Nana Anthony Ayigbehene
12 Nana Kwadwo Ateffah Kokofohene
13 Ernest Kuma Mills Akwaboahene
14 Nana Adusee Pokuaa Agona Bepoa Hemma
15 Nana Osisiadan Kwabrehene
16 Nana Owusu Achiaw Manso Nkwanta
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
40
17 Nana Ata Owusu Juasohene
18 Peter ossei wusu Tree Growers Secretary
19 Rev. Kwadwo Nkrumah Tree Grower Mampong
20 Mad. Akosua Akyaa Juaso
21 Nana Abena Frimpomaa Juasohemaa
20 Adwoa Donkoh Kwabre
22 Frank Owusu Community Liaison
23 Angela Kwablah National Service RMSC
24 Michael Acheampong RMSC
25 Joycelyn Agyepomaa Mimhene’s Secretary
26 Alex Asare RMSC
27 Kofi Affum Baffoe RMSC
28 Mercy Owusu Ansah RMSC/TBI
Issues raised at the consultation workshops:
o How would REDD+ activities provide most benefits to the nation and local people?
o Which part/ area or size of our forests must be committed to REDD?
o What are the implications of REDD+ for timber revenues (local and national levels), given the high
contribution of timber to the national economy?
o Forest reserves rather be put under the REDD-plus initiatives
o High possibility for loss of arable lands to REDD-plus in off-reserve areas
o The ‘plus’ component of REDD-plus could lead to expansion of trees into their farms and hence
reducing the availability of farm lands. Consequently, they are comfortable with the REDD. And
not the ‘plus’.( ‘Tell them that we like ‘REDD’ but not the ‘plus’ so they should bring REDD but
take off the ‘plus ’- A participant. )
The participants also expressed a wish to have cocoa plantations captured under REDDplus as cocoa trees can
also capture carbon dioxide. It is imperative to note that the stakeholder consultation process is still on-
going at the forest –dependent community levels.
Annex 1b-4: Stakeholder Consultations and Participation Plan (for R-PP
Implementation)
This Document
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
41
This Consultation and Participation (C&P) Plan forms one element of Ghana’s REDDplus Readiness preparation proposal (R-PP). It is intended to provide an outline of the structures and activities that will occur to ensure effective communication on the development of a national strategy for REDDplus. The plan is anticipated to cover a period from late 2009 to 2012/13 and is based on the premise of further support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. It is intended for use by a broad range of stakeholders to provide a clear outline of activities for those involved in implementing REDDplus preparation activities, as well as acting as a statement of intent that can be referred to by all those engaged in the process. The Consultation and Participation process on Ghana’s REDDplus Readiness Preparations should be conducted with caution. Stakeholders within and outside of the Government have different expectations with respect to the benefits and risks associated with REDDplus. Local stakeholders are concerned about fair benefit sharing, while the Government confronts the challenge of enacting broad policy reforms without the assurance of eventual rewards from emission reductions and other environmental benefits. Mechanisms for REDDplus are still under definition under the UNFCCC and the funds that are currently available are insufficient. It is not clear whether the climate conference in Copenhagen will lead to a definition of a REDDplus policy framework, neither is it clear whether industrialized countries will make available the expected funds to sufficiently incentivize REDDplus. The political risks associated with engaging in REDDplus for Ghana are further enhanced as Ghana has relatively low remaining forest coverage and deforestation emissions. The “plus” of REDD relating to conservation and enhancement of stocks may therefore be as important for Ghana as the reduction of forest emissions. In sum, consultations on REDD policies and benefit sharing have to be handled with upmost care, as benefits –despite all the talk about them - are not a given. Stakeholders within and outside of the Government must embrace REDDplus as a potential additional reward mechanism for agreed sustainable forest protection and land-use policy. If there is no broad support for the underlying REDD policies, disappointment with the mechanism is unlikely to be avoided.
Context
Where does REDDplus and the R-PP Come from?
Global climate change threatens the livelihoods of people worldwide. Research has shown that nearly 20% of
all greenhouse gas emissions (the gases that cause climate change) come from deforestation and forest
degradation.
The international community is developing a mechanism to provide positive incentives (mainly in the form of
finance) to help developing countries reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD),
and to support conservation, sustainable forest management, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks
(these three being the + in REDD plus). This mechanism is being discussed in the context of an international
climate agreement that will complement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto
Protocol. The Government of Ghana is actively participating in these negotiations.
A future REDDplus mechanism offers the opportunity of financial support for Ghana to promote policies and
activities that will reduce further deforestation and forest degradation. It should be recognized, however,
that this finance is performance based and comes as payment for the provision of an environmental service in
the form of absorption and storage of carbon (sequestration of carbon) across land uses.
The Government of Ghana is currently receiving financial support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
(FCPF) to prepare, for participating in a future mechanism for REDDplus. The first significant step of this is
the development of the R-PP or Readiness preparation proposal which indicates what activities could be
undertaken for REDDplus and provides a guide to what needs to be done to assess these activities, and
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
42
identify a coherent national strategy for REDDplus, which will guide actions at both the national and
international levels.
Learning Lessons from past Processes – the VPA, and NREG
The Ghanaian forest sector has been an area of considerable importance for Government, Development
Partners and Civil Society actors for several years. A focus on consultation and participation within several
major initiatives has increased the capacity of stakeholder groups and Government to organise, advocate and
consult, when compared to other sectors within the country. The elaboration of Ghana’s Voluntary
Partnership Agreement (VPA) with the EU and the country’s Natural Resource and Environmental Governance
(NREG) Sector Budget Support Programme (NREG) are examples of these developments, with both having
utilised a consultative process.
The consultation process that surrounded the VPA was seen as one of the most successful VPA consultation
processes globally with good levels of information sharing and effective multi-stakeholder decision making.
Figure 1: National and International Preparations for REDDplus
R-pin
R-pp Development
R-pp Implementation
‘Idea Note’
stating interest
in REDD+
Identification of potential strategies;
institutional and policy challenges;
and development of a consultation
and participation plan
Broad consultation on REDD+, development of
pilot projects; consultation on and review of
policy options; development of appropriate
institutional capacity; input into international
negotiations on the details of how REDD+ can
be operationalised
Negotiations
Technical Development / Negotiations
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Bali Action
Plan
Initia
l Im
ple
me
nta
tio
n
Political negotiations
National REDD+ Preparation Process
Support of pilot projects, and development
of appropriate institutional capacity,
development of technical details of how
REDD+ can be operationalised
Copenhagen
Agreement
International REDD+ Preparation Process
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
43
The process has also provided a number of lessons learned (Box 1) which can be utilized by other initiatives
to further develop and improve multi-stakeholder consultation and decision making within Ghana.
The development of the NREG structure has made progress towards the institutionalizing of consultative
process by creating a framework around which stakeholders can discuss and identify priorities for the sector
in a coordinated manner.
Despite NREG’s successes at coordinating Government and Development Partner efforts, there remain a high
number of different initiatives within the sector many of which have their own consultation processes. During
the development of the R-PP at least six other initiatives were identified which were engaging the same
stakeholders on issues which overlapped with those being discussed during the R-PP consultations (see figure
3).
This situation threatens to undermine the progress made to date and is likely to lead to consultation fatigue
amongst stakeholders from both government and civil society. The presentation of disparate initiatives in a
poorly coordinated fashion also over complicates the picture provided to stakeholders reducing their capacity
Figure 3: Example of ongoing initiatives in the forest sector
July August Sept Oct to Dec Jan to June June to June
VPA
R-pp
Pro-Poor REDD
NLBI
Cocoa Carbon Initiative
GIRAF
MTFST
Project Incubator
Localised
Projects
Consulting
on
REDD/PES
Reviews
Community
Participation
Duration
MLNR and FC
Long term
FC based
initiatives
MLNR Civil Society
Level of Government
Involvement
People’s Diagnostic Study
Forest and Wildlife Policy ReviewPolicy and Institutional Review
(Forest Trends)
Sustainable Financing of Wildlife
Review of Forest and Wildlife Law and Policy
Sustainable Charcoal Production
Sustainable Land management
2009 2010-112010
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
44
to participate and in many cases reducing their trust in the process due to a lack of follow-up information on
how their views have been incorporated into subsequent decision making.
As such it is critical that future consultation processes are coordinated to ensure that they remain efficient
and effective and do not undermine their own legitimacy.
Consultation and Participation for REDDplus
Framework and Principles
The development of a National Strategy on REDDplus is a complex process. Challenges to its development
include:
o the technical nature of carbon measurement and valuation,
o the evolving negotiation process within the UNFCCC,
o REDDplus’s multi-sectoral nature,
o the potential impact that mechanisms could have on the poorest groups within society,
o the high levels of vested interest often present within the forestry sector.
o Uncertainty associated with expected benefits. It is also crucial that the ideas present within REDDplus are presented in an appropriate, integrated and
progressive manner to ensure the management of expectations surrounding REDDplus and its implementation
at national and local levels.
Box 1: Lessons Learned from the VPA Process A series of ‘lessons learned’ have been identified from the VPA process which can help inform future decision making processes within Ghana and beyond. The Importance of Planning Clear plans are important to outline how two-way communication between sector representatives and their constituencies will occur. This should include guidelines on ‘how much’ consultation is needed, what capacity building activities may be needed, and recognise the time and finances necessary to conduct effective information sharing and consultation. The implementation of this plan should then be regularly monitored to ensure effective implementation and adjustment. Consultations Build Credibility and Capacity Engagement of parties in the discussion of issues surrounding an initiative increases the credibility of the initiative and stakeholders support for it. The engagement of stakeholders also builds their capacity to participate in future multi-stakeholder consultations. Sector Organisations Facilitate Consultation The existence of stakeholder groups, and associations greatly facilitates consultation and reduces transaction costs. Impacts Beyond the VPA The success of the consultation process around the VPA saw its adoption by other groups and has been a very positive step towards institutionalising the concept and practice of multi-stakeholder dialogue and decision making in Ghana.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
45
Figure 2 provides an illustrative example
of the interaction between
communication and consultation. An
upward flow of lessons learned
compliments the downward flow of
information. This provides the
knowledge and understanding critical for
the development of tangible activities
and communications tools necessary for
making the transition from awareness to
sustained behaviour change.
To address these challenges and to
support the development of an effective
C&P plan the following principles of
consultation were identified through
regional and national workshops as
important and appropriate for the
development of Ghana’s national
strategy for REDDplus. The consultation
process will thus:
i. Engage all stakeholders significantly affected by, involved in the implementation of, or otherwise
interested in REDDplus, regardless of sector
ii. Build on existing consultation & participation achievements and structures. E.g. the review of the
Forest Management Plan, VPA, Forest Forums, Forest Watch Ghana.
iii. Be sensitive to stakeholders’ needs for time and other resources (including capacity building &
feedback processes – effective planning and spearheading of consultations and information sharing
are critical in this area)
iv. Be tailored in providing information that is accessible and enables participation
v. Be sensitive to the need for continuous evaluation at multiple levels
vi. Be participatory and focused in the determination of goals
vii. Be sensitive to the need for conflict resolution and management process
viii. Be sensitive to the need to manage expectations
It is intended that these principles be followed by implementing a series of process objectives also identified
through consultation and technical discussion. These are:
• Increased Awareness
REDDplus requires extensive information sharing and awareness raising prior to effective consultation.
Currently the uncertainty over the scope and shape of REDDplus, is a challenge to wide-ranging consultation.
However, once agreements have been reached in the Copenhagen COP-15 meetings in December 2009, more
Figure 2: Communication and Lessons Learning
Processes
Awareness raising
Consulted on potential
activities
Participatory prioritisation
of activities
Key concerns and
knowledge gaps identified
Perceived and actual
barriers identified
Practical options
presents and explained
Challenges and
benefits identified
Engagement in
management and
development of actions
Unaware
Aware, concerned,
knowledgeable
Motivated to
change behaviour
Tries new
behaviour
Sustained
behaviour change
Perceived and actual
barriers identified
Communication
Process
Upward Learning
Process
• Increased commitment to multi-stakeholder engagement
• Increased value attributed to maintenance of standing trees leading to:
Sustainable forest management, modified farming practices,
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
46
concrete information will be available during the REDDplus Readiness Preparation Phase. Information needs
to be provided in the most appropriate manner for the constituent groups it reaches. As such, REDDplus
should be included within existing discussions on forest governance and improved forest management. Early
integration and collaboration will facilitate a clear understanding of linkages between different initiatives
and reduce the number of information sharing activities conducted.
• Participatory approach to decision making
Participatory approaches to decision making allow for the integration of inputs received from a wide range of
stakeholders, thus increasing levels of ownership of the resulting product.
As outlined in section 1a multiple stakeholders will be represented throughout the decision making process
managed by the government. The involvement of these groups will support the dissemination of information
as well as provide transparency not only on decisions but on how those decisions are made, while permitting
the government to retain ownership.
• Involvement in implementation
Stakeholder involvement combined with the above decision making process allows for ownership to be
developed. It also ensures that dialogue can occur in a clear way and incorporate more perspectives. It is
suggested that following the successful utilization of existing structures during the VPA process a similar
format is developed for disseminating information and conducting consultation, the results of which can then
be discussed within broader multi-stakeholder forums.
Clear responsibilities should be identified for participants within these forums to ensure that levels of
communication and consultation are representative both within groups and between them.
• Integration with safeguards measures (SESA)
It is critical that safeguards against adverse impacts on communities that may be impacted by REDDplus
activities are put into place. Section 2d sets out a specific tool - a Strategic Environmental and Social
Assessment (SESA)– to help avoid negative impacts (“do no harm”) and to enhance positive or “additional”
REDDplus benefits, especially in terms of social or livelihood benefits, governance and wider environmental
or biodiversity benefits. Part of the SESA process includes consultations which these will be integrated into
the overall consultation process.
Work plan for Consultation and Participation Activities during REDDplus Readiness Preparation
Goal: To achieve collective ownership of the process to develop strategies that reduce emissions through
deforestation and degradation (REDD) and to support conservation, sustainable forest management, and the
enhancement of forest carbon stocks (the + in REDD plus).
Purpose: To ensure that all stakeholder groups have a better understanding of REDDplus, how it relates to
Ghana and what roles, responsibilities and opportunities they have within Ghana’s efforts.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
47
Key Stakeholders
Issues relating to REDDplus affect a wide range of stakeholders and are particularly relevant within Ghana
where over 70% of the population is directly dependant on natural resources for their livelihoods.
Stakeholder groups identified for engagement within consultation included:
• Government – State level and statutory level with a focus on cross-sectoral linkages
• Private Sector – including timber industry, agricultural and financial institutions.
• Civil Society – including local and international NGOs, community based organisations across all relevant
thematic areas
• Development Partners
Table 1: List of stakeholders identified during R-PP development
Government
• Office of President / Office of Vice President
• Ministry of Land & Natural Resources
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning
• Ministry of Food & Agriculture
• Ministry of Environment, Science &
Technology
• Ministry of Local Government & Rural
Development
• Ministry of Education
• Ministry of Energy
• Forest Commission
• Lands Commission
• Mineral Commission
• Water Resources Commission
• Energy Commission
• Internal Revenue Service
• National Development Planning Commission
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Savannah Accelerated Development
Authority
• Ghana National Fire Service
• Customs Excise & Preventive Services
• Immigration Service
• The Judiciary
• Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands
• Ghana Investment Promotion Centre
• Cocoa Board
Private Sector
• AGI Assoc of Ghana industries
• Wood Industry- GTMO, DOLTA, GTA, GATEX,
FOWAG, Small scale carpenters
• Mining Industry – Chamber of Mines, galamsey
• Fuel wood & charcoal Burners Associations
(producers, transporters, consumers)
• NTFP gatherers (Hunters, Fishers, Fuel wood
collectors
• Farmers Large & small scale
• Services - Investors/Buyers, technical experts –
consultants
Civil Society
• CBOs (e.g. Fire volunteers, economic groups)
• Community Resource Management Committees,
Forest Forums
• National & International NGOs
• Traditional Authorities – Chiefs, etc.
• Professional Associations – Ghana Institute of
Foresters,
• Trade Unions, Associations, FOSSA, Students’
Unions,
• Research & Academic organisations
• Religious bodies
Development Partners –bilateral and multilateral
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
48
• Meteorology Service
• National Disaster Management Organisation
• National Commission on Civic Education
donors
Content:
Key areas for information sharing and further consultation were identified during the May to August
consultation period. It is anticipated that many of the same issues will be relevant at both information
sharing and consultation phases and it is important that questions raised during the information sharing
process are subsequently addressed during the consultation phase.
Areas for Information Sharing and Consultation:
• What is REDDplus (basic information sharing)
o Where does REDDplus come from
o What are the issues being negotiated internationally
o What are the implications at national level
o What are other countries doing on REDDplus
o Where is Ghana within the REDDplus process, internationally and domestically
• Incentives from REDD
o Why should Ghana engage in a mechanism on REDDplus
o What benefits would be available to different stakeholders
• Land Use Rights / Land Tenure Systems
o What would be potential implications of REDDplus payments within the existing context
o Would a mechanism on REDDplus work within the current Ghanaian context
o What revisions could be required and what impacts would they have
• Forest Governance
o Is REDDplus complimentary with existing initiatives in forest governance
• Benefit Sharing systems
o What benefit sharing systems exist at the moment
o How could REDDplus interact with existing benefit sharing agreements
o What systems of benefit sharing could be appropriate and provide maximum benefits
• Potential REDD projects and activities
o What activities could be included under REDDplus
o What are the benefits/limitations of different activities (output from phase 1 consultations)
Tools and Methods to be used in Consultation and Participation during REDDplus Readiness Preparation
To conduct effective information sharing and consultation, a range of tools will be used to ensure a broad
reach and effective engagement. Such tools include:
1. Information and Communication
• Maintain & continuously update FC and other websites to post information & solicit input
• Production of policy briefs and information notes appropriate to different audiences that can be
distributed in both hard and soft copy
• News bulletin of the FC
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
49
• Propagate through local FM & Community Radio
• Stakeholder group managed information sharing
2. Consultation
Consultations will occur at different levels from small scale expert consultations to broader national
consultations. Key tools within this process will include:
• Formal and Semi Structured Interviews
• Focus Group Meetings with Stakeholder groups
• Self Administered questionnaires that anyone can complete and submit
• Workshops
• Stakeholder group managed consultation
3. Participation
Structures for participation are discussed in more detail in component 1a of the R-PP and below. The will
include the NRSC, as well as stakeholder groups utilized for consultation information sharing.
For these tools to be effective, particular attention will be paid to the planning of consultation processes to
ensure that: i) information is available for participants sufficiently in advance of consultation ii) participants
are aware of upcoming dates so that they can organise their constituencies iii) information sharing and
consultation processes can be coordinated with other existing processes.
Institutional Arrangements for Communication and Participation on REDDplus
Institutional arrangement will support open consultation platforms at community, district, regional, and
national levels as part of stakeholder participation in the overall sector management and governance.
The REDDplus Secretariat and Steering Committee are the responsible entities for ensuring that the C&P Plan
is followed. Where possible existing structures will be utilized or strengthened. This approach will help to
ensure that methods of information sharing and consultation are appropriate to the stakeholder group, are
undertaken by groups that are trusted by stakeholders and that they are streamlined with other ongoing
processes.
Progress has been made to establish effective structures for communication, consultation and participation
for REDDplus however the following steps are also recommended:
o Formal engagement of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture by the Natural Resource and
Environment Advisory Council (currently being established).
o Strengthening of the Forest Forums to ensure broader representation and increased financial
freedom from the Forestry Commission.
o Further strengthening of the REDD Steering Committee
o Assessment of the potential to combine REDDplus and VPA Implementation Steering Committees
o Further strengthening of CBO’s to engage with and act on issues relating to REDDplus and climate
change
o Increased capacity of the REDDplus Secretariat to support and coordinate consultation and
participation activities
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
50
Figure 3: Institutional Linkages for REDDplus Readiness Preparation
Foot Note:
NREG FIP Technical Coordinating Committee
Prior to the FIP Scoping Mission from September 29th to 1st October, 2010 an inter-ministerial committee
meeting was convened to discuss the Forest Investment Programme (FIP). The Minister of Finance and
Economic Planning, Honorable Dr. Kwabena Duffour in his address stated that;
‘’ It is recommended that the sub-committee of the already existing Natural Resources and Environmental
Governance programme (NREG) being coordinated by this Ministry is used as the Technical Committee for
the FIP programme. Other technical experts who are not members of the existing committee could be invited
as and when necessary. It is important that we use the already existing coordinating mechanisms (either the
NREG or others) for the coordination of the FIP programme and not to set up any new coordination
structures’’.
S
FC Climate Change
mainstreaming team
Agricultural Extension Officers District Assembly
CBO Traditional Authority
Local NGOs INGO
Academics Community
Chainsaw Operators Timber Industry
Farmers NTFP Gatherers
Local
Stakeholder
Level
National Climate
Change Committee in MEST
Expanded NREG Technical Coordinating Committee (TCC+) - (To oversee FIP/FCPF)
FC Climate Change Unit
VPA SC in FC National Climate Change Unit (EPA)
Ministerial
Level
National REDD+ Steering Committee within
MLNR
Implementing
Agency Level
Environment and Natural Resource Advisory Council (ENRAC)
Composed of Ministries of MLG, MLNR, MoFEP, MEST, MoFA
Cabinet
Level
Forest Forums
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
51
Sequencing of Consultation Processes during REDDplus Readiness Preparation
The sequencing of consultation processes during R-PP Implementation is very important. Experience during
the 2009 development of the R-PP Proposal emphasized the importance of all stakeholders having prior, well
informed and realistic understanding of REDD, REDDplus and the relationship with both international
(UNFCCC) and national (e.g. Forest Development Master Plan) consultation processes. It also revealed the
need for strengthening of the capacity of both the National REDD Steering Committee (NRSC) and the
REDDplus Secretariat (within the Climate Change Unit_ to oversee and manage effective consultation
processes (as proposed in Component 1a).
The proposed consultation and participation plan for the REDDplus Preparation Phase will focus around three
major steps outlined below and illustrated in Figure 4. These steps will allow for knowledge to be developed,
consolidated and shared, for gaps to be filled and understanding to be furthered and then for decisions to be
made based on a strong understanding of the interactions between potential REDDplus mechanisms, and the
broader Ghanaian context at both local and national levels.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
52
Step 1: Analysis, Preparation and Consultation
Step 1: Consists of three core areas of work. These areas will be developed and arranged as illustrated in
figure 5, and are described below.
Awareness Raising: Information sharing will occur through a range of different stakeholders but will be
coordinated by the REDDplus Secretariat. It is suggested that existing structures be utilised and where
appropriate strengthened to improve their capacity to share information on REDDplus with their
constituencies. Information on REDDplus will be built into existing consultation processes to better situate
REDDplus within existing discussions of forest governance and improved management. While this set of
activities will be focused on information sharing, key questions raised and suggestions for REDDplus strategy
development will be fed back into the process of identifying opportunities for actions for REDDplus. Key areas of information that will be provided have been identified above and can be further revised based
on feedback during the process. Specific elements of consultation arising from the Expert working groups
that should also be integrated into this phase include:
Figure 4: Three Stepped Approach within Consultation and Participation
Stakeholder led and focus group
consultation on legal and
institutional changes
2012/13201120102009
Step 1: Analysis, Preparation
and ConsultationStep 2: Piloting and Testing
Stakeholder led National
awareness raising:Government
Civil Society
Private Sector
Supply of Timber
Low Carbon Agro-Indust
Development
Charcoal and Fuelwood
REDD+ Friendly Cocoa
Production
Local Market Timber Supply
National Expert Consultations
National Working Groups
Allocation of Carbon Rights
Existing and new initiatives e.g. VPA, NLBI
Consultation with key decision makers on main outputs of REDD+ Preparation Activities
Pilot Projects
Ongoing review of pilot projects
International Negotiations
Continued
Multi-
stakeholder
engagement
UnawareAware, concerned,
knowledgeable
Motivated to
change behaviour
Tries new
behaviour
Sustained
behaviour change
Step 3: Becoming Ready
Definitio
n o
f S
trate
gy
Continued Awareness Raising
During consultation and
information dissemination
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of In
stitu
tions,
legis
lations,
and O
pera
tional P
lan
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
53
o Experience to date, and public views on, the plantation forest benefit sharing schemes (Modified taungya and commercial plantations) – this will enquire engagement with the broader information sharing process, as well as small scale issue specific consultations.
o Stakeholder views of current tree tenure rules, including the natural forest benefit sharing scheme – this will enquire engagement with the broader information sharing process, as well as small scale issue specific consultations.
o Lesson learning from past and present experiments involving communities in natural resource management in Ghana.
Analysis of Existing Knowledge: A great deal of research has already been conducted within the Ghanaian
forest sector. It is important that this research be brought together and synthesized with input from
international experiences on payment for ecosystem services and REDD to present realistic options for
REDDplus within Ghana. This process will reduce the need for groups at the grassroots level to be repeatedly
consulted on similar issues and will enable a rapid development of potential strategies. These strategies can
then be prioritised and modified with input from a more informed constituency as a result of the information
sharing activities above.
Expert consultations are intended to address wider multi-sectoral issues while expert working groups will be
more focused within specific issues
It is suggested that these groups conduct specific studies and individual consultations prior to bringing their
findings to a collective workshop.
Expert Consultations
Suggested consultation groups are provided below with provisional terms of reference included within the
annex of this document.
a. Future Provisioning of the National Timber Industry,
It is anticipated that this study will compliment or pre–date the review of Forest and Wildlife Policies and
Laws planned by the MLNR. It will also draw from the existing review of Forest Wildlife Policies and Laws
being conducted by the Forestry Commission.
b. Allocation of Terrestrial Carbon rights
Figure 5. Provisional Timeline for Step 1 Activities
C&
P W
ork
ing G
rou
p
Pla
nnin
g P
rocess
RE
DD
+ S
ecre
tari
at
National awareness
raising activities conducted
by implementing agencies
Consolidation of
outputs
Working groups
created
Consolidation of national
research
Consolidation of
international experience
Additional studies commissioned
Preparation of
briefing materials for
awareness raising
Awareness raising
implementing agencies
briefed
Briefing material
distributed
Training for Consultation
on Climate Change
sessions run
REDD+ Primer sessions run
with key members of State and
statutory institutions
Regular Briefings Provided
Stakeholder led
consultation on
Prioritisation of
Strategy Options
Assessment and
revision of materials
Process of Consultation
& Participation
Process of
National
Awareness
Raising and
Consultation
Strengthening of
REDD+ Secretariat
Ste
p 2
: P
ilotin
g a
nd T
esting
Step 1: Analysis, Preparation, and Consultation
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
54
This will closely complement the above assessment but with a focus on the implications of current land and
tree tenure arrangements for the allocation of carbon rights, and will advise on any changes to legislation
that are likely to be required to operationalise carbon rights. It will also consider the risks in the current
tenurial context which would arise from any innovations in carbon rights, and ways to mitigate those risks. In
addition:
A sub-group will be tasked to report on lesson learning from past and present experiments involving
communities in natural resource management in Ghana. This will give particular consideration to the
situation as regards (a) gender; (b) derived rights holders.
A second sub-group will report on other relevant schemes for benefit sharing under REDD initiatives on an
international scale, focusing on countries with comparable conditions in their forests. Again, gender aspects
and the implications for derived rights holders will be given particular consideration.
Expert Working Groups:
Expert working groups will bring together key actors to investigate the technical feasibility of specific
REDDplus strategies. These groups will not work in isolation but will consult with appropriate stakeholders
and their results will be fed back into a multi-stakeholder forum. It is suggested that a member of the
REDDplus steering committee lead each group to ensure effective communication and coordination between
groups. Each group is also anticipated to be multi-stakeholder in its constituency. Provisional terms of
reference for these groups are included in the annex of this document.
• REDDplus Friendly Cocoa Production The group will look to identify the potential benefits arising from REDDplus Friendly Cocoa
• Local Market Timber Supply The group will seek to consolidate existing knowledge from government and non-governmental actors, as well
as looking at international best practice.
• Charcoal and Fuelwood production This group will seek to establish an authoritative knowledge base on charcoal and fuelwood, which is able to
discriminate between different production systems, and which takes into account livelihoods dimensions and
alternatives (or their lack). It will aim to provide recommendations for potential pilot projects for substitute
fuels and means of production.
• Low Carbon Agro Industrial Development The aim is to identify policy and strategic options that will improve the carbon footprint and the pro-poor
benefits of these innovations. The research agenda will cover the full range of enterprises – from agro-
business down to small farmer and outgrower levels.
Consultation: Presentation of an appropriate synthesis of proposed aspects of a REDDplus strategy to wider
stakeholder groups should occur in order for them to be effectively consulted on their view points. These
views will help shape the resulting REDDplus strategy and the pilot activities selected for Step 2.
Actions to be taken with Step 1 are outlined in Figure 5 below (it is anticipated that actions identified here
will last for no more than one year).
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
55
It is intended that the actions within this step will be able to deliver:
• Increased awareness of REDDplus, its challenges and opportunities,
• A clearly defined strategy with policy options that can be further developed through pilot activities
or implemented through policy reform. A work plan which maps out these outcomes over the following year to ensure effective sequencing of
activities with other initiatives and processes
Next Steps
o Capacity within the REDDplus secretariat will be increased to effectively plan, coordinate and support
consultation and participation activities
o Key implementing agencies will be identified suggested structures available to share information and
receive feedback include:
� FC Committee for Mainstreaming REDDplus
� National Climate Change Committee
� REDDplus Steering Committee
� National Forest Forums
� Forest Watch Ghana
� District Assemblies
� VPA Implementation Structure
o Complimentary Initiatives
� IUCN Pro-Poor REDDplus Suggested lead – REDDplus Secretariat
o Core consultation work plan will be developed – Suggested lead – Consultation Working group – with
selected implementing agencies
o A Communicating Climate change and REDDplus training session will be developed and conducted with
identified implementers. Suggested Lead – Forest Watch Ghana
o Key briefing materials and information sharing resources on REDDplus will be developed for
distribution. This will include information on international best practice and experience as well as
Ghana specific information – Suggested lead – IUCN
o A short primer session on REDDplus will be developed for Senior members of key statutory and state
level institutions – REDDplus Secretariat, National Climate Change Committee
Step 2: Piloting and Testing
Presentation of an appropriate synthesis of proposed activities to wider stakeholder groups should occur in order for them to be effectively consulted on their view points. Information from these consultations can then be utilized in the development of a national strategy. This would include:
• Awareness raising on options for national strategy • Focused consultation on specific aspects of a National Strategy within stakeholder groups • Continuous review and update on pilot activities to relevant stakeholders • Consultation on lessons learned from pilot projects developed as part of the national preparation
activities
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
56
Step 3: Becoming Ready
The final step of the C&P process is consultation and validation of comprehensive national strategy. Built on
the outcomes of previous stages of consultation and the results of pilot projects, sufficient time and
resources should be allocated for a comprehensive validation process. The capacity of organizations to
participate effectively in it should have been developed over the previous phases but support in transferring
information and developing responses should still be provided.
Validation of a national strategy should not mark the end of the consultation and participation process. The
adoption of relevant REDDplus policies will continue to be preceded by broad stakeholder consultations on
policy design and implementation, increasing their legitimacy and applicability. The policies will further be
continuously monitored and improved from the perspectives of design, implementation, monitoring and
learning. It is thus important to maintain active and efficient mechanisms for consultation and participation.
Conflict Resolution Structures
The principle of subsidiarity will be used in establishing conflict resolution structures. As such conflicts would
be addressed at the lowest or most localized level appropriate by existing conflict resolution structures.
These structures include traditional authorities, land and central courts, working groups and the NRSC.
Should a large number of conflicts occur specific to REDDplus or it prove difficult for issues to be resolved at
lower or localized levels they should be escalated to higher levels. This escalation should be in accordance
with the existing principles and practices of the Government terminating at the level of President and
parliament. Support and advice on conflicts should however also be provided by the NRSC, and REDDplus
Secretariat with these bodies playing the lead role in identifying and presenting solutions to these conflicts.
Areas of the domestic conflict resolution structures likely to be effected by actions for REDDplus are
discussed in more detail within section 2c.
Monitoring and Evaluation
It is important that activities undertaken for communication and
consultation are not only undertaken but also monitored and
evaluated to ensure that they are effective support continued
learning. The Consultation and Participation Working group will
design effective monitoring mechanisms. These will include
indicators that will assess the extent to which information has
reached the intended audiences, whether the audience has
subsequently been able to feedback into the process and the
manner in which their feedback has been incorporated into the
decision making process. This ongoing process of learning and
revision is illustrated in Figure 5.
It is recommended that the monitoring and evaluation system be
maintained by a multi-stakeholder group to strengthen the
legitimacy of conclusions made and to improve the diversity of
Figure 5: M&E of C&P Design and
Development
Monitor
and
Evaluate
Asses
Plan
Develop and
Pre-test
Implement
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
57
views represented.
Annex 2b: REDD Strategy Options
This annex provides outline Terms of Reference for the Expert Consultations and Working Groups proposed to
develop the REDD Strategy, and summarises the major REDD candidate strategies.
Annex 2b-1: Framework TERMS OF REFERENCE for ‘National Expert Consultations’ and ‘Working Groups’
2b-1-i NATIONAL EXPERT CONSULTATIONS
National Expert Consultation on the Timber Supply
Terms of Reference (ToR)
The future of Ghana’s high forest zone, and the future viability of the timber industry depend, to a
significant extent, on the state of the off-reserve forests. A vicious cycle is developing in which the poor
condition of many of the forest reserves leads the industry to plunder the off-reserve stock of trees, and the
rapid decline of the off-reserve stock (with no replenishment) then puts further pressure on the on-reserve
stock. And so on...
It is recognised that a major weakness of current forest policy is the lack of incentives in the off-reserve
areas to farmers to conserve and plant native trees on-farm and in fallows. Without strong incentives to
regenerate timber trees, the off-reserve stock is likely to continue its downward trend, exacerbating the
impending crisis in the industry’s timber supply. Plantation development may help to alleviate the shortage,
though this is as yet an underdeveloped sub-sector, and its capacity to fill the void is very far from
guaranteed.
REDD strategy development will therefore:
(a) Assess the state of the timber stock and estimate the adequacy of the existing strategy (enrichment
of forest reserves; plantation development (including modified taungya); improved law enforcement
in forest reserves), in relation to supplying both the export industry and local market needs.
(b) If the evidence points to a major shortfall between demand and supply, it will then consider ways
to increase the focus on regeneration of off-reserve areas in the forest policy, and the need for
direct incentives to farmers and land owners to conserve trees on their land. This is likely to be a
priority from the perspectives of the forest industry and the enhancement of carbon stocks, as well
as the general welfare of forest-dependent people.
As regards the regeneration of the off-reserve stock, the most radical option would be to cede control right
down to the individual farmer and land owners, allowing them to sell their timber directly to the mills or to
local SMEs. This might well induce a major re-invigoration of the timber stock.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
58
Were this radical option to be adopted, there would be an immediate loss of revenue to the state, which
would be only partly compensated for in the short term by improved prospects for the industry, and the
potential taxation revenue arising. However, the longer-term outlook would be much more encouraging.
Adopting the radical option now could well secure the future of the forest industry.
These are important issues that have been raised in successive consultancy reports over the last decade and
more, but not yet seriously addressed in policy. REDD development provides a timely opportunity to take the
bull by the horns and make a serious assessment of the long-term prospects for the forest industry in Ghana.
The starting point will be the commissioning of a major National Expert Consultation on Provisioning of the
Timber Supply which will examine and test the hypothesis:
‘The existing and planned benefit sharing mechanisms in the forest sector will suffice for REDDplus in
Ghana, and also ensure the long-term provisioning of the country’s timber needs?’
To the extent that the evidence draws this hypothesis into question, then there will be the need for more or
less radical actions to deal with the consequences. (As matters stand, it would appear most unlikely that the
hypothesis will be supported, though this will need to be established by the Consultation, and the evidence
base brought into the public domain.)
This will be a major policy study, and will draw on the outcomes of the recent Review of Forest and Wilflife
Policy’s and Laws as well as high-level national and international expertise, with a strong focus on long-term
forest resource assessment, forestry economics and scenario analysis. It will consult widely, considering such
issues as:
a. Long-term projections as to the future timber supply, including quantitative scenario building;
b. Medium-long term potential of the plantations sub-sector to provision the industry;
c. Experience to date, and public views on, the plantation forest benefit sharing schemes
(Modified taungya and commercial plantations)
d. Stakeholder views of current tree tenure rules, including the natural forest benefit sharing
scheme (Constitutional provision), as well as initiatives including CREMA’s and dedicated forests
as alternative management and tenurial approaches
e. Implications of existing timber supply arrangements (including tree tenure) for forest
conservation efforts and future REDD Policy
f. Implications of the supply situation regarding other methods of developing the sector
sustainably, including community-based forest enterprise.
g. International experience in attempts to stimulate timber resource reconstitution, from China
and elsewhere.
h. Consideration will be given to the implications of any scenarios proposed as regards timber
revenues, and the viability of the Forestry Commission as the regulatory authority, with a view
to identifying the part that REDD payments might play in covering any shortfall.
Throughout, the emphasis will not only be on the timber supply situation but also the need to address
deforestation and forest degradation within a national and international climate change strategy.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
59
This expert review will report to a high-level body of the Government of Ghana, with the MLNR in a
leadership role, though including representatives of other line ministries, as well as the industry (small,
medium and large scale) and civil society.
The findings of this expert review will determine the next steps to be taken. A strategy will be developed
appropriate to the need, and dependent on the condition of the stock and the projections as to its future
availability.
National Expert Consultation on Allocation of Terrestrial Carbon Rights
Terms of Reference (ToR)
A key question for REDD implementation is the question of land tenure rights and how carbon rights will
relate to the underlying land and tree tenure rights (which can be expected to play a determinant role in
conditioning public expectations about the level of benefits from carbon payments).
A National Expert Consultation on Allocation of Terrestrial Carbon Rights will be constituted to examine this
issue. This will focus on the implications of current land and tree tenure arrangements for the allocation of
carbon rights, and will advise on any changes to legislation that are likely to be required to operationalise
carbon rights. It will also consider the risks in the current tenurial context which would arise from any
innovations in carbon rights, and ways to mitigate those risks. In addition:
a. It will seek to draw lessons from past and present experiments involving communities in natural
resource management in Ghana – including Community Resource Management Areas and
Dedicated forests. This will give particular consideration to the situation as regards (a) gender
and the rights of women; (b) derived rights holders (tenant farmers and share-croppers
[abusa/abunu]).
b. It will consider other relevant schemes for benefit sharing under payment for environmental
services (PES) and REDD initiatives on an international scale, focusing on countries with
comparable conditions in their HFZ. Again, gender aspects and the implications for derived
rights holders will be given particular consideration.
The need to link tree tenure to land rights demands particular caution in the Ghana situation, given the
sophistication of its land and labour markets. The high incidence of farm tenancies add to the challenges.
While rights in cocoa trees have been effectively accommodated in land law, rights in pre-existing native
trees, which may have stood on the land for many generations and which could possibly continue to do so
into the distant future, are a more complex matter. Clear rules will need to be established to define the
rights of land owners and tenant farmers in relation to carbon revenues, and appropriate conflict resolution
mechanisms put in place.
Given the potential overlaps between this expert group and the expert consultation on provisioning of the
timber supply, a coordination team will be established within the MLNR to harmonise the work of the two.
This group will also work to coordinate efforts between the ongoing Review of the Wildlife and Forest
Policy’s and Laws, the existing FLEGT processes and the relevant studies / working groups.
The MLNR legal specialists will consult with other relevant bodies (for example, the Ministry of Justice and
the National House of Chiefs, also the Commission on Administrative Justice and Human Rights, CHRAJ) on
establishing conflict resolution mechanisms linked to REDD implementation. This is with a view to ensuring
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
60
that any conflicts arising out of future carbon rights arrangements can be addressed through clearly
demarcated and well-designed mechanisms, without risking choking the courts with a new category of land
rights disputes.
2b-1-ii EXPERT WORKING GROUPS
Working Group on ecosystem friendly cocoa production
Terms of Reference (ToR)
Background
In Ghana, the agricultural sector is as important as the forest sector in defining options for REDD. The cocoa
sector presents interesting opportunities in relation to REDD strategy. In recent years, traditional shade-
tolerant ‘Tetteh Quarshie’ varieties have given way to new hybrid full-sun varieties which not only lead to
removal of most of the remaining tree cover from cocoa farms but also remove the interest of farmers in
supporting the forest reserve policy (in the past, maintaining high tree cover on forest reserves was widely
supported by farmers because of their role in maintaining humidity in the forest areas). Incentivising the re-
establishment of the shade tolerant and dependent varieties would have much to recommend it, and would
have the important knock-on benefit of enhancing public support for the forest reserves. In principle, this
would be ‘conflict neutral’ in relation to indigene/migrant relations (in that cocoa production is an expressed
purpose of the existing tenancy contracts). Implementation will be challenging in that the economic
pressures which lead farmers to prefer short-term benefits even at the expense of long-term soil degradation
will need to be addressed. The best way to do so could be to use the ‘bundling of timber rights’ to support
the preferred cocoa varietal strategy, so that farmers gained a double benefit from tree conservation on-
farm (enhanced cocoa production and a good share of the timber revenues). Were farmers to gain
substantially from retention of native timber tree stocks on their lands (through tree tenure reforms), then
this would compensate for the lowered short-term profitability and significantly increase the attractiveness
of the traditional cocoa varieties.
The political costs would be offset by the very high impact of any improvements to the carbon emissions
profile of HFZ, as well as by the long-term multiple co-benefits (livelihoods, biodiversity, soil and water
conservation). Such a strategy would also be ‘self-sustaining’ in that farmers would be incentivised to adopt
the shade-dependent varieties without any need for intervention of the state in the market. Benefit
distribution between land owners and tenants would need to be addressed, however. Without transfer of
tree rights, the incentives would be less clear. A workable mechanism would need to be found to distribute
the funds down to farm management level, through a market mechanism (i.e. a higher price for traditional,
as opposed to full-sun, cocoa bean varieties) or some other means. High opportunity and investment costs
would be entailed, and there would be significant risk of corruption in the financial delivery system.
Scope of Work
It is proposed that COCOBOD and the Cocoa Research Institute be invited to lead this work, in association
with the Ministries of Land and Natural Resources, Food and Agriculture, and Local Government, convening a
specialist Working Group on REDD-friendly cocoa production. Given the important cross-sectoral aspects of
the cocoa sub-sector, consideration will be given to the possibility of putting in place an inter-sectoral
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
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coordination mechanism or stakeholder platform involving all the major players in the sub-sector (COCOBOD;
Forestry Commission and MLNR; civil society including farmers). The Working Group will focus on:
a. Strategies to ensure and revive ‘REDD-friendly’ cocoa cultivation
b. Extension implications regarding MOFA policy on varieties promotion
c. Co-benefits from ‘bundling rights’ – for example:
i. whether granting farmers ownership rights over native timber trees (either exclusive or co-
beneficiary) would be likely to influence farmer behaviour with regard to shade-tolerant
species
ii. Wider co-benefits derived from increased farmer support of forest reserve policy which
would be expected to follow from promotion of the traditional varieties
d. Disbenefits to farmers in terms of intercropping, and ways to ameliorate them;
e. Gender aspects of the reforms
f. Delivery mechanisms.
Information gained from existing pilots should be used to inform the study. Current effort to develop cocoa
carbon projects are utilising multiple approaches and as such should provide a range of experiences which
the working group can utilise.
Conflict resolution structures would need to be in place, and these are likely to follow the lines established
in relation to the definition of carbon rights. The traditional authorities would be expected to play a major
role.
Local Market Timber Supply Working Group
Terms of Reference (ToR)
Improved regulation of small scale (chainsaw) loggers is essential if the timber stock is to be conserved.
While removal of the distortions that undercut legal enterprise is clearly necessary if Ghana’s FLEGT policy is
to thrive, this requires realism about the extent and satisfaction of local market needs.
Long-term decisions will depend on the outcome of the timber provisioning expert consultation, and the
policy decisions taken in the aftermath of this. There are, however, a number of short-term actions that can
be taken in the interim.
a. Actors: Further exploration of the potential for licensing chainsaw loggers, so as to better
control the sub-sector and help drive out the non-reputable operators, drawing on and
extending the existing pilots.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
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b. Timber supply: Reviewing the local supply situation with a view to ensuring that enough legal
wood is available on local markets to counteract the demand for illegal chain-sawn lumber.
Options would include widening access to TUPs so as to legitimize and channel the supply base
on which legal chainsaw operators can draw. This would also help reduce encroachment into
forest reserves.
c. Technology: better control over chainsaws and other mechanised technologies, to support the
licensing system and limit wastage from the sub-sector, once licensed.
d. Law enforcement: improving law enforcement on-reserve, in line with current FLEGT
ambitions, to limit and ultimately eliminate leakage from this source.
A Local Market Timber Supply Working Group will be established to lead this work. It will have a budget for
pilot project activities. This Working Group commends itself for strong NGO participation and leadership,
and dialogue will be initiated with the lead members of the forum ‘Forest Watch-Ghana’ to investigate this
possibility.
NOTE: It is understood that the FLEGT programme may be considering establishing a research review on
essentially similar lines. If this proves to be the case, then consideration would need to be given to
amalgamating the two working groups.
Working Group on Charcoal and Fuelwood
Terms of Reference (ToR)
Charcoal and wood are the preferred cooking fuels for the majority of the urban and rural populations, and
alternatives are feasible only for those with significant purchasing power (a small proportion of each
community). Charcoal production also dominates the economy of the transitional zone and parts of the
north, and contributes significantly to national integration. A policy of interdiction would thus have negative
equity effects at the political level. At the same time, Ghana is on the eve of a petroleum economy, and
there may be potential for liquid petroleum gas (lpg) substitution particularly in urban areas (albeit with high
opportunity cost in terms of foreign exchange income foregone). The REDD strategy will therefore establish
a Working Group on Charcoal and Fuelwood which seeks to:
a. establish an authoritative knowledge base on charcoal and fuelwood, which is able to
discriminate between different production systems, and which takes into account livelihoods
dimensions and alternatives (or their lack)
b. set up pilot activities to test substitute fuels and their carbon emissions, including LPG, biogas
and solar power, giving particular attention to any gender issues arising
c. Place fuelwood production within its wider politico-geographical context, and feed this
discussion into the national planning process (through the NDPC and other means).
d. improving efficiency in carbonization of raw wood and sustainable wood supplies from managed
sources.
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Past an existing pilot projects addressing charcoal and fuelwood usage and the development of ‘sustainable’
systems should also be thoroughly investigated within this group and existing knowledge used as a starting
point for further investigations.
Given the long history of using clay in cooking and construction in Ghana, it appears unlikely that extension
of fuel-efficient stoves will make much headway in local conditions. Domestic and community-based biogas
generation would also have to compete with other demands on land and labour. However, such innovations
are a possibility, and the non-governmental sector will be encouraged to undertake pilot activities. This is
unlikely to be a priority area for direct investment by the Government of Ghana, however.
Low Carbon Agro Industry Development
Terms of Reference (ToR)
Agro-industrial enterprise has had a poor record to date, though development of the sub-sector is a
government priority. A major programme of investment will be required to develop the agricultural and
pastoral economies in more carbon-friendly directions, balancing the interests of the smallholder and
industrial sectors.
Further research is needed in relation to the agricultural emissions profiles of the agro-industries new crops
and trees for which opportunities have already opened up or are likely to in the near future – fruits such as
pineapple for the export market, bio fuels such as oil palm and jatropha, and trees such as rubber.
The aim would be to identify policy and strategic options that will improve the carbon footprint and the pro-
poor benefits of these industries. The research agenda will cover the full range of enterprises – from agro-
business down to small farmer and out grower levels.
2b-1-iii CHALLENGE FUND
Challenge Fund on Fire Control
Terms of Reference (TOR)
It is proposed that a Challenge Fund on Fire Control is established to support projects that work with local
communities in finding ways to improve fire management.
Background
Fire is recognised to have an ambiguous role in the Ghana economy, being a vital and integral part of many
agricultural and livestock production systems and culinary regimes, with smoke from open fire also an
important preservative. Fire generated from wood fuels is the main source of heat for cooking in both rural
and urban areas. However, excessive use of fire contributes to land and forest degradation, and
uncontrolled fires and smoke are dangerous to public health.
There is a strong lobby in climate change circles in favour of trying to alter the behaviour of the cohorts of
small farmers and livestock owners who depend for their livelihoods on cyclical (‘slash and burn’) cultivation
systems and the use of fire in the agricultural cycle. However, such actions do not appear to offer many win-
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
64
wins in the Ghana context. They could easily bring about an increase in rent-seeking behaviour without any
positive impacts on the resource. Despite very heavy investments in agricultural and livestock research, both
nationally and internationally, few alternatives have yet been found for the severely resource-poor, and
there may be little to gain from attempting to impose major behavioural changes on poor people who have
no other options for their livelihoods.
Further research is needed before any actions are implemented which might impede those livelihoods, and
this would also be the case as regards the activities of pastoralists (where Ghana is constrained by ECOWAS
protocols).
The proposal
Understanding the roles played by fire in the Ghana economy, and finding viable alternatives for the
functions that fire currently serves, raises complex questions which would benefit from experimental and
adaptive field research. It is proposed to create a Challenge Fund for Fire Control to support such work.
In essence, a Challenge Fund is a competitive source of finance, to which interested and qualified parties are
encouraged to apply to support project ideas that they have generated themselves, ideally in association
with local beneficiaries. Funds are made available on a periodic basis, and ‘Calls for Proposals’ issued with
varying degrees of specification as to the actors eligible to apply, and the types of activities that are likely to
be supported. On the classic model, a given sum is distributed at each call, with beneficiaries being the
better applicants in relative terms, the number of applicants supported, and the funds available to each,
being governed by the total pot of money available. However, this approach is not essential, and funds may
also be withheld should sufficient applicants not reach the required standards for support.
The underlying aim is to provide finance on a responsive basis to encourage innovative and experimental
activities in areas where the desired outcomes are not well defined or understood, with authority being left
to a greater or lesser extent to the applicant organisations as regards their aims and objectives.
The size of the fund, the number, frequency and size of Calls for Proposals, and the length of the project
cycle(s) would depend on such factors as the felt need, capacities of the likely implementing agencies, and
attractiveness of this Fund to potential donors.
Management
This Challenge Fund commends itself for NGO management, and could be ideally be coordinated by one of
the stronger savannah-based NGOs, or a consortium of partners. (Funding and management arrangements
(including relationships to established programmes, such as the Savannah Accelerated Development
Authority) would be put in place once approval has been given in principle.) The Challenge Fund brief would:
• Cover both design and pilot implementation activities
• Support projects that work with local communities to address the causes of fire in agricultural
areas, both anthropogenic and natural;
• Fund research initiatives that assess the effectiveness of existing mechanisms to control fire,
obtaining community views on their functioning and proposing ways to improve them;
• Consider the potential of other mechanisms to substitute for fire use in the agricultural cycle, and
their viability in Ghanaian conditions, supporting pilot initiatives in such areas.
Revised Ghana R-PP (Annexes)
65
Financing and control From the Government side, responsibility would lie with an appropriate department, most likely MoFA.
Responsibility for financing of the Challenge Fund could well be offered to one or more bilateral partners of
the Ghana Government, and in partnership with it, very much along the lines of existing challenge-type funds
such as G-RAP and RAVI. The principles for its operation would be decided by the development partners and
the appropriate department of Ghana Government, and exact details of its implementation worked out in
collaboration with the winning agency or consortium (the RAVI model provides an interesting experience in
this regard).
Consideration would need to be given to relationships with other development projects and programmes, for
example the recently established Savannah Accelerated Development Authority. There may be a case for
inviting this or another programme to take over responsibility for management of the proposed Challenge
Fund.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
66
Annex 2
b-2
: Su
mm
aries of Candid
ate
Str
ate
gies fo
r REDD d
evelo
pm
ent,
est
ablish
ing
links to
curr
ent policy
priorities
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
A: Im
pro
ve the Q
uality
of M
ulti-St
akehold
er Dia
logu
e a
nd D
eci
sion M
akin
g
Them
e:
Fore
st S
ect
or Policy
, Legi
slation &
Govern
ance
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Beca
use
there
are
multip
le d
rive
rs o
f defo
rest
ation, w
ith inte
ract
ions betw
een c
om
merc
ial lo
ggin
g, export
and
dom
est
ic m
ark
ets
, sm
all sca
le loggin
g, and the e
ffect
s of agr
icultura
l expansion, th
ere
is no sin
gle
one k
ey
drive
r
and n
o o
ne sin
gle
solu
tion. In
these
circu
mst
ance
s, p
olicy
makin
g m
ust
be b
oth
very
well-info
rmed a
nd robust
,
and m
ust
be w
ell c
oord
inate
d. R
EDD solu
tions are
lik
ely
to b
e v
ery
sim
ilar to
oth
er policy
initia
tive
s re
late
d to
sust
ain
able
fore
st m
anagem
ent,
pro
tect
ed a
rea m
anagem
ent and fore
st g
ove
rnance
. Exp
erience
fro
m the p
ast
indic
ate
s th
at although there
may
be b
urs
ts o
f part
icip
ato
ry p
olicy
debate
, th
e p
latf
orm
s fo
r genuin
e m
ulti-
stakehold
er dia
logue c
an fade a
way,
and this is a c
ontr
ibuto
r to
slo
w p
rogre
ss in the realisa
tion o
f policy
obje
ctiv
es.
Bett
er in
form
ation is also e
ssential, a
s th
e G
FC h
as a p
oor tr
ack
reco
rd in p
ublic
disse
min
ation o
f in
form
ation.
Multi-st
akehold
er dia
logue invo
lvin
g a
wid
e range o
f part
icip
ants
is also e
ssential, rangin
g fro
m G
ove
rnm
ent
(various depart
ments
), larg
e p
riva
te sect
or m
ille
rs a
nd p
roce
ssors
, ch
arc
oal pro
duce
rs, chain
saw
loggers
, fa
rmers
,
landow
ners
, ch
iefs
and c
ivil soci
ety
. B
eca
use
the ince
ntive
s fo
r fa
rmers
and c
om
munitie
s to
keep tre
es on their
lands,
rath
er th
an see them
felled, are
weak, it is cr
itic
al to
build in a
revi
ew
that addre
sses quest
ions of tr
ee
and c
arb
on rig
hts
, benefit sh
aring a
nd tenure
.
The k
ey
ele
ments
of th
is str
ate
gy
are
there
fore
:
i.
A1: to
support
the e
stablish
ment
of a p
erm
anent
multi-st
akehold
er
dia
logu
e o
n fore
st p
olicy
in G
hana,
whic
h w
ill
help
in
form
policy
design (n
ow
under
way)
and th
e su
bse
quent
imple
menta
tion of
those
polici
es.
ii.
A2: to
est
ablish
mech
anism
s fo
r bett
er disse
min
ation o
f in
form
ation o
n G
hana’s
fore
st r
eso
urc
es,
and
the m
anagem
ent of its re
sourc
e b
ase
. T
his is ess
ential to
info
rm p
olicy
-makin
g.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
67
iii.
A3: to
support
and u
nderw
rite
the revi
ew
s of tr
ee a
nd c
arb
on rig
hts
, benefit sh
aring a
nd tre
e tenure
arr
angem
ents
, le
adin
g to legi
slative a
nd regu
lato
ry refo
rm that gi
ves positive ince
ntives fo
r th
e de
facto c
ust
odia
ns of la
nds and tre
es to
main
tain
fore
sts,
fore
st p
atc
hes,
and tre
es,
rath
er th
an to d
efo
rest
and d
egra
de the fore
st.
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead a
gency
for th
e m
ulti-st
akehold
er dia
logue – M
LNR o
r MEST
•
Lead a
gency
for
info
rmation f
or
policy
makin
g –
MLNR o
r FC (
+ c
ontr
act
ed o
ut
serv
ice p
rovi
der
for
sate
llite
imagery
, data
, etc
)
Lead a
gency
for re
view
of te
rrest
rial ca
rbon rig
hts
– M
LNR +
multi-st
akehold
er dia
logue foru
m
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
Policy:
St
rength
ens
the p
olicy
makin
g a
ppara
tus,
whic
h i
n t
he p
ast
has
suff
ere
d f
rom
the p
ow
er
of
the
tim
ber in
dust
ry
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Feasible
, but
may
be t
ough – a
nd n
eeds
“ch
am
pio
ns”
- t
o g
et
est
ablish
ed. H
ow
eve
r th
e r
ece
nt
track
reco
rd
in the fore
st sect
or (fore
st foru
ms,
the V
PA p
roce
ss) is e
nco
ura
gin
g
•
Relies
on g
enuin
e c
om
mitm
ent
by
various
act
ors
, in
cludin
g:
(1)
transp
are
nt
policy
makin
g b
y Gove
rnm
ent,
and a
n incl
usive
appro
ach
to p
olicy
makin
g t
hro
ugh m
ulti-st
akehold
er
dia
logue,
(2)
part
icip
ation b
y priva
te
sect
or st
akehold
ers
and land o
wners
and (3) div
ers
e b
ut pro
fess
ional ci
vil so
cie
ty e
ngagem
ent.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Sust
ain
ability
will depend o
n (
1)
the q
uality
of
the M
SD (
if it
is h
igh,
then a
ctors
will push
to f
ind f
inanci
ng)
(2)
initia
l donor
pro
ject
-typ
e s
upport
and (
3)
willingness
of
donors
and g
ove
rnm
ent
to b
uild s
trate
gy
act
ivitie
s in
to
sect
or budget su
pport
, and G
oG b
udget lines.
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
NREG c
onsu
ltation p
roce
sses,
and N
REG fin
anci
ng for re
late
d a
ctiv
itie
s (e
speci
ally
VPA)
•
Envi
ronm
ent and N
atu
ral Reso
urc
e S
ect
or Gro
up m
eetings,
revi
ew
s and d
iscu
ssio
n p
roce
sses
•
GoG led inte
r-depart
menta
l cl
imate
change c
om
mitte
es
•
Inte
r-Min
iste
rial Envi
ronm
enta
l Advi
sory
Counci
l (E
AC)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
68
•
National lo
ng term
deve
lopm
ent pla
nnin
g (NDPC)
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
No d
irect
leakage risk (depends on p
olici
es fo
llow
ed)
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
MLNR (
lead f
ore
st s
ect
or
min
istr
y);
MoFEP (
fore
st r
eve
nue a
nd f
iscal m
att
ers
); M
EST
(EIA
s, c
lim
ate
change
negotiations)
; MoFA (land use
pla
nnin
g);
W
ate
r Reso
urc
es
Com
mission (b
asin la
nd use
pla
nnin
g);
lo
cal
gove
rnm
ent;
MLGRD; Law
Refo
rm C
om
mission a
nd A
ttorn
ey
Genera
l’s Dept (legisla
tive
refo
rm)
•
Priva
te sect
or tr
ade a
ssoci
ations,
loca
l ass
oci
ations and repre
senta
tive
s
•
Civ
il soci
ety
, lo
cal co
mm
unitie
s, land o
wners
(ch
iefs
, fa
milie
s and tra
ditio
nal auth
orities)
Next St
eps:
•
Nom
inate
a “
Cham
pio
n” t
o d
rive
discu
ssio
ns
on t
he e
stablish
ment,
modalities
and o
ptions
for
a m
ulti-
stakehold
er dia
logue m
ech
anism
.
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
B. Cla
rify
rig
hts
regi
me
Them
e:
Fore
st S
ect
or Policy
, Legi
slation &
Govern
ance
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
A c
lear basis fo
r th
e a
lloca
tion o
f ca
rbon rig
hts
is ess
ential in
the d
eve
lopm
ent of any
pro
gra
mm
e o
f REDD
or REDD+. Changes m
ay
be required to legisla
tion to o
pera
tionalise
carb
on rig
hts
. In
pra
ctic
es,
the c
urr
ent
land a
nd tre
e tenure
arr
angem
ents
pro
vide im
port
ant poin
ters
for th
e d
efinitio
n o
f a c
arb
on rig
hts
regim
e. The risks in
the c
urr
ent te
nurial co
nte
xt w
hic
h w
ould
arise
fro
m a
ny
innova
tions in
carb
on rig
hts
need to b
e c
onsidere
d, and w
ays
to m
itig
ate
those
risks id
entified. In
stitutions fo
r co
nflic
t re
solu
tion m
ay
be required.
In the G
hana c
onte
xt th
is w
ill be c
hallengin
g. The sys
tem
of ru
ral pro
pert
y rights
has lo
ng b
een
reco
gnised a
s pro
ble
matic
in G
hana, in
at le
ast
tw
o d
imensions,
tree tenure a
nd land tenure
, w
hic
h
opera
te u
nder co
nce
ptu
ally
separa
ble
regim
es.
1.
Tre
e tenure
is eff
ect
ively
under st
ate
ow
ners
hip
, although reve
nues are
share
d w
ith c
hie
fs a
nd
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
69
distr
ict ass
em
blies;
for m
ost
farm
ers
, rights
ove
r th
e tenure
of native
tre
es are
very
lim
ited indeed.
2.
Land tenure
varies acc
ord
ing to the c
ultura
l sy
stem
, but in
the A
kan a
reas,
the ‘allodia
l title’ to
land
(i.e
. fo
rmal adm
inistr
ative
sove
reig
nty
) is u
sually
held
by
chie
ftain
cies (‘
the sto
ol’) th
ough the
pro
prieta
ry title
is oft
en h
eld
by
sub-c
hie
fs a
nd p
rom
inent fa
milie
s (O
safo
, 2008).
There
have
been
act
ive land m
ark
ets
for m
any
deca
des,
and lease
hold
s are
com
mon w
ith v
ary
ing d
egre
es of te
nurial
secu
rity
. Outs
ide o
f th
e A
kan a
reas (t
he E
we-s
peakin
g a
reas,
for exam
ple
), land is oft
en o
wned b
y
fam
ilie
s. As la
nd p
ress
ure
s have
built up in the A
kan a
reas,
conflic
ts b
etw
een ‘la
nd o
wners
’ and
‘tenants
’ are
incr
easingly
report
ed.
Main Activities:
•
National
Expert
Consu
ltation o
n t
he A
llocation of
Carb
on R
ights
, to
revi
ew
terr
est
rial
carb
on
rights
, benefit
sharing a
nd t
ree t
enure
This w
ill fo
cus
on t
he im
plica
tions
of
curr
ent
land a
nd
tree t
enure
arr
angem
ents
for
the a
lloca
tion o
f ca
rbon r
ights
, and w
ill advi
se o
n a
ny
changes
to
legisla
tion t
hat
are
lik
ely
to b
e required t
o o
pera
tionalise
carb
on rig
hts
. It w
ill also c
onsider th
e
risk
s in
the c
urr
ent te
nurial conte
xt w
hic
h w
ould
arise
fro
m a
ny
innova
tions in
carb
on rig
hts
, and
ways
to m
itig
ate
those
risks.
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead organisation:
MLNR,
with f
ull p
art
icip
ation f
rom
oth
er
gove
rnm
ent
Min
istr
ies
and c
once
rned
depart
ments
(part
icula
rly M
OFA),
as w
ell a
s ci
vil so
cie
ty land o
wners
(ch
iefs
, fa
milie
s and tra
ditio
nal
auth
orities)
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
Policy
gaps
leadin
g t
o r
apid
deple
tion o
f th
e t
imber
stock
, hig
h leve
ls o
f ille
gality
in t
he s
ect
or,
and
lack
of in
centive
s to
conse
rve tre
es on-f
arm
•
Weak d
eve
lopm
ent of th
e p
lanta
tions se
ctor
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
This is
centr
al to
the im
ple
menta
tion o
f any
REDD r
egim
e in G
hana;
though c
om
ple
x (
part
icula
rly
in
its in
ter-
connect
ions w
ith land a
nd tre
e tenurial rights
), a
cle
ar basis fo
r ca
rbon rig
hts
will need to b
e
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
70
found.
•
Mech
anism
s to
reso
lve a
ntici
pate
d c
onflic
ts b
etw
een land o
wners
and tenants
/se
ttle
rs w
ill need to b
e
in p
lace
fro
m a
n e
arly
stage.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
NREG c
onsu
ltation p
roce
sses,
and N
REG fin
anci
ng for re
late
d a
ctiv
itie
s (e
speci
ally
FLEGT/VPA)
•
Envi
ronm
ent and N
atu
ral Reso
urc
e S
ect
or Gro
up m
eetings,
revi
ew
s and d
iscu
ssio
n p
roce
sses
•
GoG led inte
r-depart
menta
l cl
imate
change c
om
mitte
es
•
Inte
r-Min
iste
rial Envi
ronm
enta
l Advi
sory
Counci
l (E
AC)
•
National lo
ng term
deve
lopm
ent pla
nnin
g (NDPC); G
PRSI
I
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
No d
irect
leakage risk (depends on p
olici
es fo
llow
ed)
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
MLGRD (
loca
l gove
rnm
ent)
; Distr
ict
Ass
em
blies
(enfo
rcem
ent,
loca
l ta
xation;
local le
vel NGOs
and
Fore
st Fora
; MLNR (lead fo
rest
se
ctor
min
istr
y);
GFC;
MoFEP (loca
l budget
implica
tions)
; Police
(enfo
rcem
ent)
;
•
Law
Refo
rm C
om
mission a
nd A
ttorn
ey
Genera
l’s
Dept
(legisla
tive
refo
rm);
the l
egal
pro
fess
ion i
n
genera
l, incl
udin
g the G
hana B
ar Ass
oci
ation.
Next St
eps:
•
Launch
National Consu
ltation (and c
om
mission c
onst
ituent st
udie
s and revi
ew
s)
•
Est
ablish
early
links w
ith the just
ice sect
or and legal pro
fess
ionals.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
71
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
C. Im
pro
ved F
LEGT
Them
e:
Fore
st S
ect
or Policy
, Legi
slation &
Govern
ance
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Existing a
ctiv
itie
s under FLEGT a
nd the V
PA p
rese
nt a str
ong a
genda for im
pro
vem
ents
in fore
st
gove
rnance
and m
anagem
ent.
There
how
eve
r re
main
som
e g
aps w
ithin
the w
ork
pla
n for VPA
imple
menta
tion a
nd the a
ctiv
itie
s ca
n b
e str
ength
ened furt
her,
to a
ccount fo
r ca
rbon c
onse
rvin
g
act
ivitie
s.
Main Activities:
c. Est
ablish
and m
ain
tain
str
ong lin
ks w
ith the p
lannin
g a
nd o
pera
tionalising o
f th
e V
PA p
roce
ss
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead organisation:
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
Policy
Drive
rs
1.
Weak regula
tory
mech
anism
s and rig
hts
regim
es
2.
Weak e
nfo
rcem
ent of re
gula
tions
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
VPA im
ple
menta
tion is ongoin
g a
nd is base
d w
ithin
the F
C a
s su
ch it sh
ould
be v
ery
feasible
.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Lin
ks in
clude:
This w
ould
lin
k str
ongly
with the m
ain
initia
tive
curr
ently
on g
oin
g w
ithin
the F
C
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
To b
e a
ssess
ed
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
Fore
stry
Com
mission
Next St
eps:
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
72
•
Eff
ort
to lin
k R
EDDplu
s Se
creta
riat
with V
PA S
ecr
eta
riat
in b
oth
pla
nnin
g a
nd im
ple
menta
tion o
f
act
ivitie
s and o
vera
ll w
ork
pla
n.
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
D: Addre
ss u
nsu
stain
able
tim
ber harv
est
ing
Them
e:
Fore
st S
ect
or Policy
, Legi
slation a
nd G
overn
ance
•
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Address unsustainable timber harvesting by supporting sustainable supply of timber to meet
export and domestic/regional timber demand.
A m
ajo
r w
eakness
of cu
rrent fo
rest
policy
is th
e lack
of in
centive
s in
the o
ff-r
ese
rve a
reas to
farm
ers
to
conse
rve a
nd p
lant native
tre
es on-f
arm
and in fallow
s. This is a p
riority
iss
ue fro
m the p
ers
pect
ives of
both
the fore
st indust
ry a
nd the e
nhance
ment of ca
rbon sto
cks.
Without st
rong ince
ntive
s to
regenera
te
and p
lant tim
ber tr
ees,
the o
ff-r
ese
rve sto
ck is likely
to c
ontinue its
dow
nw
ard
tre
nd, exace
rbating the
impendin
g c
risis in
the indust
ry’s
tim
ber su
pply
. Pla
nta
tion d
eve
lopm
ent m
ay
help
to a
llevi
ate
the
short
age, th
ough this is as ye
t an u
nderd
eve
loped sub-s
ect
or.
Inve
stm
ent is thus needed to (i) d
eve
lop
more
eff
ect
ive p
olici
es se
cure
a sust
ain
able
tim
ber in
dust
ry, as w
ell a
s su
stain
able
national tim
ber
supplies,
; (ii) support
the V
PA p
roce
ss to e
nsu
re legal tim
ber;
(iii) regenera
te the o
ff-r
ese
rve supply
; (iv)
deve
lop a
hig
h-q
uality
pla
nta
tion sub-s
ect
or,
that m
eets
soci
al, e
conom
ic a
nd e
nvi
ronm
enta
l goals.
Main Activities:
•
B1: National Expert
Consu
ltation o
n p
rovi
sionin
g o
f th
e tim
ber su
pply
•
B2: Su
pport
to V
PA im
ple
menta
tion
•
B3: Policy
Measu
res to
ensu
re sust
ain
ability
of th
e tim
ber in
dust
ry
•
B4: Pla
nta
tion d
eve
lopm
ent
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead organisation:
Hig
h-leve
l re
view
body
within
Min
istr
y of
Lands
and Natu
ral
Reso
urc
es,
but
incl
udin
g repre
senta
tive
s of Min
istr
ies of Fin
ance
; Tra
de a
nd Indust
ry.
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
Policy
gaps
leadin
g t
o r
apid
deple
tion o
f th
e t
imber
stock
, hig
h leve
ls o
f ille
gality
in t
he s
ect
or,
and
lack
of in
centive
s to
conse
rve tre
es on-f
arm
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
73
•
Dem
ogra
phic
and eco
nom
ic pre
ssure
s le
adin
g to
hig
h dem
and fo
r tim
ber,
unm
atc
hed by
loca
l
ince
ntive
s (a
s above
)
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Pro
pose
d a
ctio
ns w
ill depend o
n a
ssess
ment of su
stain
ability
of th
e tim
ber su
pply
, to
be m
ade b
y th
e
National Expert
Consu
ltation.
•
A r
adic
al
change o
f policy
to s
hift
focu
s aw
ay
from
tre
e c
utt
ing t
o t
ree g
row
th w
ill
be p
olitica
lly
challengin
g, but is a
rguably
ess
ential giv
ing the supply
tre
nd.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
Fore
st p
olicy
deve
lopm
ent,
incl
udin
g c
hain
saw
loggin
g; CREMAs;
[dedic
ate
d fore
sts]
.
•
FLEGT a
nd the V
PA; VPA Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment (d
itto
)
•
NREG
•
Agricu
ltura
l policy
(se
e A
nnex E
: Coco
a)
•
CDM p
roje
cts/
CDM revi
ew
•
National fo
rest
pla
nta
tion d
eve
lopm
ent policy
(in
cl. m
odifie
d taungya a
gre
em
ents
)
•
Sam
tex P
lanta
tion P
ilots
Pro
gra
mm
e, W
est
ern
Regio
n
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Pro
vided the p
olicy
is national (o
r at le
ast
cove
rs the H
FZ),
should
be little leakage, th
ough there
will
be the n
eed for eff
ect
ive b
ord
er co
ntr
ols to regula
te sub-r
egio
nal export
s.
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
Fore
st indust
ry (
export
and d
om
est
ic,
incl
udin
g f
urn
iture
); f
arm
com
munity;
tra
ditio
nal le
aders
; distr
ict
ass
em
blies;
civ
il socie
ty.
Next St
eps:
•
Launch
National Consu
ltation (and c
om
mission c
onst
ituent st
udie
s and revi
ew
s)
•
Est
ablish
lia
ison m
ech
anism
with L
egal Tim
ber Pro
gra
mm
e o
f GFC.
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
E: A
ddre
ss loca
l m
ark
et su
pply
Them
e:
Fore
st S
ect
or Policy
, Legi
slation a
nd G
overn
ance
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
74
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Support implementation of actions that enable better regulation of small scale lumbering (SSL),
sustainable supply of timber to meet export and domestic / regional timber demand
Chain
saw
ing a
ccounts
for alm
ost
half o
f tim
ber pro
duct
ion in G
hana, and this is all u
nre
gula
ted a
nd
off
icia
lly
ille
gal. C
ontr
ol of ch
ain
saw
loggers
is th
us ess
ential if the tim
ber st
ock
is to
be c
onse
rved, but
this requires re
alism
about lo
cal m
ark
et needs,
whic
h a
re tota
lly
unsa
tisf
ied b
y export
-oriente
d legal
indust
ry.
Main Activities:
•
C1: MSD
on b
oth
policy
and im
ple
menta
tion thro
ugh a
‘Loca
l Mark
et Tim
ber Su
pply
Work
ing G
roup’
•
C2:
Dependent
on c
larification o
f th
e l
egal
envi
ronm
ent:
deve
lopm
ent
of
a s
mall-s
cale
lum
bering
lice
nsing sys
tem
, and
•
C3 im
pro
ved law
enfo
rcem
ent.
•
C4: Altern
ative
eco
tourism
liv
elihoods in
pro
tect
ed a
rea fore
sts
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
NGO leaders
hip
of th
e W
ork
ing G
roup p
ropose
d.
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
Policy
fa
ilure
s le
adin
g to
ove
r-fo
cus
of
tim
ber
indust
ry on export
m
ark
et,
and unsa
tisf
ied lo
cal
mark
et
•
Weak d
eve
lopm
ent of th
e p
lanta
tions se
ctor
•
Dem
ogra
phic
and eco
nom
ic pre
ssure
s le
adin
g to
hig
h lo
cal
dem
and fo
r lu
mber
and w
ood,
and
ille
gality
of th
e loca
l su
pply
chain
.
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Impro
ved la
w enfo
rcem
ent
nece
ssary
, but
likely
to
be dependent
on act
ions
to re
form
th
e lo
cal
tim
ber su
pply
situation.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Sust
ain
ability
of th
e loca
l su
pply
is cl
early
ess
ential, a
nd w
ill re
quire p
olicy
innova
tion.
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
FLEGT/VPA.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
75
•
GFC c
hain
saw
ing p
ilots
.
•
NREG
•
Tro
penbos Rese
arc
h P
rogra
mm
e
•
FC/TID
D p
rom
otion o
f m
obile m
illing a
ctiv
itie
s under NREG
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Mere
su
ppre
ssio
n of
the ch
ain
saw
su
b-s
ect
or
without
addre
ssin
g th
e lo
cal
supply
situ
ation w
ould
alm
ost
cert
ain
ly b
e ineff
ect
ive, le
adin
g to sys
tem
atic
dom
est
ic leakage; th
us,
contr
ol ove
r th
e supply
dependent on legal lo
cal pro
visionin
g, as a p
recu
rsor to
law
enfo
rcem
ent.
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
Tim
ber in
dust
ry; ch
ain
saw
loggers
; lo
cal fu
rniture
manufa
cture
rs.
Next St
eps:
•
Launch
of W
ork
ing G
roup (su
bje
ct to furt
her discu
ssio
n w
ith the V
PA U
nit o
f th
e F
C-G
, w
hic
h m
ay
also h
ave
a sim
ilar re
view
in m
ind.
•
Support
to G
FC p
ilot act
ivitie
s.
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
F:
Mitig
ate
eff
ect
s of
agr
icultura
l expansion (
part
icula
rly c
oco
a i
n
the H
FZ)
Them
e:
Agr
o-f
ore
stry
Carb
on C
onse
rvin
g Act
ivitie
s
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Support ecosystem-friendly cocoa production.
The n
ew full-s
un c
oco
a v
arieties are
a m
ajo
r ca
use
of fo
rest
degra
dation; deve
lopm
ent of ‘R
EDD-friendly
coco
a sys
tem
s’ (pro
bably
thro
ugh rein
state
ment of th
e tra
ditio
nal sh
ade-d
ependent va
rieties)
could
have
a larg
e im
pact
on c
arb
on e
missions.
The k
ey
to this is likely
to lie
in ‘bundling’
with tre
e tenure
refo
rm,
as only
if fa
rmers
derive
an e
conom
ic b
enefit fr
om
conse
rvin
g tim
ber tr
ees on-farm
are
they
likely
to b
e
willing to a
ccept th
e loss
of additio
nal in
com
e fro
m the n
ew
coco
a v
arieties (w
hic
h d
erive
s fr
om
their
quic
ker m
atu
ration a
nd h
igher pro
duct
ivity,
and c
om
patibility
with food c
rop p
roduct
ion thro
ugh
inte
rcro
ppin
g).
Main Activities:
•
E1: W
ork
ing G
roup o
n R
EDD-f
riendly
coco
a p
roduct
ion
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
76
•
E2: In
crease
d p
roduct
ivity
of fa
rmla
nd
•
E3: Im
pro
ved law
enfo
rcem
ent on e
ncr
oach
ment of fo
rest
rese
rves
•
E4: Altern
ative
liv
elihood p
rogra
mm
es
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead agencies:
COCOBOD a
nd C
oco
a R
ese
arc
h Inst
itute
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
Policy: W
eak ince
ntive
s fo
r tr
ee c
onse
rvation
•
Economic: Hig
h inte
rnational dem
and for co
coa, buoya
nt price
s
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Pro
motion o
f sh
ade-d
ependent
varieties
linked t
o t
ree t
enure
refo
rm i
s a r
adic
al
stra
tegy
option,
whic
h w
ould
dem
and a m
ajo
r ch
ange o
f appro
ach
for
the M
LNR,
but
would
enco
ura
ge l
ong-t
erm
sust
ain
ability
of co
coa p
roduction, and w
ould
contr
ibute
to tim
ber su
pply
im
pro
vem
ent.
•
Oth
er
options
such
as
altern
ative
in
com
e genera
ting opport
unitie
s are
pro
bably
in
feasible
(f
or
exam
ple
, if s
uch
altern
ative
s act
ually
existe
d,
the f
arm
ers
would
already
have
disco
vere
d t
hem
for
them
selv
es)
.
•
Issu
e
of
derive
d
rights
w
ould
need
to
be
addre
ssed
(giv
en
that
many
coco
a
farm
ers
are
mig
rant/
tenant fa
rmers
); c
onflic
t re
solu
tion m
ech
anism
s w
ould
also n
eed to b
e in p
lace
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Pro
motion o
f va
rieta
l se
lect
ion thro
ugh b
undling w
ith tre
e tenure
refo
rm w
ould
be self-s
ust
ain
ing, in
that
the m
ain
cost
s w
ould
be t
o t
he S
tate
(lo
ss o
f tim
ber re
venues)
, not
to farm
ers
or co
coa b
uye
rs. F
arm
ers
would
be b
ett
er
ince
ntivi
sed t
o a
dopt
the s
hade-d
ependent
varieties
than w
ould
be t
he c
ase
were
, fo
r
exam
ple
, direct
fin
anci
al in
centive
s to
be p
rovi
ded to e
nco
ura
ge p
art
icula
r co
coa v
arieties.
The a
ppro
ach
would
also a
ddre
ss tw
o o
f th
e m
ajo
r drive
rs o
f DD in the G
hana c
onte
xt,
was above
.
Import
ant cr
oss
-sect
ora
l dim
ensions (M
oFA/MLNR)
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
Land A
dm
inistr
ation P
roje
ct o
f MLNR (LAP)
•
Ghana C
oco
a C
arb
on Initia
tive
(NCRC.F
T)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
77
•
IUCN P
roje
ct o
n C
oco
a C
arb
on
•
FASD
EP
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Main
leakage r
isk w
ould
com
e f
rom
expansion o
f th
e c
ultiv
ate
d a
rea,
to c
om
pensa
te f
or
low
er
food
crop p
roduct
ion.
This r
isk is
low
est
in a
str
ate
gy
of
tree t
enure
refo
rm,
as
this b
oth
cre
ate
s ‘w
in-
win
s’ for co
coa a
nd tim
ber and d
isco
ura
ges re
ckle
ss d
efo
rest
ation for agricu
lture
.
•
Risk w
ould
be g
reate
r if a
str
ate
gy
of cr
op inte
nsifica
tion p
refe
rred – a
s th
is w
ill in
crease
dem
and for
both
co
coa
and
agricu
ltura
l la
nd; ditto
re
f.
att
em
pts
to
find
altern
ative
la
nd-d
ependent
opport
unitie
s, a
s th
ese
could
well s
upple
ment
rath
er
than r
epla
ce d
om
inant
coco
a c
rop,
incr
easing
ove
rall p
ress
ure
on the land.
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
Part
icip
ation o
f MLNR, MoFA, Min
istr
y of Loca
l Gove
rnm
ent,
and c
ivil soci
ety
.
•
Est
ablish
links
with in
stitution m
anagin
g ‘c
arb
on rights
, benefit-
sharing and tr
ee te
nure
re
view
’
pro
cess
.
•
Lin
k to legal re
form
, and e
stablish
ment of cr
edib
le c
onflic
t re
solu
tion m
ech
anism
s.
Next St
eps:
•
Est
ablish
Work
ing G
roup (ToRs as belo
w),
ensu
ring:
o
Adequate
cro
ss-s
ect
ora
l part
icip
ation
o
Stro
ng lin
ks to
‘ca
rbon rig
hts
, benefit-
sharing a
nd tre
e tenure
revi
ew
’ pro
cess
.
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
G: St
rengt
hen loca
l dece
ntr
alise
d m
anage
ment of natu
ral re
sourc
es
Them
e:
Fore
st S
ect
or Policy
, Legi
slation &
Govern
ance
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
All d
efo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st d
egra
dation takes pla
ce a
t a loca
l le
vel, b
ut dece
ntr
alise
d g
ove
rnm
ent in
stitutions
have
little c
apability
or in
centive
to b
eco
me invo
lved in loca
l envi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent.
Although m
uch
of th
e
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
78
resp
onsibility
for fo
rest
managem
ent lies w
ithin
the c
entr
alise
d F
ore
stry
Com
mission, lo
cal auth
orities have
to
deal w
ith iss
ues re
gard
ing c
onflic
ts o
ver natu
ral re
sourc
es,
loca
l le
vel pla
nnin
g a
nd land u
se q
uest
ions,
land
tenure
dispute
s, a
nd e
nvi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent m
ore
genera
lly.
T
he N
REG p
rogra
mm
e incl
udes co
mponents
on
impro
ved loca
l envi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent,
and the e
stablish
ment of envi
ronm
ent and N
R d
epart
ments
within
distr
icts
, and their tra
inin
g a
nd c
apaci
ty b
uildin
g. D
istr
ict ass
em
blies are
oft
en v
ery
conce
rned a
bout lo
cal fo
rest
loss
and d
est
ruct
ion, and the im
pact
s on loca
l fa
rmin
g c
onditio
ns,
opport
unitie
s fo
r yo
uth
em
plo
yment (a
s are
traditio
nal auth
orities &
chie
fs).
There
is an o
pport
unity
to c
om
ple
ment th
e N
REG p
rogra
mm
e, w
ith a
focu
s on
loca
l envi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent fr
om
the p
ers
pect
ive o
f re
duci
ng e
missions fr
om
D&D. T
he k
ey
ele
ments
of th
is
stra
tegy
are
there
fore
:
i.
G1: to
support
tra
inin
g a
nd c
apaci
ty b
uildin
g in fore
st a
nd reso
urc
e m
anagem
ent at distr
ict le
vel (d
istr
ict
ass
em
blies,
ch
iefs
, unit co
mm
itte
es,
lo
cal
off
icia
ls,
civi
c unio
ns,
etc
) in
cludin
g la
nd use
pla
nnin
g,
pla
nta
tions
(tim
ber,
w
oodlo
ts,
bio
fu
els), ch
arc
oal
pro
duct
ion,
ille
gal
chain
saw
lu
mbering,
fore
st
legisla
tion, enfo
rcem
ent and taxation.
ii.
G2:
support
for
pilot
pro
ject
s in
dece
ntr
alize
d e
nvi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent
and r
eso
urc
e p
lannin
g,
to
dem
onst
rate
the i
mpact
s of
loca
l le
vel
pla
nnin
g.
(th
is c
an b
uild o
n p
ast
experience
s of
gove
rnm
ent
agenci
es (e
.g. MEST
) and N
GOs (e
.g. th
e D
EAR p
roje
ct).
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead a
gency
for th
e tra
inin
g a
t distr
ict le
vel – to
be d
ete
rmin
ed E
PA, FC, MLGRD ?
•
Lead a
gency
for th
e p
ilot pro
ject
s at distr
ict le
vel – to
be d
ete
rmin
ed E
PA, FC, MLGRD ?
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
Policy:
St
rengt
hens
loca
l le
vel envi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent;
supple
ments
the c
entr
al le
vel co
ntr
ols b
y th
e
Fore
stry
Com
mission (w
hic
h h
ave
larg
ely
failed) w
ith str
onge
r lo
cal dece
ntr
alise
d m
anagem
ent and support
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Experim
enta
l –
pilot
work
has
been d
one w
hic
h indic
ate
s fe
asibility
at
loca
l le
vel, b
ut
inst
itutionalisa
tion o
f
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
79
the a
ppro
ach
is likely
to b
e resist
ed b
y ce
ntr
alise
d a
genci
es.
•
Dece
ntr
alisa
tion in
Ghana is re
lative
ly w
eak,
and fe
w fu
nct
ions
have
been eff
ect
ively
dece
ntr
alise
d.
How
eve
r, t
he u
rgency
of
tack
ling d
efo
rest
ation m
eans
that
this a
ppro
ach
merits
pilot
work
, esp
eci
ally
as
it
com
ple
ments
initia
tive
s w
ithin
NREG for st
rength
ened d
istr
ict le
vel envi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Sust
ain
ability
will depend o
n the succ
ess
of ove
rcom
ing c
entr
alise
d tendency
. .
Lin
ks w
ith o
ther se
ctor polici
es in
clude:
•
GoG e
spouse
d str
ate
gy
on d
ece
ntr
alisa
tion; N
DPC long
term
deve
lopm
ent pla
n
•
NREG c
onsu
ltation p
roce
sses,
and N
REG fin
anci
ng for re
late
d a
ctiv
itie
s (e
speci
ally
EPA)
•
Envi
ronm
ent and N
atu
ral Reso
urc
e S
ect
or Gro
up m
eetings,
revi
ew
s and d
iscu
ssio
n p
roce
sses
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
No d
irect
leakage risk (depends on p
olici
es fo
llow
ed)
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
MLGRD (
loca
l gove
rnm
ent)
; Distr
ict
Ass
em
blies
(enfo
rcem
ent,
loca
l ta
xation;
local
leve
l NGOs
and F
ore
st
Fora
; MLNR (le
ad fore
st s
ect
or
min
istr
y); GFC; MoFEP (
loca
l budget
implica
tions)
; Police
(enfo
rcem
ent)
; Law
Refo
rm C
om
mission a
nd A
ttorn
ey
Genera
l’s Dept (legisla
tive refo
rm);
•
Fore
stry
Com
mission (VPA team
); E
U a
nd o
ther NREG d
onors
(VPA)
•
Priva
te sect
or tr
ade a
ssoci
ations,
loca
l ass
oci
ations and repre
senta
tive
s
•
Civ
il soci
ety
, lo
cal co
mm
unitie
s, land o
wners
(ch
iefs
, fa
milie
s and tra
ditio
nal auth
orities)
Next St
eps:
•
Deve
lop p
ilot pro
posa
ls in d
iscuss
ion w
ith E
PA, MEST
, MLNR, MLGRD, and inte
rest
ed N
GOs
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
H
: Im
pro
ve sust
ain
ability o
f fu
elw
ood u
se
Them
e:
Agr
o-f
ore
stry
Carb
on C
onse
rvin
g Act
ivitie
s
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
80
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Policy measures and fuel efficiency initiatives to reduce carbon emissions from the energy sector.
Charc
oal and w
ood a
re the p
refe
rred c
ookin
g fuels for th
e m
ajo
rity
of th
e u
rban a
nd rura
l popula
tions,
and a
ltern
ative
s are
feasible
only
for th
e c
ash
ric
h. T
heir p
roduct
ion d
om
inate
s th
e e
conom
y of th
e
transitional zo
ne a
nd p
art
s of th
e n
ort
h, but is w
idely
vie
wed a
s a m
ajo
r drive
r of DD. How
eve
r,
pro
duct
ion sys
tem
s are
varied, and n
ot all h
ave
negative
carb
on p
rofile
s. M
ore
rese
arc
h is needed to
unders
tand w
hic
h p
roduct
ion sys
tem
s are
dest
ruct
ive a
nd should
be suppre
ssed, and a
ltern
ative
ly, w
hic
h
should
be p
rom
ote
d a
s ra
tional act
ivitie
s in
marg
inal are
as.
Est
ablish
ing w
oodlo
ts m
ay
be o
ne p
oss
ibility,
though m
ore
rese
arc
h is needed to a
ssess
the rela
tive
merits
of th
e a
ltern
ative
s – envi
ronm
enta
lly,
eco
nom
ically
and soci
ally.
Main Activities:
•
G1: W
ork
ing G
roup o
n c
harc
oal and fuelw
ood
•
G2: Est
ablish
ment of w
oodlo
ts, on a
n e
xperim
enta
l basis
•
G3: In
vest
igation o
f altern
ative
fuel so
urc
es
•
G4: In
vest
igation o
f w
ays
to incr
ease
eff
icie
ncy
of ch
arc
oal pro
duct
ion
•
G5: Com
para
tive
stu
die
s of m
anagem
ent in
nova
tions elsew
here
in the sub-r
egio
n (e.g
. Nig
er)
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead organisation: Min
EST
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
Dem
ogra
phic
pre
ssure
s and e
conom
ic forc
es – cr
eating h
igh d
em
and for fu
elw
ood a
nd c
harc
oal
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
No im
media
te altern
ative
s ava
ilable
, so
su
bst
itution heavi
ly dependent
on re
searc
h le
adin
g to
impro
ved e
ffic
iency
in e
xisting p
roduct
ion m
eth
ods and identifica
tion o
f poss
ible
altern
ative
s
•
Imm
inent petr
ole
um
eco
nom
y m
ay
create
new
opport
unitie
s fo
r fu
el su
bst
itution
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Charc
oal
is p
roduce
d w
ith v
arious
syst
em
s so
me o
f w
hic
h a
re r
ela
tive
ly s
ust
ain
able
, so
me less
so.
The
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
81
stra
tegy
must
privi
lege the form
er.
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
GTZ P
rogra
mm
e in the tra
nsitional zo
ne
•
Sava
nnah D
eve
lopm
ent Pro
ject
•
NCRC/Fore
st T
rends Su
stain
able
Charc
oal Pro
ject
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Pre
sent
pro
file
bala
nce
s hig
h p
roduct
ion o
f tim
ber
in H
FZ w
ith c
harc
oal and f
uelw
ood p
roduct
ion in
transitional
and s
ava
nnah z
ones
(where
there
are
few
via
ble
altern
ative
liv
elihoods)
; so
me r
isk o
f
shifting
pro
duct
ion
south
ward
s,
with
dele
terious
envi
ronm
enta
l and
eco
nom
ic
eff
ect
s,
while
impact
ing n
egative
ly o
n p
ove
rty
leve
ls in the n
ort
h.
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
Distr
ict
ass
em
blies;
charc
oal w
hole
sale
rs (
oft
en lin
ked t
o p
roduce
rs o
n a
n e
thnic
basis)
; tr
aditio
nal
auth
orities;
farm
er ass
ocia
tions;
EPA; MoFA.
Next St
eps:
•
Launch
Work
ing G
roup
•
Com
mission e
xperim
enta
l act
ivitie
s in
woodlo
t and fuel su
bst
itute
s (p
erh
aps
thro
ugh a
challenge
fund m
ech
anism
, as w
ith fire c
ontr
ol).
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
I: Im
pro
ve the q
uality
of fire
-aff
ect
ed fore
sts and range
lands
Them
e:
Agr
o-f
ore
stry
Carb
on C
onse
rvin
g Act
ivitie
s
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Reduce the incidence of wildfires and loss of forests due to uncontrolled use of fire.
Fire is w
idely
use
d in a
gricu
ltura
l and liv
est
ock
pro
duct
ion sys
tem
s in
Ghana, and p
rovi
des a n
um
ber of
benefits
(so
il fert
ility,
land c
leara
nce
, disease
contr
ol). Non-a
nth
ropogenic
wildfire
s are
also c
om
mon in
the tra
nsitional and sava
nnah z
ones.
All this is dest
ruct
ive o
f fo
rest
cove
r, a
s w
ell a
s dange
rous to
hum
an
life
. H
ow
eve
r, a
ltern
ative
s are
not re
adily
ava
ilable
that are
feasible
in loca
l co
nditio
ns or co
mpatible
with the labour su
pply
situation. An e
xperim
enta
l appro
ach
is th
us needed if fire
-contr
ol m
eth
ods are
to
be found w
hic
h c
ontr
ibute
effect
ively
to the reduct
ion o
f fo
rest
loss
due to u
nco
ntr
olled w
ildfire
s and
bush
fire
s.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
82
Main Activities:
•
I1. Main
tain
lin
ks w
ith N
ational W
ildfire
Policy
and S
ust
ain
able
Land M
anagem
ent Pro
gra
mm
e
•
I2: Cre
ation o
f a C
hallenge F
und to support
pro
ject
s on fire c
ontr
ol
It is pro
pose
d that a Challenge Fund on Fire Control be e
stablish
ed to support
pro
ject
s to
work
with loca
l
com
munitie
s in
fin
din
g w
ays
to im
pro
ve fire m
anagem
ent.
This C
hallenge F
und m
ight
com
mend its
elf for
NGO m
anagem
ent,
and c
ould
be ideally
be m
anaged b
y one o
f th
e s
tronger
sava
nnah b
ase
d N
GOs
(or
a
conso
rtiu
m o
f part
ners
). Its brief w
ould
be to:
a.
Support
pro
ject
s th
at w
ork
with loca
l co
mm
unitie
s to
addre
ss the c
ause
s of fire
in
agricu
ltura
l are
as,
both
anth
ropogenic
and n
atu
ral;
b.
Fund rese
arc
h initia
tive
s th
at ass
ess
the e
ffect
iveness
of existing m
ech
anism
s to
contr
ol fire
,
and c
om
munity
view
s on their funct
ionin
g, and p
ropose
ways
to im
pro
ve their funct
ionin
g;
c.
Consider th
e p
ote
ntial of oth
er m
ech
anism
s to
subst
itute
for fire
use
in the a
gricu
ltura
l
cycl
e, and their v
iability
in G
hana c
onditio
ns;
also to p
rovi
de support
for pilot in
itia
tive
s in
such
are
as.
d.
Consider (s
imilarly)
fire u
se in the liv
est
ock
pro
duct
ion c
ycle
, and v
iability
in G
hana
conditio
ns (t
akin
g a
ccount of th
e regio
nal dim
ensions of livest
ock
pro
duct
ion; th
e ‘ECOW
AS
Pro
toco
l on F
ree M
ove
ment of People
am
ong the M
em
ber St
ate
s’; etc
.)
•
2: Pilot In
terv
entions and m
easu
res in
Gra
zing sys
tem
s.
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead a
gency
: NGO a
gency
or co
nso
rtiu
m to m
anage the c
hallenge fund
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
Addre
sses th
ree m
ain
pro
xim
ate
DDs:
•
Agricu
ltura
l expansion
•
Rangela
nd d
eple
tion
•
Natu
ral ca
use
s (n
atu
ral fire
eve
nts
)
Lin
ks:
part
icula
rly
with the N
ational Fire P
rogra
mm
e (GoG a
nd N
eth
erlands Em
bass
y)
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
83
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Infe
asible
to s
uppre
ss f
ire u
se i
n t
he a
gricu
ltura
l and l
ivest
ock
cyc
les
without
viable
altern
ative
s;
thus,
heavi
ly d
ependent
on identifica
tion o
f altern
ative
s; d
anger
of
enco
ura
gem
ent
to ‘
rent-
seekin
g
behavi
our’
with n
o c
lear benefits
for th
e reso
urc
e.
•
A m
ajo
r co
nst
rain
t is t
he h
igh m
obility
of
past
ora
list
s (w
ho r
ange a
cross
wid
e a
reas
of
West
Afr
ican
sava
nnah);
ECOW
AS
princi
ple
s disfa
vour bord
er co
ntr
ols.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Sust
ain
ability
heavi
ly d
ependent on b
enefits
in term
s of re
turn
s to
labour and land.
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
Existing n
ational fire
contr
ol policy
•
Oth
er sim
ilar NGO a
nd p
riva
te sect
or m
anaged funds (e
.g. RAVI, G
-RAP) pro
vide m
odels for ch
allenge
fund m
anagem
ent
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Suppre
ssio
n s
trate
gie
s w
ould
need t
o o
ffer
‘win
-win
s’ if
not
mere
ly t
o t
ransf
er
DD t
o n
eig
hbouring
are
as.
•
Stra
tegie
s w
hic
h d
imin
ish retu
rns fr
om
agricu
lture
could
incre
ase
pre
ssure
on o
ther la
nd a
reas.
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
NGO c
om
munity;
distr
ict ass
em
blies;
tra
ditio
nal auth
orities;
fire c
ontr
ol co
mm
itte
es;
past
ora
list
s.
Next St
eps:
•
Challenge fund to b
e d
eve
loped;
•
Revi
ew
to b
e c
om
missioned o
f existing fire c
ontr
ol polici
es
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
84
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
J: Addre
ss loca
l m
ark
et dem
and
Them
e:
Agr
o-f
ore
stry
, ca
rbon c
onse
rvin
g act
ivitie
s
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
*See b
ox
‘E: Addre
ss p
roble
m o
f lo
cal m
ark
et su
pply
(above
)
Main Activities:
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead organisation:
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Lin
ks in
clude:
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
Next St
eps:
•
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
85
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
K:
Expansion
of
agr
ofo
rest
ry,
tree
crops,
bio
fuels
and
agr
o-
indust
ries
Them
e:
Agr
o-f
ore
stry
, ca
rbon c
onse
rvin
g act
ivitie
s
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Analy
se a
nd identify
opport
unitie
s fo
r re
duce
d c
arb
on e
missions fr
om
tre
e c
rops (i.e
. oth
er th
an c
oco
a,
such
as ca
shew
and o
ther beve
rage c
rops)
, bio
fuels a
nd a
gro
indust
ries.
Main Activities:
•
K1: W
ork
ing G
roup o
n low-c
arb
on a
gro
-indust
rial deve
lopm
ent
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead organisation: MoFA
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
Much
of
the in
tere
st here
is pro
spect
ive and pro
tect
ive,
as
the su
b-s
ect
ors
in
quest
ion have
not
yet
deve
loped a
s in
tended b
y th
e G
oG, and thus have
not ye
t co
ntr
ibute
d seriously
to D
D.
•
Policy
gaps le
adin
g to w
eak p
lanta
tions se
ctor
•
Eco
nom
ic forc
es enco
ura
gin
g b
iofu
els, etc
.
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Deve
lopm
ent
of
agro
-indust
ry w
as
a p
riority
of
the last
Gove
rnm
ent,
though t
arg
ets
will not
now
be
met.
•
Experience
to d
ate
has
not
been e
nco
ura
gin
g,
and h
igh p
olitica
l co
mm
itm
ent
is r
equired t
o a
dva
nce
the p
olicy
.
•
Land p
olicy
is a c
onst
rain
t, though b
ein
g a
ddre
ssed b
y th
e L
AP.
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
Pre
sidential Sp
eci
al In
itia
tive
•
Land A
dm
inistr
ation P
roje
ct, MLNR (LAP)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
86
•
National Fore
st P
lanta
tion D
eve
lopm
ent Policy
•
SLM
•
FASD
EP
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Hig
h risk, part
icula
rly
if land p
olicy
is not re
form
ed.
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
Rele
vant m
inistr
ies,
incl
udin
g M
LNR a
nd M
inistr
y of Tra
de a
nd Indust
ry;
•
COCOBOD
•
Pre
sident’
s Off
ice
•
Farm
ers
, in
vest
ors
, ci
vil so
ciety
.
Next St
eps:
•
Launch
Work
ing G
roup
Collate
rece
nt st
udie
s on b
iofu
els e
tc.
•
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
L:
Impro
ve
regu
lation
of
min
ing
act
ivitie
s to
re
duce
fo
rest
degr
adation;
support
cu
rrent
initia
tives
under
NREG to
bett
er
regu
late
min
ing
Them
e:
Agr
o-f
ore
stry
, ca
rbon c
onse
rvin
g act
ivitie
s
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
Min
ing o
pera
tions dest
roy
and d
egra
de fore
sts either beca
use
(i) larg
e sca
le m
inin
g o
pera
tions do n
ot
com
ply
with re-f
ore
station a
nd rehabilitation requirem
ents
follow
ing m
ine c
losu
re a
nd the c
ess
ation o
f
form
al m
inin
g o
pera
tions,
or (ii) b
eca
use
of th
e im
pact
s of unre
gula
ted a
nd o
ften d
ispers
ed sm
all sca
le
min
ing. B
oth
of th
ese
iss
ues are
bein
g a
ddre
ss w
ithin
the N
REG p
rogra
mm
e in G
hana, but REDD
inve
stm
ents
may
be a
ble
to c
om
ple
ment pla
nned a
ctiv
itie
s/
Main Activities:
•
L:
Support
for
the e
nfo
rcem
ent
of
the im
ple
menta
tion b
y m
inin
g c
om
panie
s of
EIA
requirem
ents
for
fore
st rehabilitation follow
ing the c
losu
re o
f m
inin
g sites
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
87
•
L: S
upport
a p
ack
age o
f m
easu
res to
reduce
fore
st d
egra
dation a
s a resu
lt o
f unre
gula
ted (so
metim
es
ille
gal) s
mall s
cale
min
ing (
e.g
. sm
all s
cale
min
ing lic
ense
s; d
edic
ate
d s
ites
for
small s
cale
min
ers
;
stre
ngth
ened law
enfo
rcem
ent)
.
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
•
Lead organisation: MLNR, M
C
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
•
D&D d
ue to p
oorly
regula
ted m
inin
g o
pera
tions.
Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Feasible
– initia
tive
s in
these
are
as ale
ady
bein
g c
onsidere
d w
ithin
the N
REG p
rogra
mm
e
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
NREG
•
Cham
ber of Min
es
•
MC
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
low
.
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
Rele
vant m
inistr
ies,
incl
udin
g M
LNR a
nd M
inistr
y of Tra
de a
nd Indust
ry;
•
Cham
ber of Min
es
•
Min
ing c
om
panie
s, a
rtisanal m
iners
ass
oci
ation
•
Farm
ers
, in
vest
ors
, ci
vil so
ciety
.
Next St
eps:
•
Lia
ise w
ith N
REG.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
88
Candid
ate
Str
ate
gy:
M. Im
ple
ment
act
ions
to a
ddre
ss a
cts
of God (w
ind a
nd n
atu
ral fire
events
, floods,
pest
s and d
isease
s)
Them
e:
Agr
o-f
ore
stry
, ca
rbon c
onse
rvin
g act
ivitie
s
Sum
mary
/Rationale
/Main
Act
ivitie
s
While G
hana d
oes not su
ffer fr
om
the e
xtr
em
e w
eath
er eve
nts
enco
unte
red in som
e c
ountr
ies th
ere
exist
a n
um
ber of natu
ral ca
use
s of defo
rest
ation. These
natu
ral ca
use
s m
ay
resu
lt in d
efo
rest
ation d
esp
ite the
best
policy
of pro
ject
base
d e
ffort
s of th
e c
ountr
y. T
wo a
ppro
ach
es to
addre
ssin
g these
challenges w
ithin
the c
onte
xt of REDDplu
s acc
ounting m
ust
thus be d
eve
loped. Those
that re
duce
the im
pact
of su
ch e
vents
and those
that are
able
to p
rovi
de a
buff
er w
ithin
the n
ational and subnational acco
unting to reduce
the
impact
of eve
nts
fin
anci
ally
at a sin
gle
poin
t in
tim
e.
Main Activities:
•
M. Revi
ew p
erm
anence
and lia
bility
issu
e a
s R-P
P Im
ple
menta
tion D
eve
lops
•
I1. Main
tain
lin
ks w
ith N
ational W
ildfire
Policy
and S
ust
ain
able
Land M
anagem
ent Pro
gra
mm
e
•
I2: Cre
ation o
f a C
hallenge F
und to support
pro
ject
s on fire c
ontr
ol
•
G. St
rength
en loca
l dece
ntr
alise
d m
anagem
ent of natu
ral re
sourc
es
Inst
itutional Arr
ange
ments
:
Lead organisation:
MoFEP w
ill need t
o a
ssess
means
of deve
lopin
g a
n a
ppro
priate
acc
ounting a
nd fin
anci
al buff
er sy
stem
for
REDDplu
s cr
edits
Lin
kage
s w
ith D
rivers
of Defo
rest
ation a
nd F
ore
st D
egr
adation:
Natu
ral Cause
s 1.
Win
d &
natu
ral fire
eve
nts
2.
Flo
ods,
3.
Pest
s and d
isease
s Cost
s & B
enefits
:
•
(To b
e d
ete
rmin
ed) [O
pport
unity
cost
s, tra
nsa
ctio
n c
ost
s, im
ple
menta
tion c
ost
s)
Feasibility:
•
Wildfire
Policy
is
already
in p
lace
and s
eve
ral in
itia
tive
s have
already w
ork
ed o
n a
ddre
ssin
g n
atu
ral
cause
s of defo
rest
ation
•
May
beco
me m
ore
difficu
lt w
ith incr
easing e
xtr
em
es of w
eath
er
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
89
Sust
ain
ability a
nd L
inks w
ith O
ther Se
ctor Policie
s:
Lin
ks in
clude:
•
Existing W
ildfire
Policy
•
SLaM p
roje
ct for re
genera
tion o
f degra
ded lands
•
MoFA E
xte
nsion w
ork
ers
lookin
g a
t su
pport
ing s
ust
ain
able
farm
ing p
ract
ices
reduci
ng t
he lik
ely
hood
of flood e
vents
Risk o
f Dom
est
ic L
eakage
:
•
Low
Key A
ctors
to E
nga
ge:
•
Farm
ers
•
Com
munitie
s
•
MoFA, MLNR, MEST
. MoFEP
•
Civ
il S
oci
ety
•
Priva
te sect
or tim
ber co
ntr
act
ors
Next St
eps:
•
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
90
Annex 2
d: Existing
Pro
ject
s and P
rogr
am
mes
Programme
Institution
Donor
Time
Frame
Overview
Existing / Planned Projects and Programs / Areas of REDD+ Development
Ghana Cocoa Carbon
Initiative
NC
RC
/FT
Ca
db
ury
, N
orw
ay,
R
ain
fore
st
Fo
un
da
tion
, M
oo
re
Fo
un
da
tion
O
ng
oin
g
Pro
ject
loo
kin
g to
cre
ate
first
Co
co
a C
arb
on
Tra
nsactio
ns b
ase
d o
n e
xtr
a c
arb
on
sto
red
in
th
e s
had
e c
oco
a o
ppo
se
d t
o fu
ll su
n m
eth
ods o
f coco
a p
rod
uctio
n.
Th
ey
will
utilis
e a
cad
em
ics (
Re
ad
ing /
Sw
an
se
) to
de
ve
lop
mo
dels
of
ca
rbo
n s
tora
ge
, a
nd
ag
rib
usin
ess to
help
brin
g fa
rme
rs to
ge
the
r
Sustainable Charcoal
Production
NC
RC
EU
(fu
nd
ed
scop
ing
stu
die
s)
Lo
okin
g a
t th
e d
evelo
pm
en
t o
f w
oo
dlo
ts to
in
itia
te s
usta
ina
ble
cha
rcoa
l p
rod
uctio
n
with
in B
ron
gh
afo
re
gio
n.
Cu
rren
tly g
ettin
g in
an
eco
no
mis
t to
do
a s
cop
ing
stu
dy o
f via
bili
ty -
ho
pin
g fo
r so
me
PE
S f
un
ds t
o incre
ase
vila
bili
ty o
f pro
ject
IUCN REDD Study
(LLS)
IUC
N
Stu
dy lo
okin
g into
th
e p
ote
ntia
l b
en
efits
of
RE
DD
on c
oco
a f
arm
ing in
th
e W
assa
A
me
nfi r
egio
n o
f G
han
a.
Th
e s
tud
y u
sed
GIS
ma
ppin
g o
f la
nd
co
ve
r ch
ang
e a
s w
ell
as m
od
elin
g o
f socio
-econ
om
ic s
yste
m to
assess t
he
im
pa
cts
of
RE
DD
CREMAs
FC
On
go
ing
Co
mm
un
ity R
eso
urc
e M
an
ag
em
en
t A
rea
s (
sim
ilar
pro
gs a
lso e
xis
t in
CF
C,
CB
AG
) –
w
hic
h p
rovid
e c
om
mu
nity w
ith
mo
re r
igh
ts t
o n
atu
ral re
so
urc
es a
nd
th
us e
ncou
rage
co
mm
unitie
s' s
usta
inab
le m
ana
ge
me
nt o
f th
em
. T
hese
are
be
ing
im
ple
me
nte
d b
y
the
Wild
life
Div
isio
n o
f F
C a
s w
ell
as s
eve
ral N
GO
's.
Dedicated Forests
FC
D
FID
O
ng
oin
g
An
in
itia
tive
teste
d in
som
e a
rea
s -
de
dic
ate
d f
ore
sts
fu
lly d
evo
lve
man
age
men
t ri
gh
ts t
o c
om
mun
itie
s.
On
e o
f th
e p
ilots
fo
r th
is -
do
ne
in
ea
rly 1
99
0's
has m
ain
tain
ed
a
n a
rea
fo
r tim
be
r use
an
d th
e c
om
mun
ity a
re n
ow
sta
rtin
g to c
ut
(IU
CN
ha
ve
als
o
su
ppo
rte
d a
gro
up
do
ing
this
?)
Amanzuri Ecotourim
Project
Co
mm
un
ity
an
d N
GO
On
go
ing
Co
mm
un
ity b
ased
eco
-tou
rism
pro
ject
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
91
Mt Afadjato
Community Natural
Resource
Management Project
GW
S
GW
S
On
go
ing
Gh
an
a w
ildlif
e s
ocie
ty p
urc
hase
d a
ll h
igh
va
lue
tre
es w
ith
in a
fo
rest
are
a f
rom
the
la
nd
ow
ne
rs in
re
turn
fo
r th
em
no
t se
llin
g th
em
to
com
me
rcia
l o
pe
rato
rs, a
nd t
heir
co
ntin
ued
ma
nag
em
en
t o
f th
e fo
rest a
rea.
Samartex Plantation
Sa
ma
rte
x
Sa
ma
rte
x
On
go
ing
Pri
va
te a
gre
em
en
t b
etw
ee
n S
am
art
ex a
nd
a c
om
mu
nity.
Sam
tex p
rovid
es fin
an
cia
l su
ppo
rt t
o initia
te a
pla
nta
tio
n o
n c
on
ditio
n t
hat
wh
en
it is
re
ad
y t
o h
arv
est
the
y a
re
giv
en
prio
rity
on
con
ce
ssio
n
National Forest
Plantation
Development Program
FC
On
go
ing
Th
ree
su
b c
om
pon
en
ts e
xis
t w
ith
in t
he
pro
gra
m -
Mo
difie
d T
au
ng
ya
Syste
m (
MT
S),
C
om
mun
ity F
ore
st
Ma
na
gem
en
t P
roje
ct
(CF
MP
), a
nd
th
e G
ove
rnm
en
t P
lanta
tio
n
De
ve
lop
me
nt
Pro
gra
m (
GP
DP
) -
all
ha
ve
diffe
ren
t le
ve
ls o
f be
ne
fit
sha
ring
- t
he
se
p
lan
tation
co
mpo
nen
ts w
ork
bo
th w
ith
in a
nd
off
rese
rve
- th
e G
oG
cu
rre
ntly h
as a
big
p
lan
tation
pro
gra
m p
lan
ned
fo
r su
bm
issio
n u
nd
er
the
CD
M b
ut
are
ha
vin
g d
ifficu
ltie
s
ge
ttin
g t
he
definitio
n o
f fo
rests
co
rrect
Conservation
Reserves
FC
T
he
se
ha
ve
be
en in
exis
ten
ce fo
r n
earl
y a
ce
ntu
ry b
ut
po
or
ma
na
gem
en
t h
as le
d to
th
eir
de
gra
da
tio
n a
nd
little
rem
ain
s
Production Reserves
FC
A
s a
bo
ve
ho
we
ve
r it w
as in
tend
ed
tha
t th
ese
rese
rve
s a
lso
be
ha
rve
ste
d -
po
or
ma
nag
em
en
t a
gain
ho
we
ve
r h
as le
d t
o t
heir
deg
rada
tion
.
Afforestation
Mu
ltip
le
Th
ere
are
mu
ltip
le s
ma
ll sca
le a
ctivitie
s b
ein
g c
ond
ucte
d -
the
FC
has a
lso
d
eve
lope
d a
ve
ry la
rge
sch
em
e f
or
imple
me
nta
tio
n t
hro
ug
h th
e C
DM
Ongoing Reviews
Wildlife Sustainable
Financing Study
FC
E
U
By e
nd
of
09
Stu
dy b
ein
g c
on
du
cte
d lo
okin
g a
t th
e s
usta
inab
le fin
an
cin
g o
f w
ildlif
e r
ese
rves t
his
w
ill in
clu
de
a s
ectio
n o
n R
ED
D a
nd
th
e p
ote
ntia
l a
dd
itio
ns it ca
n m
ake
to
fin
ancin
g
A Review of Forestry
and Wildlife Policies
and Laws
FC
N
RE
G
By e
nd
of
ye
ar
A s
tud
y b
ein
g s
up
po
rte
d b
y the
FC
to
re
vie
w F
ore
st a
nd
Wild
life la
ws -
the
la
wye
r in
vo
lve
d s
tate
s t
ha
t th
is is a
wid
e r
each
ing
re
vie
w
Review of 1994
National Forestry
Policy and 1996 Forest
Development Master
Plan
ML
NR
M
LN
R (
NR
EG
)
By
De
ce
mb
er
09
Re
vie
w b
ein
g c
arr
ied
ou
t b
y M
LN
R u
nd
er
NR
EG
id
ea
is to
up
da
te th
e 1
99
4 f
ore
st
po
licy a
nd
co
rre
spo
ndin
g m
aste
r p
lan
to
co
ve
r a
reas s
uch
as c
lima
te c
ha
nge
- n
ow
p
ostp
on
ed
until a
fte
r th
e a
bo
ve
re
vie
w
Legal and Institutional
Review - with regard
to carbon projects
FT
M
oo
re
En
d o
f Ju
ly
Pa
rt o
f a M
oo
re s
upp
ort
ed
pro
ject
to incre
ase
ca
pa
city a
nd
kn
ow
led
ge
aro
un
d R
ED
D
this
wh
at le
gal a
nd
institu
tio
nal ch
an
ges a
re r
eq
uir
ed
fo
r in
clu
sio
n o
f p
roje
cts
with
in a
R
ED
D s
tra
teg
y.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
92
Peoples' Diagnostic
Study
IUC
N
GF
P
Ma
y t
o
Ju
ly 2
00
9
A s
ho
rt d
iag
nostic a
na
lysis
to
id
en
tify
are
as o
f w
ork
th
at
GF
P m
one
y s
hou
ld b
e u
se
d
in s
up
po
rtin
g -
pro
ject
based
on
th
ree r
egio
nal w
ork
sho
ps a
nd
on
e n
atio
nal.
CC DARE – Climate
Change and
Development
Adapting by Reducing
Vulnerability
EP
A
UN
EP
Eig
ht
Mo
nth
s
fro
m M
ay
09
loo
kin
g
to f
ina
lise
str
ate
gy in
N
ove
mb
er
Pro
ject
to s
upp
ort
th
e d
eve
lopm
en
t o
f th
e C
lima
te C
han
ge
Ad
ap
tatio
n S
tra
teg
y
Economics of
Adaptation to Climate
Change (EACC)
EP
A
(Im
ple
men
ted
by P
DA
) W
B
Du
e
Octo
be
r 0
9
To
un
de
rsta
nd
th
e s
ocia
l d
imen
sio
ns o
f clim
ate
cha
ng
e a
dapta
tion
, a
nd
re
late
d
ele
me
nts
of
risk m
an
ag
em
en
t; r
esili
en
ce
; a
nd
socia
l p
rote
ctio
n b
roa
dly
define
d,
thro
ugh
:
§ F
ocu
s o
n c
lima
te c
ha
nge
im
pa
cts
and
resp
on
ses a
t th
e loca
l-le
ve
l §
De
mon
str
ation
of in
ter-
linkage
s b
etw
ee
n s
ecto
rs
§ E
ng
ag
ing v
uln
era
ble
and
dis
ad
va
nta
ge
d s
ocio
eco
no
mic
gro
up
s in
an
an
aly
sis
of
wh
at
ad
ap
tatio
n m
ea
ns in
pa
rtic
ula
r con
texts
fo
r pa
rtic
ula
r g
rou
ps
§ I
de
ntifica
tio
n o
f in
stitu
tio
nal a
nd
po
licy r
efo
rm c
ha
llen
ge
s
§ F
ocu
s o
n “
so
ft”
as w
ell
as “
ha
rd”
ada
pta
tio
n o
ptio
ns
§ B
uild
ing
on
exis
tin
g a
da
ptive r
espo
nse
s
National
Communication
EP
A
Du
e
Se
pte
mb
er
09
Na
tio
nal C
om
mun
ica
tio
n t
o t
he
IP
CC
? T
his
will
pro
vid
e s
om
e in
form
atio
n o
n
lan
dco
ve
r ch
ang
e
National Mitigation
Strategies for Forestry
and Agriciulture
EP
A
UN
DP
O
ng
oin
g
As p
art
of
the
UN
DP
An
nu
al W
ork
Pla
n th
e E
PA
are
de
ve
lop
ing
th
e n
atio
nal
mitig
atio
n s
tra
teg
y -
cu
rre
ntly t
his
co
ve
rs e
ne
rgy (
no
t b
iofu
els
, fu
el w
oo
d o
r ch
arc
oa
l)
bu
t is
lo
okin
g to
be
exp
an
de
d to
ag
ricu
ltu
re a
nd
fo
restr
y t
his
ye
ar.
Technical Support
Available
FT Incubator Project
NC
RC
/FT
U
SA
ID,
Mo
ore
, O
ng
oin
g
Th
e I
ncu
ba
tor
focu
ses o
n c
om
mu
nity a
nd
bio
div
ers
ity c
en
tred
pro
jects
with
th
e
po
ten
tia
l fo
r lo
ng
-te
rm f
ina
ncia
l via
bili
ty a
nd
po
ve
rty r
ed
uction
be
ne
fits
. It in
ve
sts
str
ate
gic
ally
in
the
pro
ject
desig
n a
nd
de
ve
lopm
en
t p
hases b
y p
rovid
ing
ta
rgete
d
techn
ica
l, fin
an
cia
l a
nd
bu
sin
ess m
ana
gem
en
t sup
po
rt to
ena
ble
pro
jects
to
e
ffe
ctive
ly e
ng
ag
e p
riva
te in
vesto
rs o
r bu
ye
rs. W
ork
sh
op
fo
r th
is w
ill b
e r
un
beg
inin
g
of
sep
tem
be
r
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
93
Towards Pro-Poor
REDD
IUC
N
DA
NID
A
20
09
-20
13
Ma
in a
ctivitie
s in
clu
de:
i) S
yn
erg
ies b
etw
ee
n R
ED
D p
ro p
oo
r m
ech
an
ism
s a
nd
goo
d fo
rest g
ove
rna
nce
; ii)
Co
nn
ectio
ns b
etw
ee
n t
he loca
l a
nd
th
e n
atio
na
l le
ve
l fo
r R
ED
D;
iii)
Kn
ow
led
ge
an
d c
om
mu
nic
ation
fo
r bu
ildin
g a
nd
im
ple
men
ting
RE
DD
.
IUCN Growing Forest
Partnership (GFP)
IU
CN
D
AN
IDA
Re
ce
nt d
iag
nostic s
tud
y w
as in
ten
de
d
to h
elp
pa
ve
wa
y f
or
mo
re fin
an
cin
g
Forest investment
Programme(FIP)
Mo
FE
P/M
LN
R/M
ES
T/F
C
WO
RL
D B
AN
K
20
10
-20
12
Ghana has
been se
lect
ed as
pilot
countr
y to
im
ple
ment
measu
res
to
addre
ss t
he d
rive
rs (
direct
and indirect
) of
defo
rest
ation a
nd d
egra
dation
under FIP
of th
e C
lim
ate
Inve
stm
ent Fund.
Supporting integrated
and comprehensive
Approaches to climate
change adaptation in
Africa
ME
ST
/EP
A
Go
ve
rnm
en
t o
f Ja
pan
20
09
-20
11
The A
fric
a A
dapta
tion P
rogra
mm
e(A
AP) in
Ghana w
ill p
rom
ote
sy
stem
atic
change
for
a m
ore
in
tegra
ted a
nd h
olist
ic a
ppro
ach
to c
lim
ate
change
adapta
tion.
GIS Capabilities
CE
RG
IS,
RM
SC
, E
PA
Th
ese
th
ree
in
stitu
ion
s a
ll h
ave
som
e G
IS/R
em
ote
sen
sin
g c
ap
ab
ilitie
s b
ut th
ey a
re
po
orl
y c
oo
rdin
ate
d (
EP
A a
nd
RM
SC
do
on
info
rma
l ba
sis
as k
ey s
taff
kn
ow
ea
ch
oth
er)
, cu
rren
tly R
MS
C w
ork
ing
on
la
ndco
ve
r, C
ER
GIS
on f
ore
st co
ve
r in
re
se
rve
s
an
d E
PA
on
lan
dco
ve
r fo
r n
atio
na
l com
mun
ica
tio
n.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
94
Annex 2c: REDD Implementa
tion Fra
mework
THIS
Page
inte
ntionally left
bla
nk
Annex 2d: Social and Environmenta
l Im
pact Assessment
Socia
l and E
nvironm
enta
l Im
pact
s – Term
s of Refe
rence
(ToR) fo
r Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
1. In
troduct
ion
Soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
ess
ment is a
key
com
ponent of Ghana’s
Readin
ess
Pre
para
tion P
roposa
l (R
-PP) to
the W
orld B
ank F
ore
st C
arb
on P
art
ners
hip
Faci
lity
(F
CPF).
This co
mponent
is ess
ential
for
both
avo
idin
g negative
im
pact
s (“
do no harm
”)
and enhanci
ng positive
or
“additio
nal”
REDD benefits
,
esp
eci
ally in t
erm
s of
socia
l or
live
lihood b
enefits
, gove
rnance
and w
ider
envi
ronm
enta
l or
bio
div
ers
ity b
enefits
. These
TOR r
efe
r prim
arily
to u
ndert
akin
g a
Stra
tegic
Envi
ronm
enta
l and So
cial
Ass
ess
ment
(SESA
) as
part
of
the Phase
d appro
ach
of
the FCPF Readin
ess
Mech
anism
(p
repara
tion of
the R-P
P and
subse
quent
Pre
para
tion f
or
REDD).
The p
ropose
d a
ctiv
itie
s in
the R
-PP w
ill also b
e s
ubje
cted t
o t
he S
trate
gic
Envi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment
(SEA)
pro
cedure
s
deve
loped b
y th
e E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion A
gency
(EPA).
2. Obje
ctiv
es
The o
vera
ll o
bje
ctiv
es
of
these
TOR a
re t
o p
rom
ote
due d
ilig
ence
; id
entify
the lik
ely
soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s (n
egative
and p
ositive
) of
pro
pose
d
REDD str
ate
gie
s; a
ssess
the p
ote
ntial additio
nal benefits
of REDD (esp
eci
ally
bio
div
ers
ity c
onse
rvation a
nd p
ove
rty
allevi
ation);
and to info
rm the d
esign o
f th
e
national REDD str
ate
gy
so that it a
void
s or m
itig
ate
s negative
soci
al/
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s and e
nco
ura
ges positive
ones.
In a
ccord
ance
with F
CPF g
uid
ance
, sp
eci
al
considera
tion s
hould
be g
iven t
o l
ivelihoods,
rig
hts
, cu
ltura
l herita
ge,
gender,
vuln
era
ble
gro
ups,
gove
rnance
,
capaci
ty b
uildin
g a
nd b
iodiv
ers
ity.
Giv
en that m
any
REDDplu
s act
ivitie
s w
ill be n
eutr
al or positive
as re
gard
s bio
div
ers
ity,
hyd
rolo
gic
al and o
ther envi
ronm
enta
l
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
95
eff
ect
s, t
he r
isks
of
negative
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s appear
to b
e low
er
than n
egative
soci
al im
pact
s. T
here
fore
these
TOR f
ocu
s m
ore
on t
he lik
ely
soci
al
impact
s, w
hile n
ot ig
noring the n
eed to a
ssess
poss
ible
negative
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s (e
.g., d
uring
the sta
kehold
er co
nsu
ltations)
.
3. Com
position o
f Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
The thre
e p
ers
on Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
should
be c
om
pose
d o
f at le
ast
tw
o n
ational te
am
mem
bers
com
bin
ing s
ocia
l (incl
udin
g g
ender)
and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l
impact
ass
ess
ment
experience
. One o
f th
ese
should
be f
rom
a c
ivil s
oci
ety
or
NGO b
ack
gro
und;
the s
eco
nd t
eam
mem
ber
can b
e f
rom
a s
tate
or
academ
ic
inst
itutional back
gro
und. They
will be support
ed b
y a p
art
-tim
e n
ational or in
tern
ational advi
sor w
ith h
igher le
vel expert
ise in im
pact
ass
ess
ment and w
ho w
ill
pro
vide tim
ely
discr
eet in
puts
to the p
roce
ss, e.g
., a
t th
e d
esign sta
ge.
4. In
stitutional re
port
ing
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
should
report
to the E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Advi
sory
Counci
l, a
hig
h leve
l in
ter-
Min
iste
rial and sect
ora
l body
com
pose
d o
f th
e M
iniste
rs o
f
Lands
and N
atu
ral Reso
urc
es
(MLNR), E
nvi
ronm
ent,
Sci
ence
and T
ech
nolo
gy,
and F
inance
, w
ith p
ote
ntial co
ntr
ibutions
from
the M
iniste
rs o
f Agricu
lture
and
Loca
l Gove
rnm
ent.
5. Core
task
s and a
ctiv
itie
s
The w
ork
of th
e Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
can b
e b
roken d
ow
n into
fiv
e m
ain
task
s:
•
Initia
l (larg
ely
desk
-base
d) dia
gnost
ic a
naly
sis;
•
Consu
ltative
or field
-base
d sta
kehold
er analy
sis and d
iscu
ssio
ns;
•
Analy
sis of th
e W
orld B
ank S
oci
al and E
nvi
ronm
enta
l St
andard
s;
•
National SE
SA W
ork
shop;
•
On-g
oin
g S
ESA
monitoring.
5.1
In
itia
l Dia
gnost
ic A
naly
sis
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
96
This s
hould
be c
onduct
ed in 3
-4 k
ey
REDD s
ituations
or
are
as
where
defo
rest
ation o
r degra
dation p
ress
ure
s are
hig
h2,
takin
g a
ccount
of
regio
nal diffe
rence
s
and a
llow
ing f
or
natu
ral ove
rlap b
etw
een t
he m
ain
them
es
as
set
out
belo
w.
Pro
viso
nal priority
are
as
are
West
ern
Regio
n,
Bro
ng-A
hafo
Regio
n a
nd A
shanti
Regio
n.
5.1.1
Politica
l eco
nomy context analysis
Analy
sis
of
the politica
l eco
nom
y co
nte
xt
of
defo
rest
ation and id
entifica
tion of
key
challenges
to REDD sh
ould
be undert
aken in
itia
lly
by
revi
ew
ing key
lite
ratu
re or
report
s (s
ee Annex 1 fo
r so
me su
ggest
ed re
fere
nce
s).
Com
ple
mente
d by
discu
ssio
ns
with key in
form
ants
and use
of
rapid
ru
ral
appra
isal
tech
niq
ues (e
.g., focu
s gro
ups)
, th
e p
olitica
l eco
nom
y analy
sis sh
ould
ass
ess
(in
each
REDD a
rea):
•
the role
of fo
rest
s in
loca
l so
cial and e
conom
ic d
eve
lopm
ent;
•
polici
es,
law
s and inst
itutions aff
ect
ing n
atu
ral re
sourc
e m
anagem
ent;
•
land a
nd tre
e rig
hts
/te
nure
3 (de jure
and de facto) and u
se a
naly
sis,
incl
udin
g the p
oss
ible
alloca
tion o
f ca
rbon p
ropert
y rig
hts
;
•
defo
rest
ation a
nd d
egra
dation d
rive
rs n
ot already
ass
ess
ed.
5.1.2
Institutional and govern
ance assessment
An initia
l in
stitutional and g
ove
rnance
ass
ess
ment sh
ould
focu
s firs
tly
on the c
apaci
ty o
f national, d
istr
ict and local in
stitutions to
im
ple
ment REDD p
olici
es and
stra
tegie
s eff
ect
ively
and e
quitably
. This a
naly
sis
should
incl
ude a
map o
f th
e r
ole
s and r
esp
onsibilitie
s, e
speci
ally o
ver
socia
l and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l issu
es,
of
diffe
rent
org
aniz
ations
opera
ting in t
he fore
stry
and land u
se s
ect
ors
(esp
eci
ally
land u
ses
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith d
egra
dation o
r defo
rest
ation),
incl
udin
g t
heir legal
2 A possible framework for selecting key REDD areas is provided by the Ghana ‘REDD Opportunities Scoping Exercise’ conducted by the Katoomba
Group (2009).
3 Special attention must be given to distinctions between forest reserves and off-reserve areas; to issues and potential conflicts associated with
migrant cocoa/food crop farmers holding long-term leases from landowning indigene farmers; and more generally to multiple use rights or claims
in forest areas.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
97
fram
ew
ork
s, h
ow
well t
hey
carr
y out
their rem
its
(e.g
., legal co
mpliance
), a
nd t
ransp
are
ncy
/acc
ounta
bility
mech
anism
s. T
his a
naly
sis
should
incl
ude t
he role
and e
ffect
iveness
of ci
vil so
ciety
org
aniz
ations and loca
l st
akehold
er gro
ups.
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
part
icula
rly
dra
w o
n t
he g
ove
rnance
and inst
itutions
analy
sis
undert
aken d
uring t
he V
olu
nta
ry P
art
ners
hip
Agre
em
ent
(VPA)
pro
cess
(discu
ssio
ns
with t
he F
ore
st W
atc
h N
GO N
etw
ork
would
be a
good p
lace
to s
tart
). P
art
icula
r att
ention s
hould
also b
e g
iven t
o a
naly
sis
of
the
likely
REDD ince
ntive
str
uct
ure
s and b
enefit sh
aring m
ech
anism
s. A
t th
e m
acr
o o
r pla
nnin
g leve
l, a
ttention should
be g
iven to inte
r-se
ctora
l co
ord
ination g
iven
the c
ross
-sect
ora
l natu
re o
f th
e m
ain
defo
rest
ation/degra
dation (DD) drive
rs.
5.1.3
Initial stakeholder and tra
de-off analysis
Base
d in
itia
lly
on discu
ssio
ns
with key
info
rmants
and ava
ilable
lite
ratu
re (s
ee Annex
1),
and using est
ablish
ed so
cial
ass
ess
ment
meth
ods,
th
e Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
should
map o
ut th
e sta
kehold
er gro
ups and sub-g
roups (incl
udin
g w
om
en, la
ndle
ss, m
inorities and o
ther gro
ups,
as w
ell a
s ille
gal opera
tors
),
and for each
sta
kehold
er gro
up s
et
out
the lik
ely
positive
and n
egative
(opport
unitie
s and risks)
REDD im
pact
s. T
his s
hould
be u
ndert
aken in t
hre
e m
ain
REDD
are
as.
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
also c
are
fully
analy
se t
he r
esu
lts
of
the v
arious
pre
vious
or
on-g
oin
g m
ultip
le s
takehold
er
consu
ltations
(e.g
., IUCN’s
DANID
A funded R
EDD P
ro-P
oor Pro
ject
4, and the G
row
ing F
ore
st P
art
ners
hip
“People
’s D
iagnost
ics”
stu
dy
imple
mente
d b
y FAO/IIED/IU
CN), in a
dditio
n to the R
-
PP regio
nal st
akehold
er discu
ssio
ns.
Giv
en t
hat
tree c
rops,
esp
eci
ally
coco
a, as
well a
s fo
od c
rops
(also g
row
n in a
ssoci
ation w
ith t
ree c
rops
during t
he e
stablish
ment
phase
) are
key
DD d
rive
rs in
the h
igh fore
st a
reas,
speci
al att
ention s
hould
be g
iven t
o t
he t
rade-o
ffs
betw
een R
EDD, co
coa p
roduct
ion a
nd p
ove
rty
reduct
ion o
bje
ctiv
es
(bearing in m
ind
that
coco
a is
a s
mall f
arm
er’
s cr
op,
esp
eci
ally
gro
wn b
y m
igra
nts
). T
rade-o
ffs
may
be p
art
icula
rly
acu
te in t
he W
est
ern
Regio
n w
here
there
is
an inte
nse
dem
and for la
nd b
y poor
fam
ilie
s (m
igra
nt
or in
dig
ene farm
ers
). R
EDD p
olicy
as
regard
s th
e a
lready
heavi
ly d
egra
ded W
est
ern
Regio
n fore
st rese
rves
will also
be c
ritica
l: to the e
xte
nt th
at th
ey
rest
rict
coco
a p
roduct
ion, th
ere
will be m
ajo
r tr
ade-o
ffs w
ith soci
al and e
conom
ic o
bje
ctiv
es,
incl
udin
g e
xport
earn
ings.
On
the o
ther hand there
are
im
port
ant pote
ntial sy
nerg
ies,
for exam
ple
, if R
EDD c
an b
e u
sed to p
rom
ote
sust
ain
able
shaded c
oco
a sys
tem
s, a
nd e
speci
ally
via o
ff-
rese
rve tre
e tenure
refo
rm w
hic
h c
ould
tra
nsf
orm
the p
rofita
bility
of sh
aded c
oco
a p
roduct
ion incl
udin
g tim
ber tr
ees5
.
4 On-going IUCN work to develop a national field manual based on the Forests-Poverty Toolkit oriented to REDD, and using case study data
around on cocoa and trees in the Western Region should be particularly useful for the SESA stakeholder analysis (ref Gill Shepherd –
gillshepherd@compuserve.com).
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
98
Sim
ilarly
rest
rict
ions
on loggin
g a
ctiv
itie
s6 o
r polici
es
like t
imber in
dust
ry d
ow
nsizi
ng w
ill have
tra
de-o
ffs
with e
mplo
yment
and s
oci
al benefits
, at
least
in t
he
short
term
, as docu
mente
d in the im
pact
ass
ess
ment of th
e V
PA, although soci
al benefits
would
far outw
eig
h the c
ost
s if the full c
ost
s of unsu
stain
able
loggin
g
were
com
pute
d (Maye
rs e
t al, 2
008).
Anoth
er se
t of tr
ade-o
ffs co
uld
be a
round e
ffort
s to
contr
ol unsu
stain
able
charc
oal/
fuelw
ood e
xtr
act
ion a
s poin
ted o
ut in
the R
-PP B
ack
gro
und P
aper (IDL G
roup, 2009).
To t
he e
xte
nt
that
REDD p
olici
es
rest
rict
use
or acc
ess
rig
hts
by
the rura
l poor,
there
will be s
erious
live
lihood
and c
opin
g str
ate
gy
impact
s.
Anoth
er
type o
f tr
ade-o
ff c
ould
be b
etw
een m
itig
ation a
nd a
dapta
tion
7 p
olici
es,
while n
oting t
he inte
rnational
move
ment
tow
ard
s Nationally
Appro
priate
Mitig
ation A
ctiv
itie
s (N
AMAs)
. If G
hana d
eve
lops
a N
AMA t
his m
ay
reduce
this t
ype o
f tr
ade-o
ff.
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
also b
ear
in m
ind t
he
poss
ible
pro
ble
m o
f perv
ers
e ince
ntive
s w
here
the ince
ntive
fra
mew
ork
is base
d o
n reduci
ng c
urr
ent defo
rest
ation leve
ls a
s oppose
d to a
syst
em
whic
h rew
ard
s
fore
st m
anagers
or co
mm
unitie
s fo
r histo
rica
lly
good ste
ward
ship
.
5.2
.
Consu
ltative (field
-base
d) St
akehold
er Analy
sis and D
iscu
ssio
ns
The I
mpact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
conduct
a f
ull s
takehold
er
analy
sis
in t
hre
e k
ey
REDD r
egio
ns
with r
epre
senta
tive
s of
stakehold
er
gro
ups
(esp
eci
ally
repre
senting a
ffect
ed c
om
munitie
s, tra
ditio
nal auth
orities/
stools, ci
vil so
cie
ty, Distr
ict Ass
em
blies,
centr
al gove
rnm
ent and the p
riva
te sect
or)
to identify
and
prioritise
the m
ost
im
port
ant
benefits
and c
ost
s, tra
de-o
ffs and risks
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith c
learly
defined R
EDD s
trate
gie
s. T
his requires
deve
lopm
ent of a b
asis fo
r
sele
ctin
g t
he k
ey
gove
rnm
ent,
civ
il s
oci
ety
and N
GO repre
senta
tive
s. It is p
ropose
d t
hat th
e p
roce
ss o
f id
entify
ing o
r poss
ibly
ele
ctin
g t
he v
arious
stakehold
er
repre
senta
tive
s is d
eci
ded b
y t
he E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Advi
sory
Counci
l in
consu
ltation w
ith a
ppro
priate
sta
te a
nd c
ivil s
oci
ety
bodie
s. C
onsidera
tion c
ould
also b
e
giv
en to the form
ation o
f a M
ultip
le S
takehold
er SE
SA W
ork
ing G
roup.
Consu
ltative
sta
kehold
er analy
sis w
ill not be e
ffect
ive u
nle
ss loca
l and o
ther st
akehold
ers
have
a sound u
nders
tandin
g o
f REDD. There
fore
the first
task
should
be t
o b
uild u
p a
good u
nders
tandin
g o
f REDD a
mong loca
l st
akehold
ers
. Care
ful co
nsidera
tion n
eeds
to b
e g
iven a
s to
how
and w
ho is
best
to d
o t
his.
This
5 Many high value timber trees are excellent shade trees, but current tree tenure and lack of compensation for damage by logger concessionaires
means there is a strong disincentive for farmers to keep them (Richards & Asare, 1990).
6 To the extent that logging is restricted there will be a loss of stumpage revenue to the current recipients, especially Forestry Commission. This
needs to be recognized, although it can be argued that the present distribution of timber revenues is inequitable in relation to roles and
responsibilities and itself constitutes a political economy type barrier to reform (see Birikorang, 2007).
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
99
incl
udes
gett
ing a
gre
em
ent
about
the m
ain
DD d
rive
rs i
n t
he a
rea,
and u
nders
tandin
g a
s cl
early
as
poss
ible
the p
ropose
d R
EDD s
trate
gie
s and p
olici
es
in
resp
onse
to these
drive
rs.
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
then p
rese
nt
in a
hig
hly
acc
ess
ible
way t
he initia
l st
akehold
er/
inst
itutional/
political
eco
nom
y analy
sis
as
a b
asis
for
discu
ssio
n. On the b
asis of th
e subse
quent discu
ssio
ns,
the m
ultip
le sta
kehold
er discu
ssio
ns sh
ould
prioritise
the m
ain
soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l co
nce
rns,
risks
and o
pport
unitie
s. T
hey
should
be g
iven t
he o
pport
unity
to s
uggest
modific
ations
to t
he p
ropose
d R
EDD s
trate
gie
s and p
ote
ntial m
itig
ating a
ctio
ns
where
it
appears
difficu
lt to a
void
som
e n
egative
im
pact
s (a
s fo
r so
me o
f th
e lik
ely
tra
de-o
ffs discu
ssed a
bove
).
Giv
en t
he lik
ely
tra
de-o
ffs
betw
een s
takehold
er
inte
rest
s, t
here
will need t
o b
e a
n a
gre
ed u
pon p
roce
ss f
or
prioritizi
ng t
he c
once
rns.
A m
ajo
r ta
sk o
f th
e
Impact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
will
be t
o e
nsu
re t
hat
the c
oncern
s and v
iew
s of
aff
ect
ed s
takehold
ers
are
prioritize
d in t
he a
naly
sis
of
pote
ntial
impact
s, a
nd
appro
priate
ly c
om
munic
ate
d to a
ll sta
kehold
ers
.
Key
outc
om
es fr
om
the sta
kehold
er co
nsu
ltations co
uld
there
fore
incl
ude:
•
a list of priority
soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l co
nce
rns expre
ssed, in
cludin
g w
ho (st
akehold
er gro
ups or su
b-g
roups)
expre
ssed them
;
•
single
or m
ultip
le p
roposa
ls for m
odifie
d R
EDD str
ate
gie
s and/or m
itig
ation a
ctio
ns to
counte
r perc
eiv
ed n
egative
im
pact
s;
•
a s
et
of capacity
buildin
g a
ctio
ns
to incr
ease
the v
oic
e a
nd c
om
munic
ation c
hannels for
loca
l act
ors
to e
xert
incr
ease
d u
pw
ard
s so
cia
l acc
ounta
bility
on the n
ational REDD p
roce
ss;
•
a s
et
of
agre
ed loca
l le
vel m
onitoring indic
ato
rs f
or
REDD (
this c
ould
require a
separa
te m
ultip
le s
takehold
er
exerc
ise w
ith t
he a
im o
f agre
ein
g o
n
criteria a
nd indic
ato
rs t
o t
rack t
he p
rogre
ss a
nd ‘
succ
ess
’ of
REDDplu
s (e
.g.,
eff
ect
iveness
and e
quity
of
benefit
sharing;
gender
and m
inority
gro
up
impact
s; im
pact
of REDD o
n loca
l envi
ronm
enta
l se
rvic
es su
ch a
s w
ate
r quality
, etc
.)..
5.3
Analy
sis of W
orld B
ank S
afe
guard
s In
antici
pation of
fundin
g fr
om
th
e Fore
st Carb
on Part
ners
hip
Faci
lity
, th
e Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
m
ust
ca
refu
lly
analy
se each
of
the W
orld Bank
Safe
guard
polici
es
(see h
ttp:/
/go.w
orldbank.o
rg/W
TA1ODE7T0)
in o
rder
to a
ssess
wheth
er
the p
ropose
d R
EDD a
ctiv
itie
s are
com
patible
with t
he
Safe
guard
polici
es8
, esp
eci
ally:
•
Forests:
this incl
ude the rig
hts
and w
elfare
of fo
rest
dependent people
;
8 Other Safeguard Policies which should be checked, but are less likely to be applicable in the Ghana REDD context are Natural Habitats and
Disputed Areas.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
100
•
Environmental Assessment:
this incl
udes so
me soci
al issu
es as w
ell a
s guid
ance
on e
nvi
ronm
enta
l m
itig
ation m
easu
res;
•
Involuntary resettlement:
this c
ould
be t
riggere
d if
an e
xclu
sionary
REDD s
trate
gy
were
adopte
d,
e.g
., e
vict
ing f
arm
ers
/co
mm
unitie
s fr
om
Fore
st
Rese
rves;
•
Indigenous peoples:
while t
he c
once
pt
of
indig
enous
people
s does
not
really
apply
in G
hana,
many
of
the s
afe
guard
s fo
r in
dig
enous
people
can b
e
rela
ted to the rig
hts
of lo
cal co
mm
unitie
s.
The k
ey
issu
es
are
wheth
er
the p
ropose
d R
EDD a
ctiv
itie
s ca
n b
e u
ndert
aken i
n a
way
that
min
imiz
es
harm
ful
impact
s and t
hat
mitig
ate
s any p
ote
ntially
harm
ful eff
ect
s in
a w
ay
that is c
onsist
ent w
ith the safe
guard
s.
5.4
National SE
SA W
ork
shop a
nd B
riefing
Paper
Follow
ing t
he p
revi
ous
stages,
the Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
org
aniz
e,
togeth
er
with t
he r
ele
vant
gove
rnm
ent
bodie
s and c
once
rned N
GOs,
a n
ational
SESA
work
shop a
t w
hic
h the S
ESA
fin
din
gs w
ould
be p
rese
nte
d a
nd d
iscu
ssed w
ith repre
senta
tive
multip
le sta
kehold
ers
with the a
im o
f m
odifyi
ng (as nece
ssary
) cu
rrent REDD str
ate
gie
s so
that th
e p
riority
soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l co
nce
rns are
inte
gra
ted. The v
arious st
akehold
er gro
ups w
ould
pre
sent th
eir p
ers
pect
ives
and reflect
ions on the S
ESA
fin
din
gs.
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
will also w
rite
a B
riefing P
aper fo
r th
e S
ESA
Work
shop.
5.5
O
n-G
oin
g SE
SA M
onitoring
and A
nnual Update
s
The soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s of REDDplu
s st
rate
gie
s are
to som
e e
xte
nt unpre
dic
table
; dependin
g on the p
olici
es and ince
ntive
s fr
am
ew
ork
, REDDplu
s
could
cause
perv
ers
e i
nce
ntive
s. O
ther
REDDplu
s polici
es
and i
nst
itutional
stra
tegie
s co
uld
pro
ve p
roble
matic
and o
pera
te i
n u
nexpect
ed w
ays
, and t
heir
impro
vem
ent
is likely
to
be an itera
tive
pro
cess
. For
exam
ple
, early
appro
ach
es
to benefit
sharing co
uld
re
quire m
odific
ations
to in
crease
dow
nw
ard
s
acc
ounta
bility
and tra
nsp
are
ncy
, or a fundam
enta
l re
design if th
e ince
ntive
s do n
ot m
ate
rialise
.
The o
n t
he g
round e
ffect
iveness
and e
quity
impact
s of
REDD p
olici
es
must
be f
ed b
ack
to t
he s
takehold
ers
so t
hat
they
can b
e im
pro
ved.
To d
o t
his it
is
ess
ential to
agre
e o
n a
set
of m
onitoring indic
ato
rs a
s already
discu
ssed. The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
will be resp
onsible
for appro
priate
annual re
port
ing t
o
the s
takehold
ers
base
d o
n t
he m
onitoring a
nd f
urt
her
rounds
of
stakehold
er
gro
up d
iscu
ssio
ns
(using t
he 2
010 s
takehold
er
analy
sis
as
a b
ase
line).
Base
d o
n
these
continued c
onsu
ltations and report
s, the Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
would
also w
rite
short
briefing p
apers
on the soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s.
Annex 1
. So
me U
sefu
l Refe
rence
s fo
r SE
SA D
iagn
ost
ic A
naly
sis
Am
anor,
K.S
. & B
row
n, D. (2
006).
Info
rmin
g t
he P
olicy
Pro
cess
: Dece
ntr
alisa
tion a
nd E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Dem
ocra
cy in G
hana. Ove
rseas
Deve
lopm
ent
Inst
itute
and
Univ
ers
ity
of Ghana R
eport
to the D
FID
Natu
ral Reso
urc
e S
yste
ms Pro
gra
mm
e, HTSP
E, UK.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
101
Birik
ora
ng G
, Hanse
n C
P a
nd T
Tre
ue (
2007)
Revi
ew o
f th
e c
urr
ent
taxation r
ele
vant
to t
he f
ore
st s
ect
or
in G
hana. VLTP Background Paper
No.1
, Fore
stry
Com
mission, Acc
ra.
Fore
stry
Com
mission.
(2009).
Brief
ass
ess
ment
of
land u
se a
nd f
ore
st p
olici
es
and g
ove
rnance
in t
he f
ore
st a
rea in G
hana.
R-P
P B
ack
gro
und P
aper.
Fore
stry
Com
mission o
f Ghana, Acc
ra
Fore
st W
atc
h G
hana (2000) Forest Governance in Ghana: An NGO Perspective, FERN. Oxf
ord
and B
russ
els.
Hanse
n, C. P. &
Tre
ue, T. (2
008) Ass
ess
ing Illegal Loggin
g in G
hana. The International Forestry Review
10 (4): 5
73-5
80.
Kato
om
ba G
roup (2009).
REDD O
pport
unitie
s Sc
opin
g E
xerc
ise for Ghana. K
ato
om
ba G
roup &
Natu
re C
onse
rvation R
ese
arc
h C
entr
e. W
ash
ingto
n, D.C
. & A
ccra
Maye
rs, J.
, Birik
ora
ng, G.,
Danso
, E.,
Nketiah, K. & R
ichard
s, M
. (2
008).
Ass
ess
ing t
he P
ote
ntial Im
pact
s of a V
olu
nta
ry P
art
ners
hip
Agre
em
ent
in G
hana w
ith
the E
C o
n F
ore
st G
ove
rnance
. Fin
al Report
. IIED, London.
NCRC (2008).
Tow
ard
s su
stain
able
charc
oal pro
duct
ion in G
hana. Acc
ra.
Shepherd
, G. & N
yam
e, S.
K. (F
ort
hco
min
g).
Fore
sts-
Pove
rty
Toolk
it - N
ational Leve
l Analy
sis and A
ctio
n M
anual. IUCN, Ghana
Tro
penbos (2
004).
Chain
saw
lum
ber:
A n
ece
ssary
evi
l? G
hana W
ork
shop P
roce
edin
gs.
Acc
ra a
nd W
agenin
gen.
Annex 3: Refere
nce
Sce
nario
THIS
PAGE INTENTIO
NALLY L
EFT B
LANK
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
102
Annex 4: Monitoring System
THIS
PAGE INTENTIO
NALLY L
EFT B
LANK
Annex 6: Pro
gra
m M
onitoring and Evaluation
THIS
PAGE INTENTIO
NALLY L
EFT B
LANK
Annex 7: Back
gro
und Paper
‘Brief ass
ess
ment of la
nd u
se a
nd fore
st p
olici
es and g
overn
ance
in the fore
st a
rea in G
hana’
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
103
ToR
s fo
r R
ToR
s fo
r R
ToR
s fo
r R
ToR
s fo
r R- ---P
lan T
ask
A1
Pla
n T
ask
A1
Pla
n T
ask
A1
Pla
n T
ask
A1: <Pre
para
tion
of a b
rief
ass
essm
ent of
land u
se a
nd for
est pol
icie
s and g
over
nance
in the
fore
st a
rea in
: <Pre
para
tion
of a b
rief
ass
essm
ent of
land u
se a
nd for
est pol
icie
s and g
over
nance
in the
fore
st a
rea in
: <Pre
para
tion
of a b
rief
ass
essm
ent of
land u
se a
nd for
est pol
icie
s and g
over
nance
in the
fore
st a
rea in
: <Pre
para
tion
of a b
rief
ass
essm
ent of
land u
se a
nd for
est pol
icie
s and g
over
nance
in the
fore
st a
rea in
Ghana>
Ghana>
Ghana>
Ghana>
“This
brief
analy
tic paper
will m
ap the
rele
vant fo
rest
and land
the
rele
vant fo
rest
and land
the
rele
vant fo
rest
and land
the
rele
vant fo
rest
and land- ---u
se p
olicie
s and thos
e pol
iuse
pol
icie
s and thos
e pol
iuse
pol
icie
s and thos
e pol
iuse
pol
icie
s and thos
e pol
icie
s th
at affec
t fo
rest
s in
direc
tly
cies
that affec
t fo
rest
s in
direc
tly
cies
that affec
t fo
rest
s in
direc
tly
cies
that affec
t fo
rest
s in
direc
tly. It
will
als
o id
entify
know
ledge
gaps
that
nee
d t
o be
analy
zed m
ore
in d
etail
iden
tify
know
ledge
gaps
that
nee
d t
o be
analy
zed m
ore
in d
etail
iden
tify
know
ledge
gaps
that
nee
d t
o be
analy
zed m
ore
in d
etail
iden
tify
know
ledge
gaps
that
nee
d t
o be
analy
zed m
ore
in d
etail. The
paper
, which w
ould
be
lim
ited
[to
] 10-1
5 p
ages
in
length
(si
c), sh
ould
hel
p set
the
stage
for th
e R
hel
p set
the
stage
for th
e R
hel
p set
the
stage
for th
e R
hel
p set
the
stage
for th
e R- ---P
lan p
roce
ssPla
n p
roce
ssPla
n p
roce
ssPla
n p
roce
ss, by p
ointing to
wher
e po
poi
nting to
wher
e po
poi
nting to
wher
e po
poi
nting to
wher
e policy
inte
rven
tion
s fa
iled
and
licy
inte
rven
tion
s fa
iled
and
licy
inte
rven
tion
s fa
iled
and
licy
inte
rven
tion
s fa
iled
and w
hy, and w
hich
inte
rven
tion
s sh
ow s
ome
pro
mis
ein
terv
ention
s sh
ow s
ome
pro
mis
ein
terv
ention
s sh
ow s
ome
pro
mis
ein
terv
ention
s sh
ow s
ome
pro
mis
e base
d o
n p
rior
exper
ience
in the
Ghanaia
n c
onte
xt. T
he
paper
wou
ld thus
esta
blish
the
basi
s The
paper
wou
ld thus
esta
blish
the
basi
s The
paper
wou
ld thus
esta
blish
the
basi
s The
paper
wou
ld thus
esta
blish
the
basi
s
for th
e el
abor
ation
of th
e RED
D str
ate
gy.
for th
e el
abor
ation
of th
e RED
D str
ate
gy.
for th
e el
abor
ation
of th
e RED
D str
ate
gy.
for th
e el
abor
ation
of th
e RED
D str
ate
gy.
Pre
sente
d in a
brief
and a
cces
sible
manner
brief
and a
cces
sible
manner
brief
and a
cces
sible
manner
brief
and a
cces
sible
manner
the
ass
essm
ent will ex
am
ine
stra
tegie
s at lo
cal, n
ation
al and inte
rnation
al le
vel
exam
ine
stra
tegie
s at lo
cal, n
ation
al and inte
rnation
al le
vel
exam
ine
stra
tegie
s at lo
cal, n
ation
al and inte
rnation
al le
vel
exam
ine
stra
tegie
s at lo
cal, n
ation
al and inte
rnation
al le
vel
. It
will en
com
pass
thos
e appro
ach
es t
hat
are
driven
by, or
tec
hnically a
nd f
inancially s
uppor
ted b
y, in
tern
ation
al and n
ation
al
are
driven
by, or
tec
hnically a
nd f
inancially s
uppor
ted b
y, in
tern
ation
al and n
ation
al
are
driven
by, or
tec
hnically a
nd f
inancially s
uppor
ted b
y, in
tern
ation
al and n
ation
al
are
driven
by, or
tec
hnically a
nd f
inancially s
uppor
ted b
y, in
tern
ation
al and n
ation
al
act
ors
act
ors
act
ors
act
ors. It will se
ek to
ass
ess th
e co
mple
x challen
ges
of Ghana’s land ten
ure
syst
em a
nd for
est ow
ner
ship
with p
art
icula
r re
gard
to
the
rela
tion
ship
bet
wee
n n
ation
al and s
tool
lev
el m
anage
men
t. T
hes
e ass
essm
ents
will also
enco
mpass
lev
els
of c
apacity
within
inst
itution
s and the
histo
rica
l and reg
ional ex
per
ience
s of
ref
orm
. All o
f th
ese
fact
ors will also
be
addre
ssed
fro
m the
per
spec
tives
of b
oth c
onse
rvation
and p
over
ty a
llev
iation
to
iden
tify
the
pot
ential im
pact
s of
diffe
rent appro
ach
es o
n b
oth the
poo
r and the
environ
men
t on
which m
any
of them
rel
y. This a
sses
smen
t will th
us
hel
p to
iden
tify
key
succ
ess
stor
ies
iden
tify
key
succ
ess
stor
ies
iden
tify
key
succ
ess
stor
ies
iden
tify
key
succ
ess
stor
ies
that ca
n b
e built on
in
the
subse
quen
t R-P
lan im
ple
men
tation
pro
cess
.”
A.
SUMMARY
Defo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st d
egra
dation a
re ‘slow
drip’ phenom
ena in G
hana, That is, th
e p
roce
ss is la
rgely
one o
f lo
ng-t
erm
and p
rogre
ssiv
e d
egra
dation, w
ithout
any
dom
inant defo
rest
ation d
rive
rs, th
ough fore
st loss
is neve
rthele
ss o
ccurr
ing a
t a sig
nific
ant ra
te. S
om
e e
stim
ate
s fo
r th
e p
eriod 1
900-2
000 p
ut th
is a
s hig
h
as
80%.
By
1993,
only
half (
by
are
a)
of
the c
ountr
y’s
rese
rved f
ore
sts
was
said
to b
e in a
reaso
nable
conditio
n,
and m
any
have
continued t
o d
ete
riora
te.
Degra
dation in t
he o
ff-r
ese
rve a
reas
of
the h
igh f
ore
st z
one is
pro
ceedin
g a
t an e
ven g
reate
r pace
. The t
imber
indust
ry is
close
to c
risis
poin
t, w
ith o
ffta
ke
more
than thre
e tim
es th
e sust
ain
able
harv
est
leve
l, a
nd the supply
decl
inin
g rapid
ly in b
oth
quantity
and q
uality
.
A n
um
ber of in
fluence
s acc
ount fo
r th
is situation, both
fore
st sect
or and e
xtr
a-s
ect
ora
l. M
ajo
r in
fluence
s in
clude (a) popula
tion g
row
th a
nd incre
asing d
em
and
for tim
ber and a
gricu
ltura
l pro
duct
s, b
oth
nationally
and inte
rnationally;
(b)t
he p
oor gove
rnance
of th
e fore
st sect
or,
whic
h h
as
led to m
ass
ive o
ver-
capaci
ty,
to a
n indust
ry str
uct
ure
unco
nduci
ve to h
igh v
alu
e a
dded, and to a
thrivi
ng m
ark
et fo
r ‘illegal’ c
hain
saw
lum
ber;
(c)
conve
rsio
n to a
gricu
lture
, part
icula
rly
for
pro
duct
ion o
f coco
a,
the m
ain
cro
p in t
he h
igh f
ore
st z
one;
(d)
bush
fires,
esp
eci
ally in t
he t
ransition a
nd s
ava
nnah z
ones;
(e)
min
era
ls e
xtr
act
ion.
Agro
-
indust
ries
and larg
e s
cale
com
merc
ial pro
duct
ions
have
not
been m
ajo
r ca
use
s hithert
o. How
eve
r, d
em
and is
gro
win
g for oil p
alm
and o
ther oils
and b
iofu
els,
and for export
cro
ps su
ch a
s pin
eapple
.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
104
The p
oor
gove
rnance
of
the f
ore
st s
ect
or
is w
ell d
ocu
mente
d,
and t
here
is
som
e a
gre
em
ent
on t
he r
em
edia
l act
ions
that
are
needed.
A n
um
ber
of
refo
rm
measu
res
have
already
been im
ple
mente
d,
incl
udin
g t
hose
rela
ted t
o F
LEGT a
ctiv
itie
s linked t
o t
he E
U v
olu
nta
ry p
art
ners
hip
agre
em
ent
(VPA)
whic
h h
ave
galv
aniz
ed p
ublic
inte
rest
in f
ore
st g
ove
rnance
on a
national
scale
. Arg
uably
, how
eve
r, t
he m
ost
pre
ssin
g r
equirem
ent,
and t
he f
act
or
likely
to h
ave
the
gre
ate
st im
pact
on f
ore
st c
over,
is
yet
to b
e a
ddre
ssed.
This is
the n
eed f
or
ince
ntive
s fo
r tr
ee c
onse
rvation a
nd p
lanting in t
he h
igh f
ore
st z
one.
A r
adic
al
refo
rm o
f tr
ee tenure
in the o
ff-r
ese
rve a
reas co
uld
well b
e required, to
incr
ease
the tenurial rights
of fa
rmers
and land o
wners
. Su
ccess
ive g
ove
rnm
ents
have
been relu
ctant to
conte
mpla
te the surr
ender of th
e S
tate
’s c
ontr
ol, h
ow
eve
r. Im
ple
menting the refo
rm w
ould
also b
e c
hallengin
g, as la
nd m
ark
ets
have
a long
histo
ry in the fore
st a
reas,
and c
onflic
ts a
lready
exist ove
r la
nd c
laim
s in
many
are
as.
Coco
a is sy
nonym
ous w
ith the e
conom
y of th
e h
igh fore
st z
one a
nd its
pro
duct
ion inevi
tably
im
plies
som
e loss
of fo
rest
cove
r, b
ut degra
dation h
as
been m
uch
incr
ease
d in r
ece
nt
years
by
the intr
oduct
ion o
f new
full-s
un h
ybrid v
arieties.
Reve
rsio
n t
o t
he s
hade-d
ependent
traditio
nal va
rieties
would
have
much
to
com
mend i
t, a
s it w
ould
not
only
im
pro
ve t
ree c
ove
r on t
he f
arm
but
mig
ht
also r
evi
ve s
upport
within
the f
arm
ing c
om
munity
for
the p
olicy
of
fore
st
rese
rvation,
with a
ttendant
atm
osp
heric
benefits
. H
ow
eve
r, t
he d
ecl
inin
g a
rea a
vailable
for
food c
rops
is p
ush
ing f
arm
ers
to f
avo
ur
open-f
ield
varieties,
in
part
beca
use
of th
eir inte
r-cr
oppin
g p
ote
ntial, d
esp
ite long-
term
sust
ain
ability
conce
rns.
Oth
er
cause
s of degra
dation a
ssoci
ate
d w
ith r
ura
l live
lihoods,
such
as
shifting c
ultiv
ation a
nd fire in t
he a
gricu
ltura
l and p
ast
ora
l cy
cles,
have
long e
xerc
ised
the a
uth
orities.
How
eve
r, w
ithout vi
able
altern
ative
s w
ell-a
dapte
d to the low
purc
hasing p
ow
er of th
e rura
l m
ajo
rity
, litt
le h
eadw
ay h
as been m
ade o
n fin
din
g
subst
itute
liv
elihoods.
There
is
also s
trong h
ost
ility
to c
harc
oal and f
uelw
ood p
roduct
ion t
hough,
again
, th
e h
igh d
em
and f
rom
consu
mers
cannot
easily
be
ignore
d. Neither sh
ould
it be a
ssum
ed that ch
arc
oal pro
duction sys
tem
s are
univ
ers
ally
dest
ruct
ive o
f fo
rest
cove
r, for so
me sys
tem
s co
uld
well b
e sust
ain
able
,
and m
ay
repre
sent optim
al use
of m
arg
inal sc
rub lands.
Fin
ally,
the m
inin
g sect
or also g
ives ca
use
for co
nce
rn, both
as re
gard
s la
rge-s
cale
indust
rial opera
tions and a
rtisanal ‘g
ala
mse
y’.
This paper
revi
ew
s th
e drive
rs of
defo
rest
ation and (p
art
icula
rly)
degra
dation both
in
th
e fo
rest
se
ctor
and beyo
nd,
considering th
e re
cord
of
policy
inte
rventions and p
roje
ct a
ctiv
itie
s as appro
priate
, and then d
iscu
sses th
e v
arious le
ssons le
arn
t.
Conte
nts
Annexes ..
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1
Annex 7
: Back
gro
und P
aper ..
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102
A.
SUMMARY ...
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.. 103
A.
INTRODUCTIO
N ...
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... 1
07
A.
THE C
ONTEXT ..
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.. 108
B.
DRIV
ERS
OF D
EFOREST
ATIO
N A
ND F
OREST
DEGRADATIO
N ...
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.. 111
C.1
De
mo
gra
ph
ic c
ha
ng
es
in G
ha
na
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11
2
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
105
C.2
Im
me
dia
te d
riv
ers
of
de
fore
sta
tio
n a
nd
fo
rest
de
gra
da
tio
n ..
....
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... 1
13
C.
LESS
ONS
LEARNT ...
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. 129
D.
REFERENCES ..
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132
ANNEX O
NE: Land a
nd T
ree T
enure
in G
hana ..
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136
List of Acr
onym
s
ASM
Art
isanal and sm
all-s
cale
min
ing
BAU
‘B
usiness
as usu
al’
CREMA
Com
munity
reso
urc
e m
anagem
ent are
a
EU
Euro
pean U
nio
n
FAO
Food a
nd A
gricu
lture
Org
anisation o
f th
e U
N
FLEGT
Fore
st law
enfo
rcem
ent,
gove
rnance
and tra
de
GDP
Gro
ss d
om
est
ic p
roduct
GoG
Gove
rnm
ent of Ghana
GPRS
Ghana p
ove
rty
reduct
ion str
ate
gy
(tw
o v
ers
ions:
GPRS1
(2003) 2004-5
; G
PRSI
I (2
005) 2006-9
.
HFZ
Hig
h fore
st z
one
LAP
Land A
dm
inistr
ation P
roje
ct (of th
e M
LNR)
MDG
Mille
nniu
m d
eve
lopm
ent goal
MLNR
Min
istr
y of Lands and N
atu
ral Reso
urc
es
NDPC
National Deve
lopm
ent Pla
nnin
g C
ounci
l
REDD
Reduce
d e
missions fr
om
defo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st d
egra
dation
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
106
TUC
Tim
ber utilisa
tion c
ontr
act
TUP
Tim
ber utilisa
tion p
erm
it
VPA
Volu
nta
ry p
art
ners
hip
agre
em
ent (w
ith the E
uro
pean U
nio
n)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
107
A.
INTRODUCTION
Fore
st reso
urc
es have
pla
yed a
centr
al part
in G
hana’s
histo
rica
l deve
lopm
ent,
and c
ontinue to d
o so to this d
ay.
T
his is evi
dent not only
in the p
rom
inence
of
fore
st p
roduct
s (c
hie
fly
tim
ber and c
oco
a) in
Ghana’s
export
tra
de, but in
the w
hole
str
uct
ure
of th
e soci
ety
, bein
g reflect
ed in the c
ountr
y’s distinct
ive
soci
al st
ruct
ure
(part
icula
rly
in t
he A
kan a
reas)
and in t
he u
nusu
al com
ple
xity
of
its
land a
nd labour
mark
ets
. H
ow
eve
r, w
ith f
ew
exce
ptions,
Ghana’s
hig
h
fore
st a
reas
are
now
in a
seve
rely
degra
ded c
onditio
n,
and it
is r
eco
gnised t
hat
without
urg
ent
and r
adic
al
rem
edia
l act
ion,
the p
rosp
ect
s fo
r th
e f
ore
st
indust
ry a
re p
oor.
This c
ould
have
majo
r knock
-on e
ffect
s fo
r agricu
lture
and t
he e
nvi
ronm
ent
(volu
me a
nd i
nci
dence
of
rain
fall,
atm
osp
heric h
um
idity,
wate
rsheds,
soil a
nd w
ate
r co
nse
rvation, etc
.) a
nd for th
e c
ountr
y’s ability
to a
dapt to
the p
redic
ted leve
ls o
f cl
imate
change.
Ghana h
as
benefite
d fro
m d
ivers
e m
ulti-donor
support
for
natu
ral re
sourc
e m
anagem
ent
in r
ece
nt
years
, in
reco
gnitio
n o
f th
e c
ruci
al ro
le o
f th
ese
sect
ors
in
the n
ational eco
nom
y a
nd in a
ny
stra
tegy
of pove
rty
allevi
ation. P
rogra
mm
es
have
inclu
ded m
ilest
one inve
stm
ents
such
as
the F
ore
st R
eso
urc
e M
anagem
ent
Pro
gra
mm
e,
Natu
ral Reso
urc
e M
anagem
ent
Pro
gra
mm
e,
and o
thers
. These
pro
gra
mm
es
have
had v
ary
ing leve
ls o
f su
ccess
, both
in s
ub-s
ect
ora
l and r
egio
nal
term
s, r
eflect
ing G
hana’s
unusu
ally
com
ple
x s
ocia
l st
ruct
ure
(part
icula
rly
in t
he H
FZ),
th
e v
ariety
of fo
rces
seekin
g t
o influence
policy
deve
lopm
ent
and t
he
difficu
ltie
s of ensu
ring the e
ffect
iveness
of lo
ng-t
erm
pla
nnin
g in c
onditio
ns of eco
nom
ic inst
ability,
as w
ell a
s a tendency
to o
ver-
centr
alisa
tion. Perf
orm
ance
w
as also a
ffect
ed b
y th
e lim
itations of past
national pla
nnin
g e
xerc
ises (‘
Makin
g P
eople
Matt
er’
[1991];
‘National Dev
elo
pm
ent Policy
Fra
mew
ork
’ [1
994];
and ‘Visio
n 2
020’ [1
995],
late
r deve
loped into
the ‘First
Mediu
m T
erm
Deve
lopm
ent Pla
n’ of 1996),
whic
h w
ere
un-c
ost
ed
and lack
ed t
he d
eta
il n
eeded t
o p
rovi
de e
ffect
ive g
uid
ance
for
sect
ora
l pro
gra
mm
e d
eve
lopm
ent.
The c
urr
ent
‘Ghana P
ove
rty
Reduct
ion S
trate
gie
s’ (GPRS
1,
2003-5
; GPRS
II, 2006-9
) and n
ew
appro
ach
es to
donor su
pport
(aid
harm
oniz
ation a
nd a
lignm
ent,
and a
shift aw
ay fro
m e
ncl
ave
pro
ject
s) o
ffer th
e p
rosp
ect
of
a m
ore
coord
inate
d a
ppro
ach
.
Experience
has
show
n t
hat
unsu
stain
able
natu
ral re
sourc
e m
anagem
ent
can h
ave
very
negative
eff
ect
s on t
he e
conom
y in
term
s of
envi
ronm
enta
l dam
age,
reduce
d p
roduct
ivity
and e
rosion o
f th
e n
ational ass
ets
base
. Ow
ners
hip
of
natu
ral re
sourc
es
has
been d
ispers
ed (
and t
here
fore
fra
gm
ente
d),
and e
conom
ic
pre
ssure
s have
encoura
ged u
nsu
stain
able
explo
itation. The G
ove
rnm
ent re
cogniz
es th
at,
in term
s of m
ovi
ng the c
ountr
y to
thrivi
ng m
iddle
-inco
me leve
l st
atu
s,
new
ways
of w
ork
ing n
eed to b
e d
eve
loped. New
polici
es and law
s, n
ew
ince
ntive
str
uct
ure
s, a
nd n
ew
gove
rnance
and e
nfo
rcem
ent m
ech
anism
s w
ill all p
lay
a
role
. Ghana s
till h
as
valu
able
natu
ral re
sourc
es
and t
he G
ove
rnm
ent
is d
ete
rmin
ed t
o w
rite
a n
ew
chapte
r in
the u
se o
f its
natu
ral w
ealth in o
rder
to p
rote
ct
and d
eve
lop the a
ssets
base
, and b
uild o
n its
natu
ral ca
pital. An inte
gra
ted e
nvi
ronm
ent and n
atu
ral re
sourc
e p
olicy
is pro
pose
d, under th
e N
atu
ral Reso
urc
es
and E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Gove
rnance
Pro
gra
mm
e (
NREG).
This a
ims
to incr
ease
the c
ontr
ibutions
of
the n
atu
ral
reso
urc
e s
ect
ors
(part
icula
rly
fore
stry
, w
ildlife
,
min
ing)
and t
he e
nvi
ronm
enta
l se
ctors
to t
he s
oci
o-e
conom
ic d
eve
lopm
ent
of
Ghana.
NREG w
ill ensu
re t
hat
resp
onsibilitie
s fo
r su
stain
able
natu
ral re
sourc
e
managem
ent and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l pro
tect
ion a
nd e
nhance
ment are
share
d b
y all, w
ith a
com
mon g
oal of using reso
urc
es
for univ
ers
al public
benefit,
esp
eci
ally
for
the p
oor
and d
isadva
nta
ged.
Ways
of
work
ing w
ithin
gove
rnm
ent
will be im
pro
ved,
with im
pro
ved inte
r-m
iniste
rial co
ord
ination a
nd d
eci
sion m
akin
g w
ill
beco
me m
ore
open a
t all leve
ls (national, regio
nal and local). Com
munic
ations and p
ublic
aw
are
ness
will be im
pro
ved, and a
policy
fra
mew
ork
develo
ped that
enable
loca
l co
mm
unitie
s and h
ouse
hold
s to
benefit fr
om
sust
ain
able
managem
ent.
NREG w
ill pro
vide a
nnual budget su
pport
to sust
ain
the im
ple
menta
tion o
f
the r
efo
rms
pla
nned b
y th
e G
ove
rnm
ent
in t
he a
reas
of
natu
ral re
sourc
es
and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l gove
rnance
(2008-1
3).
i R
EDD o
ffera
dditio
nal opport
unitie
s fo
r
more
pre
dic
table
fin
anci
ng, ove
rcom
ing the p
roble
ms of st
op-g
o b
udgeting that underm
ined p
ast
polici
es.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
108
In r
ece
nt
years
, fo
rest
policy
deve
lopm
ent
has
focu
sed p
art
icula
rly o
n F
LEGT iss
ues,
and a
mong t
he b
enefits
of
this initia
tive
has
been incr
ease
d n
ational
dia
logue a
round t
he m
ajo
r gove
rnance
challenges
that
the s
ect
or
confr
onts
(Beeko,
2008).
A
naly
ses
undert
aken f
or
FLEGT s
trate
gy
em
phasize
the n
eed f
or
gove
rnance
im
pro
vem
ents
on seve
ral fr
onts
and o
ffer a road m
ap for gove
rnance
refo
rm w
hic
h h
as co
nsidera
ble
rele
vance
to futu
re R
EDD p
olicy
.
This p
aper m
aps out th
e fore
st a
nd land-u
se p
olici
es th
at are
most
rele
vant to
the them
e o
f REDD. It sets
the sta
ge for th
e R
-Pla
n p
roce
ss b
y desc
ribin
g the
main
policie
s and a
ctiv
itie
s th
at aff
ect
fore
st c
ove
r and lead to d
efo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st d
egra
dation.
A. THE CONTEXT
Ghana’s
land a
rea is 24 m
illion h
a. (s
imilar to
Uganda o
r th
e U
K). The n
atu
ral la
ndsc
ape c
om
prise
s fo
ur m
ajo
r eco
logic
al zo
nes (A
gya
rko, 2007; Kort
ats
i &
Jorg
ense
n, 2001):
tro
pic
al m
oist fo
rest
in the south
and south
west
(th
e h
igh fore
st z
one [HFZ];
8 m
illion h
a.)
; tr
ansitional zo
ne in the m
iddle
belt b
etw
een
nort
h a
nd south
(1 m
illion h
a);
sava
nnah w
oodla
nds in
the n
ort
h (15 m
n. ha); a
nd the A
ccra
coast
al pla
in (0.6
million h
a.)
. T
he g
reate
st a
bove
-gro
und c
arb
on
store
s are
in the H
FZ.
The H
FZ is zo
ned into
fore
st rese
rves (b
oth
pro
duct
ion a
nd p
rote
ctio
n rese
rves,
most
ly g
aze
tted in the 1
920s and ‘30s)
and o
ff-r
ese
rve a
reas (T
able
2).
53% o
f
the p
erm
anent fo
rest
est
ate
is outs
ide o
f th
e tim
ber pro
duct
ion c
ycle
. The rem
ain
der of th
e H
FZ is off
-rese
rve (c.
6.5
million h
a).
Most
of th
is is degr
aded in
fore
stry
term
s (b
ut cf
. Fairhead a
nd L
each
, 1998),
and is la
rgely
devo
ted to a
gro
fore
stry
. The residual cl
ose
d c
anopy
off
-rese
rve fore
st a
rea is va
riously
claim
ed to b
e b
etw
een 1
00,0
00 – 3
50,0
00 k
m2 (th
e W
orld B
ank’s
2006 Ghana Country Environmental Assessment,
whic
h d
raw
s on rece
nt sa
tellite im
agery
,
giv
es an e
stim
ate
at th
e low
er end o
f th
is range).
Table
2. Fore
st R
eso
urc
es in
the H
FZ
Forest Type
Area (hectares)
Percentage
Reserve Areas (HFZ)
of which:
20%
Tim
ber Pro
duct
ion A
rea
762,4
00
47
Perm
anent Pro
tect
ion
352,5
00
22
Conva
lesc
ence
122,0
00
7
Conve
rsio
n
127.2
00
8
Not in
vento
ried (co
nve
rsio
n)
270,0
00
16
Tota
l Rese
rve a
rea
1,6
34,1
00
100
Off-reserve area (HFZ)
6,500,100
80%
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
109
Of which:
Clo
sed c
anopy
fore
st
100,0
00 – 3
50,0
00
1.5
– 5
Source: Agyarko (2007)
Table
3 g
ives a b
reakdow
n o
f national la
nd c
ove
r are
as by
vegeta
tion typ
e (ra
ther th
an b
y off
icia
l cl
ass
ific
ation) acc
ord
ing to the 2
000 G
lobal Land C
ove
r
ass
ess
ment.
Table
3. G
hana: National Land C
over Are
as ( ‘0
00 h
a.)
Ghana
Dense
fore
st
Mosa
ic
fore
st /
cropla
nds
Woodla
nds/
shru
bla
nds
Gra
ssla
nds
Agr
iculture
Bare
soil
Wetlands
1,1
93
6,5
25
13,6
17
2
697
5
17
Source: Global Land Cover 2000 map (JRC/EC, 2003)
The role
s pla
yed b
y fo
rest
reso
urc
es in
the G
hana e
conom
y are
a face
t of a w
ider co
nte
xt of hig
h n
atu
ral re
sourc
e d
ependence
(Table
1). Natu
ral re
sourc
es
form
the leadin
g sect
or of th
e e
conom
y. Incl
udin
g m
inin
g, th
ey
curr
ently
pro
vide 4
3% o
f GDP. One c
rop a
lone (co
coa) pro
vides 8% o
f GDP, double
the
contr
ibution o
f fo
rest
ry, and a
lmost
equiv
ale
nt to
gove
rnm
ent se
rvic
es.
Table
1. St
ruct
ure
of Ghana G
DP b
y k
ind o
f eco
nom
ic a
ctiv
ity (Perc
enta
ges)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
110
Eco
nom
ic S
ect
or
2000
2004
Agr
iculture
35
38
Cro
ps and liv
est
ock
22
22
Coco
a sub-s
ect
or
5
8
Fore
stry
and L
oggin
g
4
4
Fishin
g
5
4
Indust
ry
25
25
Min
ing a
nd Q
uarr
ying
5
5
Manufa
cturing, co
nst
ruct
ion
18
18
Ele
ctrici
ty a
nd W
ate
r 3
3
Serv
ices
29
29
Gove
rnm
ent se
rvic
es
10
10
Oth
er (c
om
merc
e, hosp
itality
, tr
ansp
ort
, financi
al, e
tc.)
19
19
Net in
direct
taxes
11
9
GDP in Purchasers Value
100
[101]*
[*All figures rounded to nearest whole number]
Source: GPRSII 2006: p. 16 (NDPC/Ghana Statistical Service)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
111
Desp
ite the h
eavy
histo
rica
l dependence
of th
e c
ountr
y on its
fore
sts,
their e
xplo
itation is in
creasingly
vie
wed a
s unsu
stain
able
. T
he e
xte
nt of defo
rest
ation
and f
ore
st d
egra
dation is
a m
att
er
of
national co
nce
rn,
with m
ajo
r im
plica
tions
for
national in
com
e a
nd e
mplo
yment
as
well a
s envi
ronm
enta
l in
tegrity
and
serv
ices,
and for so
cial w
elfare
.
A third o
f Ghana’s
fore
sts are
said
to h
ave
been lost
in the p
eriod 1
955-7
2 (Kote
y et al 1998, quoting H
all, 1987),
with som
e e
stim
ate
s of fo
rest
loss
in the last
centu
ry b
ein
g a
s hig
h a
s 80% (e.g
. Fore
st W
atc
h G
hana, 2000).
Loss
of natu
ral fo
rest
in t
he d
eca
de t
o 2
000 is
est
imate
d t
o b
e 1
6% (W
RI, 2
009).
By
1993, only
about half o
f Ghana’s
rese
rved fore
sts w
ere
in a
conditio
n d
esc
ribed a
s ‘r
easo
nable
’, w
ith the rest
bein
g d
egra
ded o
r w
ors
e (Agya
rko, 2007, quoting H
aw
thorn
e
and J
uam
, 1993).
ii R
ece
nt
studie
s est
imate
the c
ost
of
envi
ronm
enta
l degra
dation in t
he m
ajo
r natu
ral re
sourc
e s
ecto
rs a
t 5-1
0% o
f GDP.
The f
ore
st s
ect
or
acc
ounts
for 63% o
f th
is c
ost
(c.
US$
500 m
illion) (B
irik
ora
ng e
t al, 2
007 q
uoting C
arr
et et al. 2
006; W
orld B
ank, 2006: 22).
If re
media
l act
ion is not ta
ken, th
is
is lik
ely
to seve
rely
im
pede n
ational gro
wth
. The p
rosp
ect
is already
imm
inent of a tra
nsition fro
m a
bundance
of tim
ber to
sca
rcity
(World B
ank, 2006: pp. 22,
32).
B. DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION
For
the m
ost
part
, defo
rest
ation a
nd f
ore
st d
egra
dation in t
he G
hana s
ituation a
re ‘
slow
drip’
phenom
ena -
that
is,
incr
em
enta
l ra
ther
than d
ram
atic.
The
em
phasis
is v
ery
much
on d
egra
dation,
whic
h r
esu
lts
from
the m
ultip
le a
ctio
ns
of
div
ers
e a
ctors
, w
ith n
o s
ingle
dom
inant
influence
s. T
here
are
none o
f th
e
majo
r in
dust
rial
defo
rest
ation d
rive
rs w
hic
h h
ave
so
radic
ally
changed t
he l
andsc
ape e
lsew
here
the t
ropic
s (a
s in
Bra
zil
and I
ndonesian K
alim
anta
n,
for
inst
ance
).
A range o
f direct
and indirect
influence
s on t
he loss
of fo
rest
cove
r ca
n b
e identified (Contr
era
s-Herm
osilla, 2000; Geist
& L
am
bin
, 2002; Agya
rko, 2007).
The
immediate (proximate) drivers incl
ude:
i.
Tim
ber harv
est
ing (indust
rial lo
ggin
g; c
hain
saw
loggin
g)
ii.
Non-m
ech
anised a
gricu
lture
and a
gricu
ltura
l pra
ctic
es,
incl
udin
g:
a.
Agricu
ltura
l expansion; la
nd c
onve
rsio
n for beve
rage, oil a
nd o
ther cr
ops
b.
small-s
cale
agricu
lture
and p
ast
ora
lism
iii.
Oth
er co
mm
erc
ial agricu
lture
& p
lanta
tions,
incl
udin
g m
ech
anised farm
ing
iv.
Energ
y (f
irew
ood a
nd c
harc
oal)
v.
Min
ing (la
rge-s
cale
and a
rtisanal/
‘gala
mse
y’)
Underp
innin
g these
drive
rs in the G
hana c
onte
xt are
a n
um
ber of underlying causes in
cludin
g:
• Demographic factors
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
112
• Institutional and policy issues
• Economic
The demographic factors
conce
rn t
he s
ubst
antial popula
tion g
row
th w
hic
h h
as
occ
urr
ed in r
ece
nt
years
, m
ost
nota
bly
in t
he m
ajo
r urb
an s
ett
lem
ents
whic
h h
ave
expanded d
ram
atica
lly.
The institutional and policy issues re
late
to thre
e o
verlappin
g a
reas:
a)
Gove
rnance
weakness
es in
cludin
g the c
om
ple
xity
of pro
pert
y and tenurial rights
b)
Mark
et fa
ilure
s, such
as prici
ng o
f fo
rest
goods and serv
ices,
and m
onopso
nistic
mark
et disto
rtio
ns
c)
Extr
a-s
ect
ora
l policy
influences,
chie
fly
rela
ting to a
gricu
ltura
l and m
inin
g p
olici
es
Economic and trade factors
incl
ude p
att
ern
s of
loca
l, r
egio
nal and inte
rnational dem
and f
or
Ghana’s
tim
ber
and o
ther
pro
duct
s, p
art
icula
rly
coco
a a
nd
min
era
ls (Bogete
c et al, 2
007; Bla
ckett
& G
ard
ett
e, 2008).
The inst
itutional, p
olicy
and e
conom
ic f
act
ors
are
clo
sely
inte
rwove
n w
ith t
he p
roxim
ate
cause
s of
defo
rest
ation a
nd t
heir d
iscu
ssio
n w
ill be s
ubsu
med
into
that analy
sis (S
ect
ion C
.2).
The b
roader dem
ogra
phic
cause
s are
briefly
revi
ew
ed b
elo
w.
C.1 Demographic changes in Ghana
Although t
he c
ountr
y had a
n e
nvi
able
inherita
nce
at
independence
in t
erm
s of
fore
ign e
xch
ange r
ese
rves,
an e
stablish
ed s
yste
m o
f sc
hooling,
educa
ted
leaders
hip
and a
str
ong s
oci
al re
form
ist
agenda,
Ghana’s
early
deve
lopm
ent
failed t
o fulfil its
pro
mise,
and t
he f
irst
thre
e d
eca
des
aft
er
independence
were
mark
ed b
y ra
pid
econom
ic d
ecl
ine.
Ove
r-dependence
on t
hre
e p
rim
ary
pro
duct
s –
cocoa,
gold
and t
imber
– le
ft t
he c
ountr
y vu
lnera
ble
to t
he v
agaries
of
inte
rnational m
ark
ets
and the c
urs
e o
f th
e m
ono-c
rop a
gricultura
l eco
nom
y, a
nd the h
oped-f
or div
ers
ific
ation a
nd indust
rialisa
tion failed to m
ate
rialise
. O
nly
in t
he late
1980s
did
the c
ountr
y begin
to r
eco
ver
its
regio
nal pre
-em
inence
, and it
has
ach
ieve
d t
his larg
ely
thro
ugh
risin
g m
ark
ets
and s
table
dem
ocr
atic
gove
rnm
ent,
leadin
g t
o a
n im
pro
ved c
lim
ate
for
eco
nom
ic p
olicy
, in
vest
ment
and a
id,
rath
er
than a
ny
majo
r re
stru
cturing o
f th
e e
conom
y (
Bogete
c et al,
2007).
Sin
ce t
he c
om
mence
ment
of
the e
conom
ic re
covery
, Ghana h
as
purs
ued a st
rate
gy
whic
h c
om
bin
es
a c
om
mitm
ent
to p
ove
rty
reduct
ion a
nd t
he
att
ain
ment
of
the M
DGs
with a
pro
gra
mm
e o
f eco
nom
ic g
row
th t
arg
ete
d o
n a
ttain
ment
of
mid
dle
inco
me s
tatu
s w
ithin
a m
easu
rable
pla
nnin
g p
eriod (
NDPC,
2005).
Popula
tion a
nd u
rbanisation h
ave
both
incr
ease
d r
apid
ly s
ince
independence
, and G
hana i
s w
ell o
n t
he r
oad t
o b
ecom
ing a
pre
dom
inantly
urb
an s
oci
ety
.
Popula
tion h
as
more
than t
riple
d,
from
6 m
illion (
1957)
to 2
0 m
illion (
2002),
and is
expect
ed t
o r
each
31 m
illion b
y 2025 (
WRI, 2
007).
National popula
tion
gro
wth
rate
show
s so
me s
igns
of
dim
inishin
g,
how
eve
r, d
roppin
g f
rom
3% in 1
994 t
o 2
.7% in 2
000 (Ibid
). T
he a
ge s
truct
ure
rem
ain
s th
e p
yram
id t
ypic
al of
deve
lopin
g e
conom
ies,
with 4
3 p
erc
ent
under
the a
ge o
f 15 y
ears
. The p
opula
tion e
mplo
yed in a
gricu
lture
dro
pped fro
m 5
5% in 1
998-9
to 4
5% in 2
003 (Ibid
).
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
113
Urb
an p
opula
tion h
as
incr
ease
d fro
m 1
5% in 1
950 to 4
6% in 2
005, and is anticip
ate
d to reach
58% b
y 2030 (UNEP, 2005).
The rate
of urb
an p
opula
tion incr
ease
is c
urr
ently
4.2
%, signific
antly in e
xce
ss o
f ove
rall g
row
th.
Tw
o m
ajo
r co
nurb
ations (A
ccr
a a
nd K
um
asi) acc
ount fo
r a third o
f th
e u
rban p
opula
tion. Acc
ra, th
e c
apital, incr
ease
d t
hre
efo
ld b
etw
een 1
970 a
nd 2
000, w
ith
the p
opula
tion o
f Gre
ate
r Acc
ra n
ow
sta
ndin
g a
t ove
r 2 m
illion. (G
hana S
tatist
ical Se
rvic
e, 2002).
With incr
ease
d u
rbanisation h
as
com
e incr
ease
d d
em
and for
tim
ber,
NTFPs and a
gricu
ltura
l pro
duct
s, incr
easing the str
ess
on fore
st reso
urc
esii
i .
Alo
ng w
ith t
he rapid
rate
of urb
an g
row
th h
as
been a
sig
nific
ant
incr
ease
in rura
l popula
tion, addin
g t
o t
he p
ress
ure
s on p
roduct
ive land. R
ura
l popula
tion is
now
more
than t
wo a
nd a
half t
imes
the 1
950 l
eve
l (a
t 11 m
illion),
although a
gricu
ltura
l pro
duct
ivity
has
not
kept
pace
, and t
here
has
been n
egligib
le
deve
lopm
ent
of
agricu
ltura
l te
chnolo
gie
s.
Burg
eonin
g r
ura
l popula
tion h
as
been p
art
ly a
ccom
modate
d in G
hana b
y exce
ptional le
vels o
f fluid
ity
in land a
nd
labour m
ark
ets
(st
retc
hin
g b
ack
ove
r se
vera
l ce
ntu
ries)
. These
are
discu
ssed furt
her in
subse
quent para
gra
phs (S
ect
ions C.2
.1, C.2
.3 a
nd A
nnex O
ne).
C.2 Immediate drivers of deforestation and forest degradation
C.2
.1 T
imb
er
in t
he
na
tio
na
l e
con
om
y
The f
ore
st s
ect
or
contr
ibute
s 4% o
f th
e G
DP s
hare
of
natu
ral re
sourc
es
and is
the f
ourt
h f
ore
ign e
xch
ange e
arn
er,
support
ing t
he liv
elihoods
of
about
70% o
f
Ghana’s
rura
l popula
tion (Birik
ora
ng e
t al, 2
001),
and p
rovid
ing 1
1% o
f export
earn
ings
(Agya
rko, 2007).
Policy
and p
ract
ice in t
he s
ect
or
are
thus
of ce
ntr
al
inte
rest
in a
ssess
ing the p
ote
ntial fo
r REDD.
The s
ect
or
has
long s
uff
ere
d f
rom
seve
re g
ove
rnance
pro
ble
ms,
and t
hese
have
contr
ibute
d t
o t
he d
egra
ded c
onditio
n o
f th
e f
ore
st e
state
. The p
roble
m is
reco
gnised in n
ational policy
, in
cludin
g the n
ational pove
rty
reduct
ion str
ate
gy,
GPRSI
I:
‘Ghana’s
tim
ber
indust
ry i
s yet
to d
erive
optim
um
valu
e f
or
the n
ation f
rom
the f
ore
st r
eso
urc
es
whic
h a
re in t
he m
eantim
e b
ein
g e
xplo
ited t
o
exhaust
ion’.
(2005:7
)
In the last
few
years
, co
nce
rted e
ffort
s have
been m
ade to a
ddre
ss these
defici
enci
es and these
are
meeting
with som
e succ
ess
, although sig
nific
ant ch
allenges
rem
ain
.
Fore
st p
olicy
in G
hana h
as se
en a
sig
nific
ant sh
ift since
independence
in favo
ur of a c
om
mitm
ent to
the p
rinci
ple
of su
stain
ability
(Kote
y et al,1998:p
p.8
0-8
1).
This is
most
evi
dent
in t
he o
bje
ctiv
es
for m
anagem
ent
of th
e o
ff-r
ese
rve s
tock
. Su
ccess
ive p
olicy
sta
tem
ents
have
move
d fro
m p
rogre
ssiv
e liq
uid
ation, as
the
guid
ing p
rinci
ple
of
the 1
948 p
olicy
, to
one o
f su
stain
able
managem
ent
in t
he 1
994 p
olicy
.iv
The f
ailure
to r
ealise
the latt
er
obje
ctiv
e is
at
the h
eart
of
the
pre
sent cr
isis in the indust
ry.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
114
Pro
cess
ing c
apacity
in t
he t
imber
sect
or
incr
ease
d s
ignific
antly
in t
he 1
990s,
stim
ula
ted p
art
ly b
y th
e a
vailability o
f cr
edit u
nder
the E
conom
ic R
eco
very
Pro
gra
mm
e a
nd b
urg
eonin
g inte
rnational dem
and (
World B
ank,
2006:2
7).
Tim
ber
export
s re
ach
ed a
peak o
f 500,0
00 m
3 o
f finished t
imber
in 2
000.
In 2
005,
export
s of natu
ral tim
ber earn
ed the c
ountr
y €184 m
illion (US$
200 m
illion) in
fore
ign e
xch
ange (Hanse
n a
nd T
reue, 2008).
In b
oth
eco
nom
ic a
nd e
nvi
ronm
enta
l te
rms,
how
eve
r, t
he p
erf
orm
ance
of
the s
ect
or
has
been p
roble
matic.
This is
pre
sente
d in t
he litera
ture
as
larg
ely
a
pro
ble
m o
f poor governance
, im
ply
ing a
series of policy
and m
ark
et fa
ilure
s w
hic
h c
ollect
ively
derive
fro
m the u
se o
f fo
rest
reso
urc
es to
serv
e p
urp
ose
s oth
er
than fore
st c
onse
rvation.
Fore
st Govern
ance
The p
olicy
failure
s ass
ocia
ted w
ith p
oor gove
rnance
incl
ude:
g.
the histo
ric
underv
alu
ation of
the re
sourc
e by
succ
ess
ive gove
rnm
ents
; fa
ctors
su
ch as:
a la
x fisc
al
regim
e excess
ively
fa
voura
ble
to
th
e
opera
tors
, le
adin
g t
o u
nder-
prici
ng a
nd d
epre
ciation o
f st
um
page f
ees;
indust
ry p
rote
ctio
nism
thro
ugh t
he e
ffect
s of
the log e
xport
ban;
low
reve
nue c
aptu
re; in
appro
priate
tax e
xem
ptions.
h.
the h
igh l
eve
ls o
f ille
gality
that
have
deve
loped i
n t
he s
ect
or,
reflect
ed i
n w
idesp
read i
llic
it o
verland t
rade a
nd i
llegal
chain
saw
ing;
such
ille
gality
is
fed b
y fa
ctors
such a
s: indust
rial ove
r-ca
pacity;
poor
superv
isio
n o
f explo
itation a
t field
leve
l; low
dom
est
ic log p
rice
s; inadequaci
es
in the legal re
gim
e.
Paragraphs 25 -36 revi
ew
these
fact
ors
in m
ore
deta
il.
Ov
er-
cap
aci
ty:
As of 2005, w
ood flo
ws in
the G
hana e
conom
y w
ere
est
imate
d to b
e a
s fo
llow
s (F
igure
1):
Fig
ure
1: Tim
ber Flo
ws in
the G
hana E
conom
y
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
115
Source:
Bir
ikora
ng, Hanse
n a
nd T
reue (2007) ‘R
evie
w o
f th
e c
urr
ent
taxa
tio
n s
yste
m r
ele
va
nt
to t
he
fo
rest
secto
r in
Gh
an
a’ VLT
P B
ack
gro
und P
aper # 1
,
Fore
stry
Com
mission, Acc
ra.
The f
orm
al
tim
ber
indust
ry s
uff
ers
fro
m s
erious
ove
r-ca
paci
ty (
Agya
rko,
2007:
3).
Milling c
apaci
ty i
ncr
ease
d b
y 37% b
etw
een 1
997 a
nd 1
999 (
Birik
ora
ng,
2001:1
8).
While t
here
has
been a
sig
nific
ant
reduct
ion in t
he n
um
ber of act
ive independent
loggers
v w
hic
h a
re n
ot
inte
gra
ted w
ith p
roce
ssin
g (dow
n fro
m 3
50
in 1
990, to
70 in 1
999),
the o
ver-
capaci
ty o
f th
e indust
ry is st
ill ve
ry e
vident.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
116
The indust
ry is hig
hly
conce
ntr
ate
d. As of 2001, th
e ten larg
est
opera
tors
acc
ounte
d for 43% e
xport
s, a
nd the top 2
0 o
pera
tors
, 61% o
f export
s (B
irik
ora
ng e
t al,
2001: ix
), a
nd c
onso
lidation is co
ntinuin
g. C
onve
rsio
n rate
s are
low
, on a
vera
ge o
nly
36%, th
ough a
few firm
s ach
ieve
70% (W
orld B
ank, 2006).
Log
exp
ort
su
spe
nsi
on
A s
eries
of
log e
xport
contr
ols w
as
intr
oduce
d b
etw
een 1
979 a
nd 1
995 w
hic
h a
mounte
d t
o t
he c
om
ple
te s
usp
ension o
f export
s of
raw
logs.
vi W
hile t
hese
measu
res
were
inte
nded t
o c
ontr
ol th
e t
imber
harv
est
while a
lso f
avo
uring a
ddin
g v
alu
e d
om
est
ically,
the e
ffect
has
been t
he r
eve
rse.
Alo
ng w
ith t
he h
igh
trade ch
arg
es
impose
d on export
ed vo
lum
e and va
lue b
ut
the under-
prici
ng of
stum
page and oth
er
taxes
on t
imber
harv
est
ing,
the eff
ect
has
been to
disco
ura
ge v
alu
e-a
ddin
g tert
iary
pro
cess
ing. C
ollect
ively
, th
e m
easu
res have
depre
ssed loca
l price
s su
bst
antially
belo
w inte
rnational le
vels, enco
ura
gin
g loca
l
wood p
roce
ssin
g b
ut
also p
rote
ctin
g ineff
icie
nt
opera
tions
and failin
g t
o s
tim
ula
te d
eve
lopm
ent
of th
e indust
ry. V
alu
e-s
ubtr
act
ing o
pera
tions,
such
as
veneer
pro
duct
ion, have
been favo
ure
d t
o t
he d
etr
iment
of th
e h
igh-v
alu
e t
ert
iary
pro
cess
ing (fo
r exam
ple
, co
nsu
mer-
ready
outp
uts
such
as
finished furn
iture
). T
his
would
be m
ore
conduci
ve to the c
reation o
f an inte
rnationally
com
petitive
and g
row
th-o
riente
d fore
st indust
ry (Birik
ora
ng e
t al, 2
001).
vii
Leg
ali
ty o
f su
pp
ly
The ‘
Wood Indust
ry a
nd L
og E
xport
Ban S
tudy’
undert
aken b
y Birik
ora
ng et al
(2001)
est
imate
d t
hat,
of
the t
ota
l lo
g h
arv
est
, only
a t
hird w
as
legal (t
he
distr
ibution b
ein
g:
30% legal and 2
4% illegal; n
on-indust
rial ch
ain
saw
ying c
ontr
ibute
d t
he r
em
ain
ing 4
6%).
The p
roport
ions
of
ille
gal harv
est
sourc
ed o
n-
and
off
-rese
rve a
re n
ot
know
n,
though t
he o
n-r
ese
rve h
arv
est
is
said
to b
e incr
easing (
Mayers
et
al, 2
008:p
.16).
The h
eavy
dependence
of
the s
ect
or
on illegal
tim
ber,
togeth
er w
ith sig
nific
ant encr
oach
ment fo
r sm
all h
old
er agricu
lture
, have
led to the seve
re d
egra
dation o
f m
any
fore
st rese
rves,
and h
ave
acc
ele
rate
d
the str
ess
on the o
ff-r
ese
rve tim
ber re
sourc
e.
Th
e m
ov
e f
rom
ad
min
istr
ati
ve
to
co
mp
eti
tiv
e a
llo
cati
on
of
log
gin
g a
rea
s
A p
art
icula
r co
nce
rn o
f ci
vil so
ciety
has been the failure
of su
ccess
ive g
ove
rnm
ents
to c
onve
rt the c
once
ssio
ns
alloca
ted a
dm
inistr
ative
ly into
the c
om
petitive
timber utilization contracts (T
UCs)
, pre
scribed u
nder th
e 1
997 law
. Pro
vided it is a
cco
mpanie
d b
y tight m
anagerial co
ntr
ols, co
mpetitive
alloca
tion p
rovi
des
a w
ay
to incr
ease
captu
re o
f fo
rest
rents
and im
pro
ve t
ransp
are
ncy
in r
eve
nue c
ollect
ion. It a
lso h
elp
s elim
inate
the u
nder-
prici
ng o
f th
e r
eso
urc
e w
hic
h is
a
majo
r m
oto
r of ille
gality
. A
s of 2006, adm
inistr
ative
conce
ssio
ns acc
ounte
d for c.
50% o
f pro
duct
ion fore
sts w
hile o
nly
4% h
ad b
een a
lloca
ted c
om
petitive
ly a
nd
in full c
onfo
rmity
with t
he law
(W
orld B
ank, 2006: 54).
The v
iew
of so
me c
ivil s
oci
ety
com
menta
tors
is
thus
that
alm
ost
all t
he c
urr
ent
pro
duct
ion is
ille
gal,
not
just
the m
anifest
ly ‘
ille
gally
harv
est
ed’.
An a
ltern
ative
vie
w is
that
the r
ele
vant
Act
(617:
‘Tim
ber
Reso
urc
es
Managem
ent
[Am
endm
ent]
2002’)
gra
nts
discr
etionary
pow
ers
to t
he f
ore
st m
iniste
r in
the a
lloca
tion o
f tim
ber
rights
, and t
hus
the f
ailure
to c
onve
rt c
once
ssio
n t
o T
UCs,
how
eve
r re
gre
ttable
, is a
t
least
legally
defe
nsible
[cf
. Beeko, 2008:1
].
The w
idesp
read lack
of
managem
ent
pla
ns
(a legal re
quirem
ent)
and t
he a
ppare
ntly
frequent
aw
ard
s of
salv
age p
erm
its
and t
imber
utiliza
tion p
erm
its
for
routine indust
rial opera
tions in
off
-rese
rve a
reas are
also o
f co
nce
rn to c
ivil soci
ety
(Ibid
).
Fo
rest
ce
rtif
ica
tio
n a
nd
th
e v
ali
da
tio
n o
f le
ga
l ti
mb
er
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
117
Tim
ber
cert
ific
ation p
rese
nts
a m
ajo
r ch
allenge in t
he G
hana c
onte
xt.
As
yet,
none o
f Ghana’s
fore
st c
once
ssio
ns
is c
ert
ifie
d b
y a
reco
gnised inte
rnational
managem
ent
cert
ifyi
ng b
ody.
The o
ff-r
ese
rve a
reas
would
not
qualify
for
cert
ific
ation u
nder
curr
ent
rule
s, b
eca
use
they
lack
the n
ece
ssary
envi
ronm
enta
l
inte
grity
for su
stain
able
managem
ent.
This h
as
majo
r knock
-on e
ffect
s on t
he indust
ry’s
inte
rest
in c
ert
ific
ation b
eca
use
, w
ith a
dw
indling s
tock
, pro
duct
ion
mix
es
on-r
ese
rve a
nd o
ff-r
ese
rve t
imber
acc
ord
ing t
o n
eed.
There
was
discu
ssio
n d
uring t
he V
PA n
egotiations
of
the p
ote
ntial fo
r lim
ited c
ert
ific
ation o
f
tim
ber of m
ixed o
rigin
, although this w
ould
fall short
of fu
ll c
ontr
ol of ch
ain
of cu
stody.
Legality
ve
rifica
tion lo
oks
to be a m
ore
pro
misin
g ro
ute
to
co
ntr
ol
of
the tim
ber
chain
. Gove
rnance
re
form
eff
ort
s have
been galv
aniz
ed aro
und th
e
negotiation o
f a V
olu
nta
ry P
art
ners
hip
Agre
em
ent
(VPA) w
ith t
he E
uro
pean U
nio
n (th
e d
raft
agre
em
ent
bein
g initia
lled in S
epte
mber 2008).
VPA n
egotiations
have
been t
aken f
orw
ard
by
the F
ore
stry
Com
mission’s
‘Validation o
f Legal Tim
ber
Pro
ject
’, w
hic
h h
as
focu
sed o
n t
wo s
ets
of
act
ivitie
s (B
eeko,
2008):
the
technical deliverables,
such
as
the legal definitio
n o
f tim
ber and c
hain
of cu
stody
syst
em
, and t
he wider governance reforms.
A p
ositive
asp
ect
of th
e form
er
is t
he c
om
mitm
ent
to a
sin
gle
national
policy
, co
vering b
oth
inte
rnational
and d
om
est
ic m
ark
ets
, th
us
avo
idin
g t
he t
endency
to b
ifurc
ation w
hic
h m
ight
oth
erw
ise u
nderm
ine the sta
ted e
nvi
ronm
enta
l goals. Regard
ing the w
ider re
form
s, there
has been a
positive
tre
nd in that,
as a resu
lt o
f th
e n
ew
initia
tive
s,
‘challengin
g g
ove
rnance
iss
ues th
at did
not pre
viously
enjo
y su
stain
ed d
ebate
have
clim
bed u
p the V
PA p
roce
ss ladder…
[and] a n
ew
and w
elc
om
e d
ynam
ic o
f
conse
nsu
s-base
d p
olicy
form
ula
tion is em
erg
ing in the fore
st sect
or’
(Beeko, 2008:1
). W
hile the V
PA p
roce
ss is m
ain
ly c
once
rned w
ith legal tim
ber pro
duct
ion,
rath
er
than f
ore
st c
onse
rvation,
its
underlyi
ng inte
rest
s in
sound g
ove
rnance
and s
ust
ain
able
fore
st m
anagem
ent
are
of
imm
edia
te r
ele
vance
to t
he R
EDD
agenda, and the incl
usive
consu
ltation p
roce
ss is part
icula
rly
enco
ura
gin
g.
An a
ssess
ment of th
e p
ote
ntial im
pact
s of th
e G
hana V
PA h
as been c
om
missioned b
y th
e F
ore
stry
Com
mission (Maye
rs e
t al,2008).
This c
om
mends th
e p
roce
ss,
but note
s th
at alo
ne it w
ill not be e
nough to a
ddre
ss the u
nderlyi
ng p
roble
ms of th
e sect
or (d
egra
dation o
f th
e reso
urc
e, decl
inin
g c
ontr
ibution to G
DP, la
ck o
f
public
engagem
ent
in f
ore
st m
anagem
ent)
.viii
Without
rem
edia
l act
ion (
i.e.
in a
‘business
as
usu
al’ s
cenario,
disco
unting t
he e
ffect
s of
the V
PA),
a s
teep
decl
ine in a
ll s
ub-s
ect
ors
of th
e indust
ry is
pre
dic
ted
ix. W
ith a
min
imal le
gitim
ate
regim
e (i.e. th
e V
PA),
turn
over in
all t
he s
ub-s
ect
ors
will st
ill be d
ow
n, but
less
so than in the B
AU sce
nario. T
he stu
dy
arg
ues th
at th
e G
ove
rnm
ent needs to
take the o
pport
unity
off
ere
d b
y th
e V
PA to a
dva
nce
the refo
rms of th
e sect
or
that
have
been m
oote
d f
or
many
years
(Maye
rs e
t al, 2
008:
p.4
9).
Table
4 p
rese
nts
the s
um
mary
fin
din
gs
of
this s
tudy,
and d
eta
ils
the p
ote
ntial gain
s and
loss
es of th
ree a
ltern
ative
sce
narios fo
r fo
rest
sect
or deve
lopm
ent to
2020.
Table
4. Pote
ntial Gain
s and L
oss
es to
Ghana u
nder th
ree a
ltern
ative sce
narios fo
r develo
pm
ent of Ghana’s
fore
st sect
or to
2020
Gain
s Loss
es
Without a legitimate
timber
regime
attempted
•
Short
-term
pro
fit fo
r so
me e
xisting
indust
ry
•
Short
-term
benefits
for so
me fro
m
chain
saw
lum
bering
•
Short
-term
em
plo
yment benefits
for
fore
st indust
ry
•
‘Hard
landin
g’ as se
ctor dw
indle
s fa
st,
corr
uption rife
•
Reso
urc
e c
rash
, defo
rest
ation a
nd
degra
ded e
cosy
stem
serv
ices;
fore
gone
carb
on p
aym
ents
; so
il e
rosion a
nd
wate
r quality
pro
ble
ms;
loss
of
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
118
bio
div
ers
ity
With
an
effective
legitimate
timber
regime
•
‘Soft
er la
ndin
g’ fo
r a d
ow
nsize
d
sect
or
•
Impro
ved form
al se
ctor re
sourc
e
managem
ent
•
Incr
ease
d a
ccounta
bility
stim
ula
tes
positive
engagem
ent
•
Low
er re
venues,
continued soci
al/
envi
ronm
enta
l risk
•
Som
e speci
es lo
ss a
nd fore
st
degra
dation
•
Com
munitie
s st
ill disenfr
anch
ised a
nd
som
e socia
l dislo
cation
•
Subst
antial num
bers
of co
mpanie
s disso
lved w
ith e
mplo
yment lo
sses
With sector reform
•
Stabilised p
roduct
ive fore
st sect
or,
healthy
reve
nues
•
Resp
onsible
managem
ent on a
nd o
ff
rese
rve w
ith m
ain
tenance
of
eco
syst
em
serv
ices re
sultin
g in c
arb
on
stora
ge, w
ate
rshed a
nd b
iodiv
ers
ity
pro
tect
ion
•
Rig
hts
, re
sponsibilitie
s and c
apaci
ty in
the b
est
pla
ces fo
r good m
anagem
ent
and loca
l benefit
•
Larg
er sh
are
of ‘t
imber eco
nom
ic
rent’
to reso
urc
e o
wners
•
Smaller fo
rest
sect
or
•
Still lo
wer le
vels o
f fo
rest
goods and
serv
ices (m
ay
regenera
te/ e
xpand
beyo
nd 2
020)
•
Low
er (b
ut su
stain
able
) em
plo
yment
leve
ls
•
Desp
ite g
ain
s – it is to
o little a
nd too
late
for so
me c
om
munitie
s
Source:
‘Ass
ess
ment
of
pote
ntial im
pact
s in
Ghana o
f a V
PA w
ith t
he E
C o
n f
ore
st g
ove
rnance
’ (M
aye
rs e
t al fo
r th
e F
ore
stry
Com
mission,
Ghana,
2008),
p. 3-4
)
Re
me
dia
l a
ctio
ns
In o
rder to
addre
ss such
pro
ble
ms –a
nd w
ithin
the o
vera
ll fra
mew
ork
of NREG th
e G
ove
rnm
ent has put in
pla
ce o
r has pro
pose
d a
series of m
easu
res to
secu
re
the re
sourc
e,
incl
udin
g:
fisc
al
refo
rms;
im
pro
ved lo
cal
part
icip
ation in
re
sourc
e m
anagem
ent
(though co
mm
unity
fore
stry
co
mm
itte
es
and th
e like);
regenera
tion p
rogra
mm
es
(incl
udin
g m
odifie
d taungya,
allow
ing f
or
part
icip
ation o
f th
e p
oor
in r
efo
rest
ation a
ctiv
itie
s);
and e
nco
ura
gem
ent
of
non-f
ore
st
dependent altern
ative
inco
me g
enera
ting a
ctiv
itie
s (o
il p
alm
pro
cess
ing, live
stock
rearing, etc
.). (W
orld B
ank, 2006:3
6).
The tenurial issu
e h
as been a
ddre
ssed
in the w
ildlife
sect
or by
the form
ation o
f co
mm
unity
reso
urc
e m
anagem
ent are
as,
or ‘C
REMAs’
, w
here
by
the W
ildlife
Div
isio
n, in
co-o
pera
tion w
ith the D
istr
ict
Ass
em
bly
and (w
here
appro
priate
) tr
aditio
nal auth
orities,
dele
gate
s auth
ority
in a
designate
d a
rea t
o t
he c
om
munity repre
sente
d b
y a loca
lly
ele
cted N
atu
ral
Reso
urc
e M
anagem
ent
Com
mitte
e (NRMC) to
regula
te a
nd c
ontr
ol acc
ess
to w
ildlife
(W
ildlife
Div
isio
n, MLF, 2000).
This is
in lin
e w
ith t
he c
om
mitm
ent
of th
e
gove
rnm
ent
to c
reating a
fra
mew
ork
whic
h e
nable
s lo
cal
com
munitie
s and h
ouse
hold
s to
have
real
opport
unitie
s to
benefit
more
fro
m f
ore
st r
eso
urc
es,
there
by
enco
ura
gin
g p
ositive
changes in
behavi
our to
ward
s th
e n
atu
ral envi
ronm
ent.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
119
What has not ye
t been a
ddre
ssed, how
eve
r, a
re the u
nderlyi
ng tenurial co
nst
rain
ts a
nd g
enera
l la
ck o
f in
centive
s to
enco
ura
ge tre
e c
onse
rvation a
nd p
lanting,
whic
h c
ontr
ibute
very
sig
nific
antly
to the d
egra
dation o
f th
e fore
st reso
urc
e. These
are
considere
d im
media
tely
belo
w.
Lan
d a
nd
tre
e t
en
ure
an
d i
nce
nti
ve
s fo
r tr
ee
pla
nti
ng
an
d c
on
serv
ati
on
The sys
tem
of ru
ral pro
pert
y rights
has lo
ng b
een reco
gnised a
s pro
ble
matic
in G
hana, in
at le
ast
tw
o d
imensions,
tree tenure a
nd land tenure
, w
hic
h o
pera
te
under co
nce
ptu
ally
separa
ble
regim
es.
�
Tre
e t
enure
is
eff
ect
ively
under st
ate
ow
ners
hip
, although r
eve
nues
are
share
d w
ith c
hie
fs a
nd d
istr
ict
ass
em
blies;
for
most
farm
ers
, rights
ove
r
the tenure
of native
tre
es are
very
lim
ited indeed.
�
Land t
enure
varies
acc
ord
ing t
o t
he c
ultura
l sy
stem
, but
in t
he A
kan a
reas,
the ‘allodia
l title’ to
land (i.e.
form
al adm
inistr
ative
sove
reig
nty
) is
usu
ally
held
by
chie
ftain
cies
(‘th
e s
tool’)
though t
he p
roprieta
ry t
itle
is
oft
en h
eld
by
sub-c
hie
fs a
nd p
rom
inent
fam
ilie
s (O
safo
, 2008).
There
have
been a
ctiv
e land m
ark
ets
for m
any
deca
des,
and lease
hold
s are
com
mon w
ith v
ary
ing d
egre
es of te
nurial se
curity
. Outs
ide o
f th
e A
kan a
reas
(the E
we-s
peakin
g a
reas,
for
exam
ple
), land is
oft
en o
wned b
y fa
milie
s.
As
land p
ress
ure
s have
built
up in t
he A
kan a
reas,
conflic
ts b
etw
een
‘land o
wners
’ and ‘te
nants
’ are
incr
easingly
report
ed.
The tre
e tenure
iss
ue is co
nsidere
d in d
eta
il in A
nnex O
ne, but th
ere
are
tw
o m
ajo
r co
nce
rns.
First
, an im
port
ant co
nse
quence
of th
e e
ffect
ive sta
te m
onopoly
ove
r tr
ee t
enure
is
the lack
of
any
ince
ntive
s to
farm
ers
and landow
ners
to p
lant
and c
onse
rve t
rees
of
tim
ber
valu
e.
This e
nsu
res
that,
whate
ver
the g
ood
inte
ntions
of
the 1
994 F
ore
st P
olicy
as
regard
s th
e p
rom
otion o
f su
stain
able
fore
stry
, th
e r
eality
of
fore
stry
in t
he o
ff-r
ese
rve a
reas
rem
ain
s th
e p
rogre
ssiv
e
degra
dation a
nd liq
uid
ation o
f th
e sto
ck.
The land t
enure
iss
ue c
once
rns
the c
once
ptu
al se
para
tion b
etw
een c
ate
gories
of ‘land o
wner’
and ‘fa
rmer’
in t
he A
kan a
reas
(whic
h a
ccount
for
most
of th
e
HFZ),
whic
h incr
ease
s th
e u
ncert
ain
ty a
bout th
e o
wners
hip
of la
nd reso
urc
es.
The e
xte
rnal st
ere
oty
pe o
f th
e h
arm
onio
us Afr
ican v
illa
ge ‘co
mm
unity’
has ve
ry
quest
ionable
meanin
g in t
his e
nvi
ronm
ent.
This iss
ue is
addre
ssed in m
ore
deta
il b
elo
w (
Sect
ion C
.2.3
; Annex O
ne),
but
it n
eeds
to b
e b
orn
e in m
ind w
hen
considering a
ny
pro
posa
l to
confe
r va
luable
carb
on rig
hts
in a
REDD s
trate
gy.
The fact
that
carb
on rig
hts
will be reco
gnised a
t national gove
rnm
enta
l le
vel in
any
inte
rnational
agre
em
ent
does
not
itse
lf r
eso
lve t
his p
roble
m,
for
not
all o
f th
e u
nderlyi
ng c
onflic
ts r
ela
te t
o t
he o
pposition o
f st
ate
and c
om
munity.
Import
ant co
nflic
ts e
xist w
ithin
many
com
munitie
s, a
nd these
conflic
ts a
re o
ften o
f ve
ry long h
isto
rica
l st
andin
g a
nd n
ot to
lia
ble
to reso
lution u
nilate
rally.
C.2
.2 C
ha
insa
w l
og
gin
g
While n
ot nece
ssarily
entire
ly d
ivorc
ed fro
m the form
al in
dust
ry, ch
ain
saw
loggin
g m
erits
independent co
nsidera
tion, as it invo
lves a separa
te set of act
ors
and
has so
mew
hat diffe
rent dyn
am
ics.
Lik
e the indust
rial se
ctor,
it underlin
es th
e w
eakness
es of th
e c
urr
ent te
nurial situ
ation.
As
of 1999, ch
ain
saw
pro
duct
ion s
tood a
t 46% o
f to
tal tim
ber pro
duct
ion a
nd 3
8% o
f lu
mber pro
duct
ion (m
ost
of it d
est
ined for dom
est
ic furn
iture
makin
g),
a
volu
me e
quiv
ale
nt
to t
he f
orm
al se
ctor
export
s of
wood p
roduct
s. It
pro
vided o
ver
30% o
f tim
ber-
rela
ted e
mplo
yment
(Birik
ora
ng e
t al, 2
001).
A s
ignific
ant
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
120
part
of th
e c
hain
saw
pro
duct
ion is dest
ined for lo
cal co
nsu
mers
who lack
the p
urc
hasing p
ow
er to
buy
legal tim
ber and p
roduct
s. T
here
are
also a
llegations of
collusion b
etw
een the form
al in
dust
ry a
nd the c
hain
saw
yers
to feed the m
ills o
uts
ide o
f th
eir q
uota
s, a
t m
inim
um
risk to the o
pera
tors
(Fore
st W
atc
h G
hana,
2006:
9),
though t
he im
port
ance
of
this i
s difficu
lt t
o a
ssess
.
The indust
ry is
theore
tica
lly
required t
o r
ele
ase
a p
roport
ion o
f its
pro
duct
ion o
nto
loca
l
mark
ets
, but
this is
larg
ely
ignore
d b
y th
e o
pera
tors
, w
ho c
ite t
he a
void
ance
of
stum
page a
nd o
ther
taxes
by
chain
saw
yers
and t
he d
epre
ssiv
e e
ffect
s of
chain
saw
pro
duct
ion o
n d
om
est
ic p
rice
s, b
oth
of w
hic
h d
isadva
nta
ge t
he indust
ry (Ibid
). The c
hain
saw
sub-s
ect
or is ineff
icie
nt,
although n
ot
nece
ssarily
less
eff
icie
nt
than indust
rial pro
duct
ion (
Tro
penbos,
2004),
part
icula
rly
when a
ccount
is t
aken o
f th
e g
reate
r pro
port
ion o
f th
e t
ree t
hat
is lik
ely
to b
e h
arv
est
ed
and (giv
en the a
bse
nce
of heavy
mach
inery
) th
e lik
elihood o
f re
duce
d c
ollate
ral dam
age.
Chain
saw
ing h
as
off
icia
lly
been b
anned s
ince
1998, so
that
it is
ille
gal fo
r fa
rmers
to s
ell t
rees
to c
hain
saw
yers
. T
heir readin
ess
to d
isre
gard
the law
reflect
s
their g
enera
l alienation fro
m the form
al in
dust
ry, th
e d
irect
and im
media
te retu
rns th
at th
ey
derive
fro
m the tra
de a
nd the e
xte
nt of th
e o
therw
ise u
nsa
tisf
ied
loca
l dem
and.
Opin
ions are
div
ided a
s to
how
to a
ddre
ss the c
hain
saw
pro
ble
m, w
ith v
iew
s pola
rize
d b
etw
een those
who a
dvo
cate
a repre
ssiv
e p
olicy
(cf
: Tro
penbos,
2004),
and t
hose
who s
ee legaliza
tion a
s th
e o
nly
via
ble
option.
Birik
ora
ng et al (2
001),
for
exam
ple
, advo
cate
legaliza
tion o
f ch
ain
saw
opera
tions
by
registe
ring
com
merc
ial TUPs
(a form
of
explo
itation c
ontr
act
inte
nded for
com
munity
benefits
but
hithert
o larg
ely
enjo
yed b
y th
e indust
ry).
This w
ould
need t
ight
loca
l
managem
ent
and c
ontr
ol, a
nd b
enefici
aries
would
be r
equired t
o p
ay
the r
equisite s
tum
page c
harg
es.
It
would
also b
e d
ependent
on im
pro
ved s
uperv
isio
n o
f
the fore
st rese
rves,
to d
isco
ura
ge ‘le
akage’ fr
om
off
-rese
rve (2001:4
6-7
). S
uch
measu
res
would
rein
forc
e t
he c
urr
ent
experim
enta
l att
em
pts
by
the F
ore
stry
Com
mission t
o b
ring c
hain
saw
loggin
g u
nder
form
al co
ntr
ol. A
n a
dju
nct
to t
his is
the n
eed t
o a
ddre
ss t
he iss
ue o
f in
centive
s to
conse
rve a
nd p
lant
trees
on-
farm
. W
ithout th
is ince
ntive
, le
galiza
tion o
f ch
ain
saw
opera
tions m
ay
serv
e o
nly
to h
ast
en the d
eple
tion o
f th
e o
ff-r
ese
rve sto
ck.
C.2
.3 N
on
-me
cha
nis
ed
ag
ricu
ltu
re a
nd
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
pra
ctic
es
Agricu
ltura
l cr
ops (incl
udin
g a
nnuals, su
ch a
s m
aiz
e a
nd m
ille
t, a
nd tre
e c
rops,
such
as co
coa, co
ffee, ca
shew
and o
il p
alm
) pro
vide m
uch
of th
e n
atu
ral w
ealth
of
Ghana (
on o
ne r
ece
nt
est
imation,
64% o
f all n
atu
ral capital, w
hic
h its
elf r
epre
sents
about
two-t
hirds
of
the t
ota
l w
ealth o
f th
e c
ountr
y),
and a
gricu
ltura
l
land a
ccounts
for m
ore
than h
alf o
f all land u
se (W
orld B
ank, 105-7
). Agricu
lture
is not only
the h
ighest
contr
ibuto
r to
GDP, but also p
rovi
des em
plo
yment fo
r
ove
r 60% o
f th
e p
opula
tion, part
icula
rly
wom
en (NDPC, 2005: p.2
30).
There
is
a r
ange o
f cr
ops
and p
ract
ices
that
would
tend in t
he A
fric
an litera
ture
to b
e v
iew
ed a
s ty
pic
al of
‘sm
all-s
cale
agricu
lture
’, a
lthough t
his c
an b
e
misle
adin
g in the G
hana c
onte
xt w
here
cro
ps su
ch a
s co
coa h
ave
been h
ighly
com
merc
ialise
d for a c
entu
ry o
r m
ore
, on v
ery
variable
scale
s, a
nd a
re o
pera
ted
very
much
as business
ventu
res (H
ill, 1
963).
Co
coa
in
th
e H
FZ
While G
hana is
no longer
the w
orld’s
leadin
g p
roduce
r of
coco
a (
Ivory
Coast
now
acc
ounts
for
38% o
f glo
bal pro
duct
ion w
ith G
hana s
econd a
t 21% [
UNCTAD,
2005])
, th
e c
rop rem
ain
s th
e b
edro
ck o
f th
e a
gricu
ltura
l eco
nom
y in
the H
FZ. T
he o
vera
ll p
roduct
ion tre
nd is rising (Ibid
; Vig
neri, 2007).
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
121
For ove
r a c
entu
ry, co
coa h
as
been the m
ajo
r drive
r of la
nd u
se c
hange in the H
FZ. T
he a
rea u
nder co
coa is now
about 1,2
70,0
00 h
a. (i.e
. co
mpara
ble
to the
tota
l are
a o
f fo
rest
under
pro
tect
ion).
Coco
a p
roduct
ion i
n G
hana u
ses
low
-tech
nolo
gy
meth
ods,
with t
he h
eavi
est
inputs
bein
g la
bour
for
clearing a
nd
weedin
g,
and c
hem
icals f
or
spra
ying a
gain
st d
isease
. Coco
a f
arm
hold
ings
are
typ
ically
small (
c. 2
-8 h
a.),
though t
he r
ange is
wid
e,
and s
om
e h
old
ings
are
subst
antial. P
roduct
ivity
is low
by
inte
rnational st
andard
s (V
igneri, 2007).
F
ore
st soils are
late
ritic a
nd a
cidic
, part
icula
rly
in the w
est
ern
regio
n (ph o
f 5.5
or
less
) and for m
ost
pro
duce
rs soil fert
ility
was tr
aditio
nally
main
tain
ed m
ain
ly b
y fa
llow
ing. This w
as dependent on the a
vailability
of signific
ant su
rplu
s la
nd. As
hum
an p
opula
tion d
ensity
has
incr
ease
d, so
il q
uality
has
tended t
o d
ecl
ine, but
no o
ther fe
rtilisers
have
been a
pplied t
o c
om
pensa
te (Gock
ow
ski and S
onw
a,
2008).
Chem
ical fe
rtilisation is ra
rely
applied. R
ece
nt
rese
arc
h indic
ate
s th
at in
crease
s of pro
duct
ion g
enera
lly
derive
fro
m e
xpansion o
f th
e c
ultiv
ate
d a
rea,
extr
a labour
and p
hyt
och
em
ical in
puts
but
not
(exce
pt
with r
egard
to t
he n
ew
varieties
to b
e d
iscu
ssed b
elo
w)
from
incr
ease
s of
pro
duct
ivity
per
unit a
rea
(Vig
neri, 200; Ass
um
ing-B
rem
pong et al, n
.d.). The k
ey
const
rain
ts o
n y
ield
s are
input use
, pest
managem
ent and a
ccess
to w
ork
ing c
apital and c
redit (Vig
neri,
2008).
Th
e c
om
ple
xit
y o
f te
nu
ria
l re
gim
es
Popula
tion m
ove
ment has been a
dyn
am
ic fact
or in
the o
penin
g u
p o
f Ghana’s
fore
sts fo
r fo
ur ce
ntu
ries or m
ore
, and is re
flect
ed in the d
istinct
ive m
atr
ilin
eal
inherita
nce
sys
tem
s of th
e A
kan p
eople
s (W
ilks,
1977).
x Ove
r th
e last
centu
ry, m
igra
ncy
and s
hare
-cro
ppin
g h
ave
pro
vided t
he fra
mew
ork
within
whic
h c
oco
a
pro
duct
ion h
as
been e
xte
nded w
est
ward
s fr
om
the initia
l heart
lands
nort
h o
f Acc
ra t
ow
ard
s th
e Ivo
ry C
oast
bord
er,
(Hill, 1
963;
Am
anor
and K
ude,
2001).
A
good p
roport
ion o
f Ghana’s
coco
a p
roduct
ion is
in t
he h
ands
of
mig
rant
farm
ers
and s
hare
-cro
ppers
. These
have
purc
hase
d,
lease
d o
r ente
red into
share
-
croppin
g a
rrangem
ents
on c
oco
a l
ands
outs
ide o
f th
eir n
ative
terr
itories.
Non-indig
enes
may
const
itute
40-5
0% o
r m
ore
of
the p
opula
tion i
n m
any
are
as
[Bro
wn, 1998])
. W
hile t
his h
as
com
plica
ted t
he land t
enure
situation, it h
as
arg
uably
had m
any
benefici
al eff
ect
s on s
oci
al st
ability
in t
he face
of burg
eonin
g
popula
tion g
row
th.
The n
atu
re o
f th
e l
ease
hold
s obta
ined b
y th
e m
igra
nts
is
now
adays
oft
en a
matt
er
of
som
e c
ontr
ove
rsy,
part
icula
rly
where
land is
beco
min
g s
carc
e.
The
mig
rants
tend to c
laim
they
purc
hase
d their h
old
ings outr
ight (a
lbeit reco
gnisin
g the a
llodia
l auth
ority
of th
e resp
ect
ive sto
ol [s
ee A
nnex O
ne]) w
hile sellers
or
their d
esc
endents
incr
easingly
arg
ue that th
e land in q
uest
ion w
as not so
ld b
ut only
tem
pora
rily
lease
d o
ut.
The p
urp
ose
of th
e tra
nsf
ers
may a
lso b
e d
ispute
d,
with the sellers
or th
eir d
esc
endents
arg
uin
g that th
e o
rigin
al le
ase
hold
s w
ere
for one c
ycl
e o
f coco
a p
roduct
ion o
nly
, and n
ot tr
ansf
era
ble
to a
ny o
ther m
ajo
r
crops,
while p
urc
hase
rs c
laim
that th
e tra
nsf
er w
as fo
r unsp
eci
fied p
urp
ose
s and in p
erp
etu
ity.
Succ
ess
ion o
f ow
ners
hip
on the d
eath
of th
e o
rigin
al purc
hase
r
has also p
rove
n a
n a
rea o
f unce
rtain
ty (Fia
dzi
gbey et al, 2
000).
Tra
dit
ion
al
an
d n
ew
va
rie
tie
s
In rece
nt
years
, th
e fore
st landsc
ape h
as
changed s
ignific
antly
in t
he H
FZ, due larg
ely
to t
he p
rogre
ssiv
e repla
cem
ent
of th
e t
raditio
nal sh
ade-d
ependent
and
tole
rant
‘Tett
eh Q
uars
hie
’ co
coa v
arieties
with n
ew
open-f
ield
hyb
rid v
arieties.
Tra
ditio
nal va
rieties
still need a
bout
30-4
0% a
vera
ge c
row
n c
ove
r, w
hile t
he
hyb
rid v
arieties able
to g
row
in full sun c
onditio
ns.
Cultiv
ation o
f th
e n
ew
varieties has im
plica
tions fo
r REDD in that it n
ot only
enco
ura
ges re
mova
l of st
andin
g
trees fr
om
the farm
, but also u
nderm
ines th
e support
of fa
rmers
for th
e fore
st rese
rve p
olicy
. The e
xtensive
gaze
ttin
g o
f fo
rest
rese
rves had p
revi
ously
help
ed
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
122
to m
ain
tain
the h
igh leve
ls o
f atm
osp
heric
hum
idity
needed for co
coa p
roduct
ion, and t
hus
were
support
ed b
y t
he farm
ing c
om
munity.
With t
he n
ew
full-s
un
varieties,
hig
h h
um
idity
is n
o longer re
quired.
Rece
nt re
searc
h o
n the c
arb
on p
rofile
s of th
e n
ew
and tra
ditio
nal varieties
show
s th
at carb
on sto
res
in tra
ditio
nal co
coa farm
ing syst
em
s are
som
ew
hat lo
wer
than in c
om
para
ble
fore
st a
reas,
though still v
ery
sig
nific
ant,
while inte
nsive
full-s
un c
ocoa p
roduct
ion reduce
s th
e c
arb
on sto
res
in c
ocoa farm
ing s
yste
ms by
about
50% (
Norr
is,
2008).
Giv
en t
he larg
e a
rea u
nder
cocoa,
and t
he o
ften d
egra
ded c
onditio
n o
f th
e f
ore
st r
ese
rves,
the t
ota
l st
ore
s of
carb
on in c
oco
a
farm
ing s
yst
em
s and h
um
id f
ore
sts
are
roughly
equiv
ale
nt
(Ibid
).
In a
dditio
n,
main
tain
ing h
igh p
roduct
ivity
in t
he n
ew
varieties
is h
eavi
ly d
ependent
on
fert
iliser applica
tions,
and the low
leve
l of fe
rtiliser use
on e
xpose
d soils is m
uch
more
dam
agin
g to them
than it is t
o the tra
ditio
nal va
rieties.
Expandin
g the
are
a u
nder th
e tra
ditio
nal co
coa v
arieties w
ould
thus off
er m
ultip
le b
enefits
. Farm
ers
neve
rthele
ss e
xpre
ss a
str
ong p
refe
rence
for th
e n
ew
varieties,
and this
is rela
ted to their h
igher sh
ort
-term
pro
fita
bility
(Dark
o O
biri et al, 2
007),
its
elf lin
ked to the m
uch
short
er gro
win
g c
ycle
(ty
pic
ally
3-5
years
to full b
earing, as
oppose
d to 1
0-1
5 y
ears
with the tra
ditio
nal va
rieties)
and a
lso the g
reate
r pote
ntial off
ere
d for in
ter-
croppin
g w
ith food c
rops (V
igneri, pers.com
.). The d
warf
chara
cter
of
the h
ybrid c
oco
a n
ot
only
short
ens
the p
eriod t
o m
atu
rity
, but
also a
llow
s fo
r a m
uch
longer
period o
f in
ter-
croppin
g p
rior
to c
anopy
closu
re.xi
Giv
en t
he g
row
ing s
hort
ages
of
land f
or
food c
rop p
roduction a
nd t
he d
ecl
ine in a
vailability
and l
ength
of
fallow
s, t
hese
are
majo
r benefits
. The a
lready
degra
ded c
onditio
n o
f th
e f
ore
st landsc
ape m
akes
full c
leara
nce
much
more
feasible
in s
outh
ern
Ghana t
han it
would
be in s
till b
iom
ass
-ric
h a
reas
such
as
south
ern
Cam
ero
on, and h
elp
s to
acc
ount fo
r th
e e
arlie
r upta
ke o
f th
e n
ew
varieties in
the G
hana c
ase
(Gow
kosk
i and S
onw
a, 2008).
Coco
a p
roduct
ion h
as signific
antly
aff
ect
ed fore
st c
ove
r in
the H
FZ, w
ith the m
ost
dra
matic
changes in
rela
tion to the n
ew
hyb
rids th
at are
gra
dually
repla
cing
the o
ld v
arieties (T
able
5). C
ase
stu
dy
evi
dence
suggest
s th
at th
e land for th
e n
ew v
arieties has co
me a
ppro
xim
ate
ly e
qually
from
fore
st c
leara
nce
, re
pla
nting
of co
coa farm
s, a
nd a
gricu
ltura
l fa
llow
s (V
igneri, 2004).
xii
Table
5. Sh
ade levels in the c
ocoa b
elt o
f Ghana
Region:
None to Light Medium to Heavy
Ash
anti
52%
47%
Bro
ng A
hafo
52%
47%
East
ern
50%
49%
West
ern
77%
21%
Ghana tota
l
72%
29%
Source: Adapted from STCP baseline survey, 2001/2002 (Gockowski and Sonwa, 2008)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
123
Various st
udie
s are
under w
ay
in G
hana, to
ass
ess
the p
ote
ntial fo
r m
ore
eco
-friendly
form
s of co
coa p
roduct
ion, nota
bly
an e
conom
ic stu
dy
com
missioned b
y
the K
ato
om
ba G
roup, w
hic
h a
ims to
deve
lop fin
anci
al and e
conom
ic m
odels to a
ssess
pro
duct
ivity
and the e
conom
ic im
pact
s of ca
rbon sin
k a
nd R
EDD o
ptions
from
the p
ers
pect
ives of fa
rmers
and inve
stors
. A sco
pin
g stu
dy
has been u
ndert
aken (Birik
ora
ng, 2009).
Ag
ricu
ltu
re o
uts
ide
of
the
HFZ
Outs
ide o
f th
e H
FZ,
agricu
ltura
l te
chnolo
gie
s are
undeve
loped,
a s
ituation w
hic
h r
eflect
s th
e h
igh p
ove
rty
leve
ls a
nd low
discr
etionary
incom
e in t
he r
ura
l
are
as,
part
icula
rly
in the sava
nnah regio
ns.
The 1
999 G
hana L
ivin
g S
tandard
s Su
rvey
(the late
st for w
hic
h c
onso
lidate
d d
ata
is ava
ilable
)xiii show
s th
at:
�
Pove
rty
is h
igher in
rura
l th
an u
rban a
reas
�
Pove
rty
leve
ls a
re h
ighest
in the sava
nnah regio
ns (N
ort
h, Upper East
, Upper W
est
) and low
est
in the G
reate
r Acc
ra u
rban a
rea (se
e F
igure
1).
�
Pove
rty
is h
ighest
am
ong f
ood c
rop f
arm
ers
; th
e g
reate
st g
ain
s in
liv
ing s
tandard
s in
the s
tudy
period (
1987-9
9)
were
enjo
yed b
y export
cro
p
farm
ers
(in
cludin
g c
oco
a farm
ers
) and b
y w
age
em
plo
yees,
not fo
od c
rop farm
ers
(Eco
nom
y of Ghana N
etw
ork
Sem
inar,
2006: 2).
In b
oth
the c
oco
a p
roduci
ng a
reas
and in t
he t
uber
and g
rain
pro
duci
ng t
ransitional and s
ava
nnah z
ones,
fire is
an inte
gra
l part
of th
e a
gricu
ltura
l cy
cle, and
ess
ential to
main
tain
soil fert
ility.
Sh
ifting c
ultiv
ation is im
port
ant both
to reple
nish the soil a
nd a
lso to suppre
ss n
em
ato
des and o
ther pest
s. W
hile im
pro
ved
agricu
ltura
l te
chnolo
gie
s co
uld
well b
e b
enefici
al
for
soil c
onse
rvation i
n c
arb
on e
missions
term
s, t
he v
ery
low
purc
hasing p
ow
er
of
most
sm
all f
arm
ers
seve
rely
lim
its th
e p
oss
ibilitie
s.
Fig
ure
1: In
cidence
of Povert
y in G
hana
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
124
Fir
e i
n t
he
fa
rmin
g s
yst
em
Off
icia
l policy
has
beco
me incr
easingly
host
ile t
o t
he u
se o
f fire
in a
gricu
ltura
l pro
duct
ion,
and v
illa
ge c
hie
fs h
ave
been m
ade r
esp
onsible
for
fire
contr
ol
within
their o
wn t
err
itories
(Am
anor
and B
row
n,
2003).
W
hile t
he u
se o
f fire
obvi
ously
carr
ies
its
ow
n r
isks
(risks
that
have
to b
e w
eig
hed a
gain
st t
he
altern
ative
s), it is fa
r fr
om
cle
ar th
at re
sponsibility
for cu
rrent haza
rds re
sts only
with the sm
all farm
ers
. A
side fro
m n
atu
ral ca
use
s (o
ne n
ote
s th
at m
ajo
r fire
eve
nts
, su
ch a
s th
at
in 1
984,
aff
ect
ed t
he w
hole
west
Afr
ican r
egio
n,
not
just
Ghana),
there
are
a n
um
ber
of
oth
er
fact
ors
to b
e t
aken into
acco
unt.
For
exam
ple
, off
icia
l co
nse
rvation p
olici
es
tend t
o e
nco
ura
ge b
iom
ass
rete
ntion in a
reas
subje
ct t
o ‘dry
lig
htn
ing’, a
nd p
lanta
tions
policy
in t
he t
ransitional zo
ne
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
125
tends
to f
avo
ur
speci
es
with o
il-r
ich a
nd h
ighly
com
bust
ible
leaf
litt
er
such
as
teak (Tectona grandis).
While t
he m
atu
re t
eak t
rees
are
resist
ant
to f
ire,
the
leaf litt
er act
s as an a
ccele
rant.
This o
nly
incr
ease
s th
e fire h
aza
rd. Att
em
pts
to lim
it b
urn
ing b
y past
ora
list
s and h
unte
rs b
oth
there
and in the savannah m
ay
well h
ave
sim
ilar eff
ect
s, b
uildin
g u
p larg
e v
olu
mes of bio
mass
whic
h then b
eco
mes difficu
lt for fa
rmers
to c
ontr
ol w
hen they
apply
the fire w
hic
h is in
tegra
l to
their land m
anagem
ent st
rate
gie
s.
A c
onsidera
ble
litera
ture
exists
on t
he c
onst
rain
ts t
o a
gricu
ltura
l pro
duct
ivity
in G
hana,
esp
eci
ally
in t
he v
uln
era
ble
nort
hern
are
as,
where
pra
ctic
es
are
chara
cterise
d b
y th
e low
-input te
chnolo
gie
s and risk-a
vers
ion str
ate
gie
s. F
AO identifies decl
inin
g soil fert
ility
as th
e m
ajo
r co
nst
rain
t to
agricu
ltura
l pro
duct
ion
in t
he c
ountr
y (F
AO 2
004, quote
d in W
orld B
ank, 2006:1
06).
The W
orld B
ank C
ountr
y Envi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment
deals in d
eta
il w
ith t
he iss
ues
of pove
rty
and
land d
egra
dation a
nd the reaso
ns fo
r th
e rela
tive
ly low
upta
ke o
f su
stain
able
land u
se tech
nolo
gie
s (2
006: Chapte
r 5).
Liv
est
ock
an
d p
ast
ora
lism
Liv
est
ock
pro
duct
ion is
larg
ely
conce
ntr
ate
d in t
he s
ava
nnah z
one,
contr
ibuting b
etw
een 7
-9% o
f agricu
ltura
l GDP (
World B
ank,
2006:
195).
Lik
e s
mall-s
cale
agricu
lture
, pro
duct
ion s
yste
ms
are
exte
nsive
and t
ech
nolo
gie
s lim
ited.
Fire is
em
plo
yed t
o p
rom
ote
the g
row
th o
f su
ccule
nt
gre
en v
egeta
tion in a
manner
fam
ilia
r in
past
ora
l sy
stem
s th
roughout th
e sem
i-arid tro
pic
s. T
he tra
ns-
national dim
ension is a c
om
plicating fact
or,
with F
ula
ni herd
ers
movi
ng a
cross
national
bord
ers
acc
ord
ing t
o t
he a
vailability
of
past
ure
s. A
s la
nd p
ress
ure
s have
incr
ease
d,
the e
stablish
ed s
ynerg
ies
betw
een a
gricu
ltura
list
s (p
rovi
din
g p
ast
ure
and
crop w
ast
es)
and h
erd
ers
(pro
vidin
g s
oil fert
ility)
have
tended t
o b
reak d
ow
n, le
adin
g t
o g
row
ing c
onflic
ts b
etw
een s
edenta
ry farm
ers
and p
ast
ora
list
s. T
here
have
been a
t le
ast
tw
o s
yste
matic
expulsio
ns
of ‘a
lien h
erd
ers
’ in
rece
nt
years
, under th
e R
aw
lings
gove
rnm
ent
(Opera
tions
‘Liv
est
ock
Solidarity
’ in
1988 a
nd
‘Cow
leg’
in 1
999 [
Tonah,
2000])
. How
eve
r, larg
e-s
cale
seaso
nal m
ove
ments
may
be a
fundam
enta
l re
quirem
ent
for
past
ora
lism
in local co
nditio
ns,
and n
ot
easily
suppre
ssed.
C.2
.4 O
the
r C
om
me
rcia
l A
gri
cult
ure
& P
lan
tati
on
s
Ag
rib
usi
ne
ss
Desp
ite t
he p
rom
inence
of
agricu
lture
in t
he G
hana e
conom
y, agro-industrial enterprise
has
had a
poor
reco
rd t
o d
ate
. A n
ota
ble
featu
re o
f th
e landsc
ape
thro
ughout Ghana is patc
hes of co
mple
tely
defo
rest
ed land, w
hic
h a
re n
ot - as is o
ften a
ssum
ed - the o
utc
om
e o
f unsu
stain
able
sm
all-s
cale
shifting c
ultiv
ation,
but
rath
er th
e t
race
s of fa
iled s
tate
farm
s and p
riva
te m
ech
anised farm
s, irr
eve
rsib
ly d
egra
ded a
nd rendere
d infe
rtile b
y tr
ee s
tum
pin
g a
nd a
ggre
ssiv
e rakin
g
of to
p soils.
A rece
nt FAO report
desc
ribes agribusiness
in G
hana ‘as st
ill ru
dim
enta
ry a
nd a
rtisanal w
ith little g
row
th o
r deve
lopm
ent ove
r th
e last
thre
e d
eca
des’
(Dannso
n
et
al, 2
004).
How
eve
r, t
he last
gove
rnm
ent
was
com
mitte
d t
o t
he d
eve
lopm
ent
of th
e a
gribusiness
sect
or,
and in 2
001, th
e o
bje
ctiv
e w
as
set
for
the c
ountr
y
to b
eco
me a
leadin
g A
fric
an a
gro
-indust
rial pro
duce
r by
2010 (a g
oal w
hic
h w
ill evi
dently
not
now
be m
et)
. G
hana’s
first
pove
rty
reduct
ion s
trate
gy,
GPRSI
,
aim
ed for ra
pid
, priva
te-s
ect
or le
d a
gro
-base
d indust
rial expansion a
s one o
f se
ven m
ajo
r policy
direct
ions.
GPRSI
I (2
006-9
) re
strict
s th
is a
mbitio
n to p
rovi
din
g
a m
ore
modest
‘tr
ansition p
eriod w
hen a
basic
pla
tform
of agro
-indust
rial pro
duct
ion a
nd t
ech
nolo
gy
is b
uilt
up’ (2
005:7
). In t
he p
rese
nt
policy
envi
ronm
ent,
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
126
this w
ill be c
hallengin
g. T
he F
AO s
tudy
poin
ts t
o a
num
ber of co
nst
rain
ts, in
cludin
g: la
ck o
f re
sourc
es,
pro
duct
ion s
kills a
nd info
rmation; abse
nce
of dem
and
for
pro
duct
s both
on t
he inte
rnational m
ark
et
and loca
lly
(the latt
er
due t
o c
om
petition f
rom
cheap r
ice im
port
s etc
.; w
eakness
of
farm
er
org
anisations
(in
rela
tion to o
utg
row
er sc
hem
es,
etc
.); and inadequate
gove
rnm
ent policy
. The latt
er re
late
s to
such
iss
ues as hig
h taxes,
wages and u
nco
nduci
ve tra
de p
olici
es.
The situ
ation re
gard
ing bio
fuels su
ch as
oil palm
and jatropha m
ay
pro
vide so
me poin
ters
as
to th
e positive
pote
ntial
of
agro
indust
ries
in th
e cu
rrent
envi
ronm
ent,
and w
ould
merit
inve
stig
ation;
likew
ise t
he e
xport
fru
it c
rop p
lanta
tions
whic
h h
ave
pro
life
rate
d in t
he s
outh
-east
of
the c
ountr
y in
the last
deca
de.
Pla
nta
tio
ns
The reco
rd o
f tree plantations is u
neve
n. P
lanta
tion c
ove
r (2
000) is record
ed a
s 76,0
00 h
a (W
RI, 2
006) – th
at is, 1.2
% o
f th
e a
rea o
f natu
ral fo
rest
cove
r, a
nd
0.3
% o
f to
tal
land a
rea.
The W
orld B
ank’s
Countr
y Envi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment
note
s th
at
‘ove
r th
e l
ast
15 y
ears
, th
e G
ove
rnm
ent
of
Ghana’s
policy
on
pla
nta
tions
has
been in d
isarr
ay’
(2006:3
).xi
v More
positive
ly, th
e G
ove
rnm
ent
has
report
ed s
om
e rece
nt
pro
gre
ss in p
lanta
tion d
eve
lopm
ent,
with 1
6,7
54 h
a
of new
pla
nta
tions bein
g e
stablish
ed w
ithin
fore
st rese
rves
in 2
007. The m
ajo
rity
of th
ese
incr
ease
s have
been thro
ugh
the m
odifie
d taungya syst
em
(8,7
11ha)
and G
ove
rnm
ent
pla
nta
tions
(5,3
12ha).
Reve
nue s
haring a
rrangem
ents
for th
e form
er pro
vide 4
0% o
f pro
ceeds
from
tim
ber to
the farm
er,
40% t
o the F
ore
stry
Com
mission,
15% t
o t
he land o
wner
and 5
% t
o t
he c
om
munity.
All n
on-t
imber
agricu
ltura
l pro
duct
s are
also t
he p
ropert
y of
the f
arm
er
until ca
nopy
closu
re,
aft
er a m
axim
um
of 4 y
ears
(GoG B
SA 2
005).
Deve
lopm
ent of pla
nta
tions
off
-rese
rve h
as been m
ore
modest
in term
s of are
a p
lante
d, w
ith a
tota
l are
a o
f 9,7
47ha a
nd the e
ngagem
ent of 2,8
38 indiv
iduals
or gro
ups (N
FPDP, 2008).
The G
ove
rnm
ent has also e
ngaged w
ith the C
DM a
nd a
pla
nta
tion-b
ase
d p
roje
ct d
esign d
ocu
ment is n
ear to
subm
ission. The p
ropose
d p
roje
ct w
ould
refo
rest
an
are
a o
f 1000ha w
ithin
the P
am
u B
ere
kem
Fore
st R
ese
rve, and is in
tended to p
rovi
de b
enefits
to the fringe c
om
munitie
s fr
om
the sale
of ce
rtifie
d e
missions.
The identifica
tion o
f fu
ndin
g thro
ugh C
DM falls w
ithin
the o
bje
ctiv
es of th
e F
ore
st P
lanta
tion D
eve
lopm
ent Fund, and the C
om
merc
ial Pla
nta
tion D
eve
lopm
ent
Pro
gra
mm
e w
hic
h w
ere
initia
ted t
o s
upport
the d
eve
lopm
ent
of
pla
nta
tions.
W
hile t
hese
funds
have
repre
sente
d a
subst
antial in
vest
ment
they
are
yet
to
delive
r su
bst
antial in
cre
ase
s in
priva
te inve
stm
ent
with d
eve
lopers
seekin
g f
urt
her
financi
al su
pport
to m
ake m
eanin
gfu
l pro
gre
ss in p
lanta
tion d
eve
lopm
ent
(Abaid
oo 2
005).
Am
ong t
he iss
ues
of
conce
rn in r
ela
tion t
o p
lanta
tion d
evelo
pm
ent
(aside f
rom
the p
ere
nnia
l quest
ions
about
the s
tandard
isation o
f pla
nta
tions,
their low
soci
al co
-benefits
and p
oor bio
div
ers
ity)
are
secure access to land a
nd tree species selection.
Tenurial unce
rtain
ties
and t
he d
ifficu
lty
of acq
uirin
g land a
re fre
quent
com
pla
ints
of Ghana b
usiness
es,
and a
re m
att
ers
that
the M
LNR’s
Land A
dm
inistr
ation
Pro
ject
(LAP) is inte
nded to a
ddre
ss.
xv
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
127
As
regard
s tr
ee s
peci
es
sele
ctio
n, Ghana s
oils
pre
sent
part
icula
r ch
allenges
to p
lanta
tion d
eve
lopm
ent,
part
icula
rly
where
the g
oals incl
ude e
quity a
s w
ell a
s
inco
me.xv
i
Est
ablish
ing a
pla
nta
tion p
rogra
mm
e w
ith a
ppro
priate
loca
l in
centive
s appears
ess
ential to
help
com
pensa
te f
or
the f
utu
re r
educt
ion in t
imber
supply
fro
m
natu
ral fo
rest
s.
In a
dditio
n t
o f
urt
her
exte
ndin
g t
he taungya p
rogra
mm
e,
the W
orld B
ank E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment
reco
mm
ends
the s
ett
ing u
p o
f a c
redit
syst
em
to c
ove
r th
e c
ash
flo
w g
ap in p
lanta
tion inve
stm
ent and rese
arc
h o
n the p
ote
ntial of ca
rbon-b
ase
d sch
em
es (2
006: 36).
C.2
.5 E
ne
rgy
- f
ire
wo
od
an
d c
ha
rco
al
The p
opula
tion o
f Ghana d
epends heavi
ly o
n fuelw
ood a
nd c
harc
oal fo
r its energ
y needs,
and o
n som
e e
stim
ate
s up to 9
0% o
f th
e w
ood h
arv
est
is
dest
ined for
these
use
s (M
aye
rs e
t al, 2
008:
p.
10;
Agya
rko,
2007,
p.3
)).
The m
ain
pro
duct
ion a
reas
are
in t
he t
ransitional zo
ne (
Bro
ng A
hafo
Regio
n)
and t
he n
ort
hern
sava
nnah. In these
are
as,
local co
uncils m
ay d
epend o
n c
harc
oal sa
les ta
xes fo
r 75% o
r m
ore
of th
eir reve
nues (A
manor & B
row
n, 2006:2
4).
Tra
de in c
harc
oal
is o
ne o
f th
e m
ain
pro
duct
ive a
ctiv
itie
s bin
din
g togeth
er Ghana’s
nort
h a
nd south
. xv
ii
Charc
oal is c
laim
ed t
o b
e a
majo
r ca
use
of defo
rest
ation a
s w
ell a
s a s
ignific
ant
sourc
e o
f bush
fire
s, c
arb
on e
missions
and d
am
age t
o w
ate
rsheds
(e.g
. NCRC,
2008).
W
ood e
xtr
act
ion is
oft
en a
lleged t
o b
e indiscr
imin
ate
(NDPC, 2005: 100; W
orld B
ank, 2006: 115; NCRC, 2009: passim
). T
he info
rmation b
ase
for
such
ass
ess
ments
is
not
alw
ays
clear,
although t
he h
igh leve
l of
national dem
and,
and t
he f
act
that
fire
wood a
nd c
harc
oal are
oft
en s
ourc
ed f
rom
what
mig
ht
appear to
be o
pen a
ccess
are
as,
are
intu
itiv
ely
suggest
ive o
f a d
eple
ting
reso
urc
e.
How
eve
r, r
ece
nt
rese
arc
h in t
he t
ransitional zo
ne w
arn
s of
the d
anger
of
treating c
harc
oal pro
duct
ion a
s a s
ingle
tech
nolo
gy,
and c
alls
for
a m
ore
nuance
d
unders
tandin
g o
f th
e e
nvi
ronm
enta
l eff
ect
s (A
manor & B
row
n, 2006).
Considera
tion n
eeds to
be g
iven to such
fact
ors
as:
�
the c
harc
oal pro
duct
ion sys
tem
�
th
e c
ontr
act
ual basis on w
hic
h p
roduct
ion is undert
aken
�
the leve
l of ve
rtic
al in
tegra
tion o
f pro
duce
rs into
national m
ark
eting sys
tem
s �
The p
ote
ntial of th
e land in q
uest
ion to support
oth
er,
poss
ibly
com
peting, eco
nom
ic a
ctiv
itie
s.
There
is
a n
eed t
o s
epara
te o
ut
form
s of
pro
duct
ion t
hat
do e
rode t
he s
tock
and t
hose
that
are
, or
could
readily
beco
me,
sust
ain
able
. N
ot
all c
harc
oal
pro
duct
ion sys
tem
s are
lia
ble
to d
egra
de the fore
st, and the m
ost
im
port
ant fa
ctors
in a
ssess
ing such
eff
ect
s are
as m
uch
the soci
al re
lationsh
ips of pro
duct
ion
as
the bio
phys
ical
eff
ect
s. W
here
th
ere
is a risk
of
dam
age to
th
e fo
rest
co
ver,
th
ere
m
ay
be pote
ntial
to im
pro
ve th
e m
anagem
ent
regim
e,
without
suppre
ssin
g the h
arv
est
entire
ly. x
viii Considera
tion a
lso n
eeds to
be g
iven to the p
ote
ntial of th
e land in q
uest
ion to support
oth
er act
ivitie
s. F
or m
any
cash
-
stra
pped c
om
munitie
s in
the t
ransitional and n
ort
hern
zones,
charc
oal pro
duct
ion m
ay p
rese
nt
the o
nly
pro
fita
ble
activi
ty in a
rid, disease
-pro
ne a
nd infe
rtile
are
as unsu
itable
for se
denta
ry a
gricu
lture
.
Curr
ent
managem
ent
stra
tegie
s (c
hie
fly
at
the leve
l of
distr
ict
bye
law
s) f
ocu
s on a
ttem
pts
to t
ota
lly
suppre
ss t
he t
rade –
an o
dd s
ituation g
iven t
he h
igh
dependence
of m
any
loca
l gove
rnm
ent auth
orities on c
harc
oal re
venues and o
f m
ost
of th
e n
ation’s
popula
tion o
n c
harc
oal fo
r th
eir c
ookin
g n
eeds.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
128
Ghana is on the v
erg
e o
f beco
min
g a
petr
ole
um
pro
duce
r, w
ith the J
ubilee F
ield
due to o
pen in 2
010 (and w
ith a
targ
et pro
duct
ion o
f 500,0
00 b
arr
els a
day
for
the c
ountr
y by
2014),
and t
his m
ay o
ffer
altern
ative
energ
y so
urc
es
to s
ubst
itute
for
fuelw
ood a
nd c
harc
oal. O
n t
he p
ositive
sid
e,
liquid
petr
ole
um
gas
is a
majo
r byp
roduct
of
oil p
roduct
ion,
but
is g
enera
lly
uneco
nom
ic t
o e
xport
, and w
ill th
us
more
lik
ely
targ
ete
d o
n d
om
est
ic p
ow
er
genera
tion a
nd loca
l use
.xix
On the n
egative
sid
e, liquid
gas pro
duct
ion d
em
ands expensive
tech
nolo
gy,
and p
urc
hasing p
ow
er co
nst
rain
ts m
ay
lim
it the loca
l dem
and.
C.2
.6 M
inin
g S
ect
or
Min
ing h
as a long h
isto
ry in G
hana, ch
iefly
gold
(w
hic
h g
oes back
many
centu
ries)
. M
anganese
, bauxite a
nd d
iam
onds are
also m
ined, th
ough in m
uch
sm
aller
am
ounts
. Min
era
ls p
roduct
ion a
ccounts
for 4% o
f GDP a
nd 9
% o
f gove
rnm
ent re
venues,
gold
makin
g u
p 9
3% o
f m
inin
g e
xport
s (W
orld B
ank, 2006: 72) Ghana’s
gold
pro
duct
ion ranks se
cond in A
fric
a a
nd 1
1th in the w
orld. The form
al in
dust
ry e
mplo
yed 1
5,0
00 w
ork
ers
in 2
004, th
ough the M
inera
ls C
om
mission e
stim
ate
s
that
art
isanal
and s
mall-s
cale
min
ing (ASM
, also k
now
n in G
hana a
s ‘G
ala
mse
y’)
acc
ount
for
a f
urt
her
200,0
00-5
00,0
00 p
eople
(W
orld B
ank,
2006:
75,
cf.
Hilso
n,
2001).
Gold
pro
duct
ion incr
ease
d s
eve
n-f
old
betw
een 1
985 a
nd 2
000,
rising f
rom
300,0
00 o
z. t
o 2
,500,0
00 o
z.
There
are
curr
ently
ten larg
e-s
cale
opera
tions,
one o
f w
hic
h (
the A
shanti G
old
field
s’ d
eep m
ine a
t Obuasi)
com
mence
d its
opera
tions
as
early
as
1907.
58 m
inin
g l
ease
s fo
r gold
and o
ther
min
era
ls h
ave
been a
ppro
ved b
y th
e G
ove
rnm
ent,
ove
r a tota
l are
a o
f c.
300,0
00 h
a. – 1.3
% o
f th
e n
ational te
rritory
(Ghana M
inera
ls C
om
mission, 2009; W
orld
Bank, 2006).
Gold
pro
duct
ion is in
a p
hase
of expansion, and a
num
ber of new
opera
tions are
openin
g u
p, in
cludin
g A
hafo
and A
kye
m w
ith c
om
bin
ed rese
rves
of 16 m
illion o
zs.
At
national le
vel, a
multi-angency
Min
ing R
evu
e T
ask
Forc
e h
as
been e
stablish
ed, and a
revi
ew
of th
e m
inin
g fisca
l fr
am
ew
ork
undert
aken. T
hese
will in
form
the d
eve
lopm
ent
of
legisla
tive inst
rum
ents
in s
upport
of
the 2
006 M
inera
ls a
nd M
inin
g A
ct,
whic
h is
curr
ently
under
revi
ew
. So
cial co
nflic
t is a
key
are
a o
f
conce
rn,
and th
e Min
era
ls Com
mission has
undert
aken a se
ries
of
consu
ltations
on key
soci
al
issu
es
such
as
com
pensa
tion policy
, so
cial
resp
onsibility
guid
elines,
and m
ine c
losu
re.
Ghana i
s co
mm
itte
d t
o t
he m
ajo
r in
tern
ational
transp
are
ncy
initia
tive
s to
im
pro
ve g
ove
rnance
in t
he s
ect
or,
incl
udin
g t
he
Extr
act
ive Indust
ries
Tra
nsp
are
ncy
Initia
tive
(EIT
I) a
nd t
he K
imberly
Pro
cess
for
dia
monds.
The G
ove
rnm
ent
is a
lso c
om
mitte
d t
o e
xte
ndin
g t
he E
ITI to
the
petr
ole
um
sect
or.
Ind
ust
ria
l m
inin
g
Larg
e-s
cale
indust
rial gold
min
ing h
as
until re
cently b
een m
ost
ly u
nderg
round,
but
with d
eve
lopm
ents
in t
ech
nolo
gy
and n
ew
legisla
tion,
openca
st (
surf
ace
)
min
ing h
as co
me to p
rom
inence
. S
urf
ace
min
ing is part
icula
rly
intr
usive
in the landsc
ape, pote
ntially
requirin
g land o
n a
vast
sca
le for explo
itation p
its,
wast
e
dum
ps/
tailin
gs,
acc
ess
roads and sett
lem
ents
, m
ost
ly in the H
FZ.
xx
In additio
n to
th
e im
media
te lo
ss of
agricu
ltura
l and fo
rest
la
nd due to
th
e direct
m
inin
g opera
tions,
oth
er
negative
eff
ect
s in
clude pollution of
the
envi
ronm
ent
from
toxic
meta
ls (
cyanid
e is
routinely
use
d f
or
the r
eco
very
of
gold
in indust
rial opera
tions)
; ch
em
ical pollution o
f gro
undw
ate
r; s
ilta
tion o
f
wate
rways
; dust
and n
oise p
ollution; and a
ssoci
ate
d detr
imenta
l health e
ffect
s (Ibid
).xx
i
‘Ga
lam
sey
’
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
129
Gala
mse
y (a
rtisanal and sm
all sca
le m
inin
g, or ‘A
SM’)
is also lik
ely
to b
e h
ighly
polluting, and suff
ers
fro
m the a
dditio
nal pro
ble
m that only
5-1
5% o
f opera
tors
are
work
ing o
n l
egal
conce
ssio
ns,
with m
ost
opera
ting o
uts
ide t
he p
lannin
g a
nd e
nvi
ronm
enta
l m
anagem
ent
fram
ew
ork
s w
hic
h a
re m
eant
to g
ove
rn s
uch
haza
rdous
act
ivitie
s. T
he o
rganisation a
nd o
pera
tions
of
the s
ub-s
ect
or
are
matt
ers
of
conce
rn.
Merc
ury
is
wid
ely
use
d a
nd m
erc
ury
pollution is
a s
erious
pro
ble
m, w
ith d
etr
imenta
l effect
s both
for th
e h
ealth o
f th
ose
work
ing in c
lose
pro
xim
ity to the c
hem
icals a
nd o
n the w
ider envi
ronm
ent (H
ilso
n 2
001).
Giv
en t
he favo
ura
ble
outlook for gold
price
s and t
he p
rosp
ect
of a s
ignific
ant
expansion in t
he d
em
and for m
inera
ls c
once
ssio
ns,
pre
ssure
s fr
om
min
ing in t
he
fore
st a
reas are
set to
incr
ease
, and b
oth
the larg
e sca
le indust
ry a
nd the A
SM sub-s
ect
or have
beco
me h
igh p
rofile
iss
ues in
the m
edia
.
The G
ove
rnm
ent of Ghana h
as re
sponded b
y deve
lopin
g a
new
dra
ft M
inin
g P
olicy
with speci
fic
pro
visions fo
r m
inin
g in fore
st a
reas.
These
incl
ude:
•
A lim
it o
f 2% [
cum
ula
tive
] co
nve
rsio
n o
f la
nd a
rea t
o m
inin
g in p
roduct
ion r
ese
rves,
with n
o p
roce
ssin
g f
aci
lities
or
buildin
gs
allow
ed.
(This
contr
ast
s w
ith the 1
999 L
and P
olicy
, Se
ctio
n 4
.4b o
f w
hic
h p
rohib
ited c
learing o
f la
nd in a
reas of prim
ary
fore
st c
ove
r fo
r re
fore
station, tr
ee
crop p
lanta
tion o
r m
inin
g’ (W
orld B
ank, 2006:3
2])
.
•
Applica
tion of
guid
elines
for
min
ing in
pro
duct
ion re
serv
es
to be su
bje
ct to
re
gula
r re
view
, and m
ain
tenance
of
a st
rong re
gula
tory
fram
ew
ork
and m
onitoring regim
e, in
lin
e w
ith the E
xtr
act
ive Indust
ries Tra
nsp
are
ncy
Initia
tive
and the K
imberley
Pro
cess
.
•
Revi
ew
of benefit
sharing a
rrangem
ents
in t
he s
ect
or,
with a
vie
w t
o a
fair a
nd e
quitable
distr
ibution o
f m
inera
l w
ealth in a
pers
pect
ive o
f
pre
sent and futu
re e
quity.
•
Bett
er re
gula
tion o
f th
e A
SM sect
or,
though in a
support
ive fra
mew
ork
, and o
ngoin
g registr
ation o
f sm
all-s
cale
min
ers
.
C. LESSONS LEARNT
The a
bove
para
gra
phs have
laid
out so
me o
f th
e influence
s co
ntr
ibuting to the h
igh leve
ls o
f defo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st d
egra
dation in G
hana. This sect
ion seeks
to d
raw
out
the m
ajo
r le
ssons
learn
t. T
he e
mphasis
is o
n t
he s
ucc
ess
es
and failure
s of re
cent
polici
es
and initia
tive
s, c
onsidere
d larg
ely
in t
heir o
wn t
erm
s. A
subse
quent discu
ssio
n p
aper (‘Implications for REDD Strategy’) w
ill build o
n these
concl
usions to
begin
to sco
pe o
ut th
e p
ote
ntial ele
ments
of a R
EDD str
ate
gy.
Defo
rest
ation a
nd f
ore
st d
egra
dation h
ave
long b
een p
ublic
pre
occ
upations
in G
hana,
independently
of
REDD p
olicy
deve
lopm
ent.
The d
iscu
ssio
n a
bove
has
subst
antiate
d t
he c
ase
for
considering t
hem
as
‘slo
w d
rip p
henom
ena’ in
Ghana in t
hat
that
they
derive
fro
m t
he a
ctivi
ties
of
multip
le a
nd d
ispers
ed a
ctors
.
(They
are
not
entire
ly d
ivorc
ed f
rom
the p
olicy
deci
sions
of
gove
rnm
ent,
how
eve
r; f
or
exam
ple
, until 1994 it
was
offic
ial policy
to a
llow
for
the p
rogre
ssiv
e
conve
rsio
n o
f th
e o
ff-r
ese
rve a
reas
to v
arious
form
s of agricu
lture
). A
ddre
ssin
g t
hem
at th
is late
sta
ge is
likely
to b
e c
hallengin
g, and n
ot
am
enable
to s
imply
‘turn
ing o
ff the tap’,
as w
ould
be p
oss
ible
were
, sa
y, the m
ajo
r drive
r to
be o
f a p
oin
t-so
urc
e n
atu
re, su
ch a
s agro
-indust
rial deve
lopm
ent or la
rge-s
cale
catt
le
ranch
ing.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
130
The p
roce
ss is
larg
ely
one o
f pro
gre
ssiv
e d
egra
dation, and t
he d
rive
rs d
erive
fro
m a
mix
of fo
rest
sect
or and e
xtr
ase
cto
ral fo
rces.
An o
bvi
ous
concl
usion to b
e
dra
wn is th
at
any
att
em
pts
to a
rrest
them
must
prioritise
inte
r-se
ctora
l policie
s and inte
rventions.
To d
ate
, th
is h
as pro
ven d
ifficu
lt in the a
dm
inistr
ative
set-
up, th
ough rece
nt deve
lopm
ents
both
in n
ational pla
nnin
g (fo
r exam
ple
, th
e N
DPC’s
role
in the G
PRS)
and in d
onor re
lations (f
or exam
ple
, donor co
mm
itm
ent
to the sect
ora
l pla
nnin
g p
olicy
) enco
ura
ge a
more
inte
r-se
ctora
l appro
ach
.
The fate
of th
e fore
st h
as
been m
uch
influence
d b
y in
dust
rial tim
ber
polici
es,
and t
here
is
now
bro
ad r
ecognitio
n t
hat
these
have
not
serv
ed t
he n
ation w
ell
and n
eed t
o b
e s
ubst
antially
refo
rmed.
A m
ajo
r re
view o
f fo
rest
policy
is
curr
ently
underw
ay.
The f
act
ors
whic
h h
ave
led t
o t
hese
policy
failure
s are
fairly
typic
al
of
post
-colo
nia
l pro
duce
r nations
that
are
heavi
ly d
ependent
on n
atu
ral
reso
urc
e r
ents
, in
whic
h i
ndust
rial
inte
rest
s are
clo
sely
inte
rtw
ined w
ith
national politics
.
By
and larg
e,
the p
roble
matic
polici
es
are
well-k
now
n a
nd a
lready
in t
he p
ublic
dom
ain
. Deve
lopm
ent
of
FLEGT p
olicy
has
help
ed t
o r
ein
forc
e t
he c
once
rns.
The failure
to reso
lve som
e o
f th
em
ow
es m
ore
to the lack
of politica
l w
ill th
an o
f te
chnic
al unders
tandin
g. As th
e indust
ry a
ppro
ach
es cr
isis p
oin
t, there
may
be n
ew
poss
ibilitie
s fo
r ch
ange. The ineff
icie
nt opera
tors
are
exitin
g the indust
ry, and the c
hallenge b
eco
mes how
best
to support
the m
ore
effic
ient ones.
Such
policy
refo
rms
and inte
rventions
as
have
been im
ple
mente
d a
re v
uln
era
ble
to t
he a
ccusa
tion t
hat
they
addre
ss t
he s
ym
pto
ms
more
eagerly
than t
he
cause
s. The c
urr
ent
FLEGT d
iscu
ssio
ns
ack
now
ledge t
his d
anger,
and t
he V
PA Im
pact
Stu
dy
((Maye
rs e
t al, 2
008)
sets
out
very
cle
arly t
he r
isks
to t
he s
ect
or
and soci
ety
fro
m h
alf-h
eart
ed a
ctio
ns w
hic
h leave
unto
uch
ed the m
ajo
r gove
rnance
challenges.
Impro
ving t
he c
onditio
n o
f th
e o
ff-r
ese
rve r
eso
urc
e is
fundam
enta
l, b
ut
succ
ess
ive g
ove
rnm
ents
have
been s
ingula
rly u
nw
illing t
o t
ake t
his o
n. Arg
uably
, th
is
can o
nly
com
e a
bout
thro
ugh a
radic
al ch
ange o
f policy
regard
ing t
ree t
enure
as
an a
spect
of
pro
pert
y rights
. W
ithout
it,
it is
difficu
lt t
o im
agin
e a
ny
real
ince
ntive
s fo
r re
genera
tion in t
he o
ff-r
ese
rve e
nvi
ronm
ent.
The p
roble
m o
f ch
ain
saw
loggin
g is
likely
to p
ers
ist,
for
this is
larg
ely
a c
ontingent
issu
e,
and
reflect
s th
e p
ola
risa
tion o
f w
ealth in t
he s
oci
ety
and t
he lack
of
eco
nom
ic inte
gra
tion o
f th
e t
imber
indust
ry m
uch
more
than a
ny
syst
em
atic
‘crim
inality
’.
Sim
ilarly,
unle
ss t
hey
have
the o
pport
unity
to r
ealise
the p
ote
ntial - and r
eta
in m
uch
of th
e t
rue v
alu
e o
f - th
eir o
wn e
ndeavo
urs
, Ghana’s
sm
all farm
ers
are
unlikely
to b
e a
ble
to inve
st in t
he n
ew
tech
nolo
gie
s w
hic
h c
ould
pro
vide t
he k
ey
to lowere
d d
ependence
on t
he n
atu
ral envi
ronm
ent.
The c
urr
ent st
rate
gy
is
to favo
ur a p
iece
meal appro
ach
to tenurial re
form
, th
rough sm
all-s
cale
and g
eogra
phic
ally
bounded e
xperim
ents
on a
site-b
y-site
basis (C
REMAs,
for exam
ple
,
and t
he p
ropose
d b
ut
since
reje
cted ‘dedic
ate
d fore
sts’
). An a
ltern
ative
appro
ach
would
seek a
more
radic
al re
vision o
f pro
pert
y rights
in t
rees
in favo
ur
of
the direct
pro
duce
rs.
W
hile th
is w
ould
re
quire a lo
nger
tim
e-f
ram
e,
it m
ight
ultim
ate
ly st
imula
te a m
uch
m
ore
signific
ant
impro
vem
ent
in re
sourc
e
ava
ilability.
Pro
min
ent
am
ong t
he e
xtr
ase
ctora
l drive
rs o
f fo
rest
degra
dation h
as
been t
he g
row
th o
f th
e c
oco
a s
ect
or.
This is
in m
any
ways
a g
reat
succ
ess
sto
ry,
both
enrich
ing G
hana s
ocie
ty a
nd p
rovi
din
g m
uch
of
its
national w
ealth.
The e
xpansion o
f th
e s
ect
or
has
help
ed t
o a
ccom
modate
the h
uge g
row
th in r
ura
l and
urb
an p
opula
tions
in a
reaso
nably
equitable
and s
oci
ally
acce
pta
ble
fash
ion,
though it
has
incr
ease
d t
he c
om
ple
xity
of
the land-h
old
ing s
yste
m a
nd a
dded t
o
the c
hallenge o
f ru
ral
tenurial
refo
rm.
Succ
ess
ive g
ove
rnm
ents
have
been r
elu
ctant
to t
ake u
p t
his c
hallenge,
although t
he g
ove
rnm
ent’
s cu
rrent
‘Land
Adm
inistr
ation P
roje
ct’
is m
andate
d t
o a
ddre
ss it,
and t
his incl
udes
a c
om
ponent
work
ing w
ith C
ust
om
ary
Land S
ecre
tariats
(Gove
rnm
ent
of
Ghana,
2009;
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
131
Toulm
in e
t al, 2
004).
To b
e e
ffect
ive,
com
pensa
tion f
or
land u
se w
ould
need t
o b
e o
ffere
d t
o f
arm
ers
as
much
as
land-o
wners
and r
ule
s w
ould
need t
o b
e
est
ablish
ed t
o r
eco
gnise lease
hold
as
well a
s pro
prieta
ry r
ights
. E
xperience
with b
enefit-
sharing a
rrangem
ents
under
modifie
d taungya m
ay p
rovi
de a
model
for
this.
New
inst
itutions
could
be r
equired t
o m
anage c
onflic
ting c
laim
s, t
hough a
rguably
such
inst
itutions
already
exist
in t
he c
ust
om
ary
auth
orities,
Oth
er
inst
itutions (f
or exam
ple
, The C
om
mission o
n H
um
an R
ights
and A
dm
inistr
ative
Just
ice [CHRAJ]
) m
ight also h
ave
pote
ntial w
ith regard
to d
ispute
reso
lution.
Taken t
ogeth
er,
the inadequaci
es
of tr
ee t
enure
and t
he c
om
ple
xity
of la
nd h
old
ings
pre
sent
signific
ant
challenges.
How
eve
r, t
here
is
a c
om
pellin
g v
iew
that
they
do n
eed to b
e a
ddre
ssed, and u
rgently,
if pro
gre
ss is to
be m
ade o
n R
EDD.
The failure
to a
ddre
ss t
he t
enurial pro
ble
m m
ay
help
to a
cco
unt
for th
e s
low
pro
gre
ss o
f agro
-indust
rial deve
lopm
ent,
part
icula
rly
the p
lanta
tions
sub-s
ect
or,
although o
ther
fact
ors
may
also b
e r
esp
onsible
for
the
low
leve
ls o
f priva
te s
ect
or
inve
stm
ent
to d
ate
. So
me c
om
merc
ial pla
nta
tions
have
been s
ucc
ess
fully
est
ablish
ed,
part
icula
rly in t
he t
ransitional and s
ava
nnah z
ones.
Sm
all-s
cale
deve
lopm
ent
may
also p
rove
a v
iable
str
ate
gy
in t
he longer
term
. Experience
elsew
here
(Uganda, fo
r exam
ple
) off
ers
inte
rest
ing m
odels o
f sm
all farm
er-
led p
lanta
tions deve
lopm
entxx
ii, w
ith p
ositive
gender dim
ensions,
but th
ese
have
as
yet att
ract
ed little inte
rest
in G
hana.
Energ
y policy
is anoth
er are
a w
hic
h lack
s co
here
nce
and is
sore
ly in n
eed o
f a m
ore
positive
str
ate
gy.
Lik
e tim
ber policy
in the H
FZ, fu
elw
ood in the sava
nnah
suff
ers
fro
m the c
olo
nia
l le
gacy
whic
h saw
the S
tate
as th
e p
rote
ctor of th
e n
atu
ral envi
ronm
ent and v
illa
gers
as its desp
oilers
. Curr
ent att
em
pts
to c
ontr
ol th
e
trade a
re c
learly
not
work
ing –
and a
rguably
could
n’t
work
, giv
en t
he e
xte
nt
of
loca
l dem
and –
and w
arn
of
the d
anger
that
inappro
priate
managem
ent
stra
tegie
s w
ill m
ere
ly u
nderm
ine p
ublic
gove
rnance
, pre
senting o
pport
unitie
s fo
r re
nt-
seekin
g b
y off
icia
ls a
nd u
nderm
inin
g rela
tions betw
een g
ove
rnm
ent and
gove
rned b
ut w
ithout signific
antly
impro
ving the c
onditio
n o
f th
e reso
urc
e.
Fin
ally,
th
e m
inin
g se
ctor,
like tim
ber
under
FLEGT,
pre
sently
benefits
fr
om
good public
aw
are
ness
w
ithin
th
e so
ciety
as
well as
from
a hig
h pro
file
inte
rnationally.
The key
to pro
gre
ss lies
in th
e deve
lopm
ent
of
transp
are
nt
and accounta
ble
in
stitutions
to ass
ess
and m
anage th
e tr
ade-o
ffs
betw
een
eco
nom
ic a
nd s
ocia
l in
tere
sts.
These
inst
itutions
are
arg
uably
already
in p
lace
, in
the str
uct
ure
s of dem
ocr
atic
national and loca
l gove
rnm
ent.
The c
hallenge
lies in
makin
g them
fully
opera
tional.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
132
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998) Falling into Place
, IIED, London.
Maye
rs J
et
al (2
008)
‘Ass
ess
ing t
he P
ote
ntial Im
pact
s of
a V
olu
nta
ry P
art
ners
hip
Agre
em
ent
in G
hana w
ith t
he E
C o
n F
ore
st G
ove
rnance
’, F
inal Report
,
IIED, London.
Min
istr
y of
Lands,
Fore
stry
and M
ines
(nd)
‘CLEAN D
EVELOPMENT M
ECHANIS
M P
ROJE
CT D
ESI
GN D
OCUMENT F
ORM f
or
SMALL-S
CALE a
ffore
station a
nd
refo
rest
ation p
roje
ct a
ctiv
itie
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SC-A
R-P
DD), V
ERSI
ON 0
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istr
y of Lands,
Fore
stry
and M
ines (2005) ‘B
enefit Sh
aring A
gre
em
ent fo
r th
e M
odifie
d T
aungya
Fore
st P
lanta
tion’,
Fore
stry
Com
mission, Acc
ra.
NCRC (2008) ‘T
ow
ard
s su
stain
able
charc
oal pro
duct
ion in G
hana’,
Acc
ra.
NDPC (2005) Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy II, A
ccra
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NFPDP (2008) The National Forest Plantation Development Programme Annual Report, 2007, Acc
ra.
Norr
is,
K (
2008)
‘Carb
on,
bio
div
ers
ity
and c
oco
a f
arm
ing in G
hana’,
Contr
ibution t
o t
he r
oundta
ble
: ‘Operationalizing Carbon Finance for Forestry and
Sustainable Tree Crops in Ghana’, C
lim
ate
Change U
nit, The F
ore
stry
Com
mission, A
ccra
Osa
fo,
Y (
2008)
‘Land t
enure
and legal issu
es
in G
hana’,
contr
ibution t
o t
he r
oundta
ble
: ‘Operationalizing Carbon Finance for Forestry and Sustainable
Tree Crops in Ghana’, C
lim
ate
Change U
nit, The F
ore
stry
Com
mission, A
ccra
Putz
F e
t al (2
009) ‘Im
pro
ved T
ropic
al Fore
st M
anagem
ent fo
r Carb
on R
ete
ntion’, P
LoS
Bio
logy,
Vol.6, 7, e166.
Republic
of Ghana (1992) Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Ass
em
bly
Pre
ss, Acc
ra.
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vis
ed
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nn
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es
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009) Min
era
ls c
om
moditie
s and A
fric
a, www.s
pilpunt.
blo
gsp
ot.
com
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Tonah, S
(2000) ‘S
tate
Polici
es,
Loca
l Pre
judic
es and C
att
le R
ust
ling a
long the G
hana-B
urk
ina F
aso
Bord
er’
, Africa, Vol. 7
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68.
Toulm
in C
, Bro
wn D
and R
Cro
ok (2004) ‘S
trengt
henin
g C
ust
om
ary
Land S
ecr
eta
riats
, MLF/DFID
, Acc
a.
Tro
penbos (2
004) ‘C
hain
saw
lum
ber:
A n
ece
ssary
evi
l?’, G
hana W
ork
shop P
roce
edin
gs,
Acc
ra a
nd W
agenin
gen.
Tro
penbos
(nd –
believe
d 2007)
‘Deve
lopin
g altern
ative
s fo
r ille
gal
chain
saw
lu
mbering th
rough m
ulti-st
akehold
er
dia
logue in
Ghana and Guya
na’,
Pow
erp
oin
t pre
senta
tion &
ww
w.c
hain
saw
milling.o
rg .
UNCTAD (2005) ‘M
ark
et in
form
ation: co
coa’,
ww
w.u
nct
ad.o
rg/in
foco
mm
/angla
is/co
coa/m
ark
et.
htm
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Vig
neri M
(2004)
‘Pro
duct
ion c
hanges
in G
hana c
oco
a f
arm
ing h
ouse
hold
s under
mark
et
refo
rms’
, Oxf
ord
Centr
e f
or
the S
tudy
of
Afr
ican E
conom
ies,
Oxfo
rd.
Vig
neri, 2007 ‘Drive
rs o
f co
coa p
roduct
ion g
row
th in G
hana’ ODI Pro
ject
Briefing N
o.4
, Dece
mber,
London.
Vig
neri, M (200) ‘D
rive
rs o
f Change in G
hana’s
Coco
a S
ect
or,
IFPRI, W
ash
ingto
n D
C.
Wildlife
Div
isio
n, Min
istr
y of Lands and N
atu
ral Reso
urc
es (2
000) ‘W
ildlife
Div
isio
n P
olicy
for Collabora
tive
Com
munity
Base
d W
ildlife
Managem
ent’
, Acc
ra.
Wilks
I (1
997)
‘Land,
labour,
capital and t
he f
ore
st s
yste
m o
f Asa
nte
: A m
odel of
early
change’,
in j
Friedm
an a
nd m
j Row
lands
(eds)
The Evolution of
Social Systems,
Duck
wort
h, Lo
ndon.
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ank (2006) Ghana C
ountr
y Envi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment , Acc
ra a
nd W
ash
ingto
n, DC.
World R
eso
urc
es In
stitute
(2007) ‘E
art
h T
rends:
The e
nvi
ronm
enta
l in
form
ation p
ort
al’, htt
p:/
/eart
htr
ends.
wri.o
rg/te
xt/
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
136
On-Reserve
Revenue Distribution
ANNEX ONE: Land and Tree Tenure in Ghana
1.
Land tenure systems
vary
sig
nific
antly
from
are
a t
o a
rea in G
hana, w
ith m
ajo
r re
gio
nal diffe
rence
s betw
een n
ort
h a
nd s
outh
, and b
etw
een t
he A
kan a
nd
rela
ted p
eople
s of
south
and s
outh
-west
Ghana a
nd t
he n
eig
hbouring E
we-s
peakin
g p
opula
tions
in t
he s
outh
-east
. These
variations
are
com
ple
mente
d b
y
diffe
rent in
herita
nce
sys
tem
s, the A
kan b
ein
g m
atr
ilin
eal (i.e
. pro
pert
y pass
es fr
om
moth
er’
s bro
ther to
siste
r’s so
n),
while m
ost
oth
ers
- incl
udin
g the G
a-
Adangbe g
roup o
f th
e A
ccr
a P
lain
s, the E
we a
nd m
ost
of th
e n
ort
hern
people
s - a
re p
atr
ilin
eal (p
ropert
y pass
es fr
om
fath
er to
son).
T
he b
rief su
mm
ary
whic
h follow
s applies m
ain
ly to the A
kan, as th
eir terr
itories are
alm
ost
co-t
erm
inous w
ith the H
FZ.
2.
All land in G
hana is under so
me form
of ow
ners
hip
, and m
ost
lands in
the A
kan a
reas are
under th
e a
llodia
l auth
ority
of th
e c
hie
ftain
cy (th
e ‘st
ool’).
This
is a
titula
r auth
ority
, and c
onfe
rs t
he r
ight
to t
ribute
and,
in a
ppro
priate
inst
ance
s, a
share
of
land-b
ase
d r
eve
nues.
It
is n
ot
a f
ull p
roprieta
ry inte
rest
(Osa
fo, 2008).
Su
ch lands
may
be m
anaged d
irect
ly b
y th
e s
tool, o
r by
sub-c
hie
fs a
nd o
ther ‘c
apta
ins’
who h
ave
either th
em
selv
es
or via
their a
ncest
ors
obta
ined a cl
aim
ove
r part
icula
r blo
cks
of
land w
ithin
th
eir nata
l ch
ieft
ain
cie
s (Ibid
). So
me are
as
have
been acq
uired by
the gove
rnm
ent,
th
ough
ultim
ate
ly ‘o
wned’
by
the ch
ieft
ain
cy;
these
are
re
ferr
ed to
as
‘vest
ed la
nds’
. They
incl
ude th
e re
serv
ed fo
rest
s. Landow
ners
have
been fr
ee fo
r
genera
tions to
tra
nsf
er usu
fruct
rig
hts
to o
thers
, fo
r an a
gre
ed ‘sa
le p
rice
’, a
nd this h
as
been a
com
mon w
ay for Ghanaia
n n
on-indig
enes to
gain
acce
ss to
land (th
ere
are
sett
lers
in the A
kye
m A
buaka c
hie
ftain
cy n
ort
h o
f Acc
ra, fo
r exam
ple
, w
ho o
bta
ined their land in the 1
850s,
and w
ho a
re still reco
gnised a
s
‘sett
lers
’ to
this d
ay
[Am
anor and K
ude, 2001])
. Outs
ide o
f th
e A
kan a
reas,
part
icula
rly in the E
ast
ern
Regio
n, th
ere
is a long h
isto
ry o
f tr
ue land sale
s in
to
freehold
ow
ners
hip
, so
metim
es
goin
g b
ack
a c
entu
ry o
r m
ore
, and o
ften i
nvo
lvin
g p
urc
hase
of
subst
antial
blo
cks
of
land b
y ‘c
om
panie
s of
farm
ers
’,
subse
quently
div
ided into
str
ips
betw
een m
em
bers
of th
e p
atr
ilin
y (H
ill, 1
963).
In t
he A
kan a
reas,
land h
as
usu
ally
been a
cquired in s
maller
units,
in a
form
of
lease
hold
. T
he n
atu
re o
f su
ch t
ransf
ers
is
oft
en - a
nd incr
easingly
- d
ispute
d, part
icula
rly
in t
he A
kan a
reas,
with d
ebate
focu
sing o
n t
he t
erm
s
and length
of th
e tra
nsf
ers
, and the e
xte
nt to
whic
h such ‘le
ase
hold
s’ c
onfe
r so
meth
ing c
lose
to full ‘ow
ners
hip
’.
3.
Post
-independence
gove
rnm
ents
have
follow
ed a
nd c
onso
lidate
d the c
olo
nia
l policy
that fa
voure
d c
entr
alisa
tion o
f contr
ol ove
r m
ajo
r st
rate
gic
reso
urc
es.
In G
hana, te
nure
of in
dig
enous
eco
nom
ic t
rees
is v
est
ed in t
he P
resident
in t
rust
for
the land-o
wnin
g c
om
munitie
s, a
nd reve
nues
from
tim
ber
pro
duct
ion
(net
of Fore
stry
Com
mission c
harg
es)
are
distr
ibute
d a
ccord
ing t
o a
form
ula
whic
h is
underw
ritt
en b
y a C
onst
itutional pro
vision (1992, Art
. 267).
xxiii Aft
er
paym
ent of m
anagem
ent fe
es to
the F
ore
stry
Com
mission (cu
rrently
60% o
n fore
st rese
rves and 4
0% o
n o
ff-r
ese
rve lands)
, and a
n a
dm
inistr
ative
charg
e to
the A
dm
inistr
ato
r of
Stool
Lands
(10% o
f th
e r
em
ain
der)
, th
e r
esidual
reve
nues
are
share
d a
ccord
ing t
o t
he f
orm
ula
: 25% t
o t
he c
hie
ftain
cy ‘
for
the
main
tenance
of
the s
tool
in k
eepin
g w
ith its
sta
tus’
; 20% t
o t
he t
raditio
nal
auth
ority
; 55% t
o t
he D
istr
ict
Ass
em
bly
(th
e l
oca
l gove
rnm
ent
auth
ority
).
Additio
nal
paym
ents
(c
urr
ently
5% of
stum
page)
are
also re
quired to
be m
ade by
tim
ber
opera
tors
to
lo
cal
com
munitie
s as
‘soci
al
resp
onsibility
agre
em
ents
’. Ove
rall d
istr
ibution o
f re
venues on/off
-rese
rve is th
us as fo
llow
s:
Off Reserve
Revenue Distribution
Fo
restr
y C
om
mis
sio
n
OA
SL
Chie
fta
ncy
Tra
ditio
na
l Auth
ori
ty
Dis
tric
t A
sse
mb
ly
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
137
4.
These
paym
ents
are
a s
ourc
e o
f co
nsidera
ble
contr
ove
rsy.
The F
ore
stry
Com
mission h
as
a h
isto
ry o
f poor
reve
nue c
aptu
re,
and t
his h
as
led t
o low
and
irre
gula
r tr
ansf
ers
‘dow
n the lin
e’.
The rig
ht of th
e sto
ol to
use
its
share
mere
ly ‘in
keepin
g w
ith its
sta
tus’
is quest
ioned b
y m
any.
Tra
ditio
nal auth
orities
would
also q
uest
ion the larg
e share
cla
imed b
y th
e D
istr
ict Ass
em
blies,
while the latt
er w
ould
cite their d
em
ocra
tic
auth
ority
as ju
stifyin
g a
n e
ven b
igger
share
(t
he Ass
em
bly
is tw
o-t
hirds
ele
cted by
popula
r vo
te;
chie
ftain
cy titles
are
in
herite
d,
alb
eit th
rough a se
lective
m
ech
anism
w
ith so
me public
acc
ounta
bility)
.
5.
In a
ny
eve
nt,
the m
ain
benefici
aries
of
the r
eve
nue t
ransf
ers
are
the c
hie
ftain
cies
and D
istr
ict
Ass
em
blies,
rath
er
than t
he im
media
te m
anagers
of
the
land.
Indiv
idual la
nd o
wners
benefit
main
ly f
rom
the p
roceeds
of
chain
saw
loggin
g,
though t
his is
off
icia
lly
ille
gal (s
ee t
he t
able
belo
w).
This h
as
many
negative
eff
ect
s on p
ublic
com
mitm
ent
to f
ore
st c
onse
rvation a
nd t
o t
ree-p
lanting a
nd r
egenera
tion.
The o
utc
om
e is
a landsc
ape in w
hic
h t
imber
tree
loss
is not m
atc
hed b
y any
signific
ant te
ndency
for tr
ee regr
ow
th.
Distr
ibution o
f Reso
urc
e R
ent and O
ther Paym
ents
, 1999
(x C
edis m
illion)
Beneficiary
Institution
Amount
% of total
Gove
rnm
ent
Fore
stry
Com
mission
9,4
25*
28
Gove
rnm
ent
Adm
inistr
ato
r of St
ool Lands
749
2
Gove
rnm
ent
Distr
ict Ass
em
bly
3,7
98
11
Tra
ditio
nal auth
orities
Tra
ditio
nal Counci
l 1,3
48
4
Tra
ditio
nal auth
orities
Chie
fs
1,6
86
5
Com
munitie
s So
cial Resp
onsibility
Agre
em
ents
785
2
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
138
Indiv
iduals
Of which:
4,6
77
48
Chain
saw
11,8
14
35
Com
pensa
tion fro
m loggers
4,6
77
14
Tota
l 34,1
93
* This repre
sents
60% o
f to
tal st
um
page c
ollect
ed in 1
999
Source: Birik
ora
ng e
t al, 2
001: 22.
6.
Lack of incentives to nurture and preserve trees on-farm:
An im
port
ant
eff
ect
of
the lack
of
clarity
in land a
nd t
ree t
enure
, and t
he e
ffect
ive s
tate
monopoly
ove
r th
e latt
er,
is th
e a
bse
nce
of in
centive
s to
farm
ers
and landow
ners
to p
lant and c
onse
rve tre
es on the land. Indeed, fo
r m
ost
farm
ers
in the
HFZ, th
e tendency
has been in the reve
rse d
irect
ion – a
ctiv
e w
eedin
g o
ut of tim
ber sp
eci
es,
exce
pt fo
r th
ose
of agricu
ltura
l in
tere
st.
7.
The i
mm
edia
te f
arm
ers
/la
nd m
anagers
rece
ive l
ittle b
y w
ay
of
benefit
from
tre
e h
arv
est
opera
tions.
The l
oca
l re
venue c
ontr
ibutions
acc
rue t
o t
he
traditio
nal auth
orities and to the D
istr
ict Ass
em
blies (w
hic
h o
pera
te a
t a leve
l quite far re
move
d fro
m the indiv
idual fa
rm o
wner)
. Off
-rese
rve, fa
rmers
are
meant
to re
ceiv
e co
mpensa
tion fo
r dam
age to
cr
ops.
These
are
negotiate
d direct
ly w
ith th
e tim
ber
opera
tor,
and are
a so
urc
e of
considera
ble
dissa
tisf
act
ion. E
ven w
here
the identity
of th
e rele
vant benefici
ary
is cl
ear – th
ough, as w
ill be d
iscu
ssed b
elo
w (Se
ctio
n C
.2.3
), this is not alw
ays
the c
ase
- th
e s
ize o
f th
e p
aym
ent
is r
are
ly a
dequate
to c
om
pensa
te f
or
the d
am
age c
ause
d.
The p
aym
ent
is g
eare
d m
ere
ly t
o c
om
pensa
ting f
or
the im
media
te
dam
age o
n t
he f
arm
and is
unre
late
d t
o t
he e
conom
ic v
alu
e o
f th
e t
ree.
In a
dditio
n,
the f
arm
er
is u
sually
not
well p
lace
d t
o d
efe
nd h
is/her
inte
rest
again
st t
he o
pera
tor
on-s
ite.
The n
et
eff
ect
is
that
farm
ers
are
oft
en loath
to p
rese
rve t
rees
on-f
arm
. As
tree r
egenera
tion is
anyw
ay
pro
ble
matic
off
-
rese
rve,
due t
o incr
easing d
ispers
al, o
penin
g u
p o
f th
e l
andsc
ape a
nd c
om
petition w
ith c
rops
(Eve
rts,
1997),
an i
nevi
table
conse
quence
of
the h
eavy
sourc
ing o
f tim
ber tr
ees
off
-rese
rve is
a p
rogre
ssiv
e d
imin
ution o
f th
e s
tock
. The 1
948 F
ore
st P
olicy
thus
rem
ain
s th
e o
pera
tive
one (liquid
ation),
desp
ite
the 1
994 P
olicy
’s c
om
mitm
ent
to s
ust
ain
able
managem
ent.
W
ere
the o
n-r
ese
rve s
tock
to b
e in b
ett
er
conditio
n, th
is m
ight
not
be s
o p
roble
matic.
As
it
is, how
eve
r, the p
oor co
nditio
n o
f th
e rese
rves has in
crease
d the str
ess
on the o
ff-r
ese
rve sto
cks.
Much
of th
e indust
ry supply
has had to b
e h
arv
est
ed o
ff-
rese
rve in r
ece
nt
years
(in
som
e y
ears
, th
e m
ajo
rity
of th
e s
upply
com
es
from
off
-rese
rve s
tock
s), and t
hus
the s
upply
situation is
beco
min
g incr
easingly
ble
ak.
i The r
efo
rms
envi
saged u
nder
NREG r
ela
te t
o t
he s
ect
ors
of
fore
stry
and w
ildlife
, m
inin
g,
and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l pro
tect
ion, and t
he f
irst
round
are
inte
nded to:
a)
Ensu
re p
redic
table
/su
stain
able
fin
anci
ng o
f th
e fore
st sect
or and e
ffective
fore
st law
enfo
rcem
ent;
b)
Addre
ss soci
al issu
es in
fore
st a
nd m
inin
g c
om
munitie
s;
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
139
c)
Impro
ve m
inin
g secto
r re
venue c
ollection, m
anagem
ent,
and tra
nsp
are
ncy
;
d)
Main
stre
am
envi
ronm
ent in
to g
row
th thro
ugh str
ate
gic
envi
ronm
enta
l and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
ess
ment;
e)
Ass
ist th
e d
evelo
pm
ent of a c
lim
ate
change str
ate
gy.
A c
ivil s
oci
ety
faci
lity
will be inclu
ded, su
pport
ed b
y a n
um
ber of bilate
ral donors
, w
hic
h w
ill cre
ate
a p
latf
orm
for m
ulti-st
akehold
er dia
logue
enabling c
ivil s
oci
ety
to e
ngage w
ith a
nd h
elp
ach
ieve
the o
bje
ctiv
es
under
both
NREG a
nd G
hana’s
Gro
wth
and P
ove
rty
Reduct
ion S
trate
gy
(GPRSI
I). Co-fin
anci
ng for capaci
ty b
uildin
g a
nd tech
nic
al ass
ista
nce
act
ivitie
s in
the thre
e sect
ors
will also b
e support
ed.
The p
ropose
d p
rogra
mm
e is antici
pate
d to p
rovi
de a
range o
f benefits
; fo
r exam
ple
: i.
im
pro
ved m
anagem
ent of gove
rnm
ent re
venues and fin
ance
s in
the fore
stry
and m
inin
g sect
ors
;
ii.
reduced illegal lo
ggin
g;
iii.
re
duced soci
al co
nflic
t in
fore
stry
and m
inin
g c
om
munitie
s;
iv.
inte
gra
tion o
f envi
ronm
enta
l co
nsidera
tions in
to p
olicy
form
ula
tion a
nd im
ple
menta
tion a
cross
gove
rnm
ent
v.
addre
ss the risks ass
oci
ate
d w
ith c
lim
ate
change.
By
incl
udin
g c
ontr
ibutions
from
multip
le D
Ps
and h
arm
oniz
ing c
ontr
ibutions
at
the s
ect
or
level (in lin
e w
ith t
he P
aris
Decla
ration), t
he N
REG
should
allow
the G
oG to im
ple
ment th
e n
atu
ral re
sourc
e-r
ela
ted refo
rms
outlin
ed in t
he G
PRSI
I polici
es,
as
well a
s st
rength
en the m
ech
anism
s fo
r pla
nnin
g a
nd a
ccounta
bility
acr
oss
sect
ora
l m
inistr
ies and a
genci
es and the M
inistr
y of Fin
ance
and E
conom
ic P
lannin
g (MoFEP).
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
140
Term
s of Refe
rence
(ToR) fo
r St
rate
gic
Environm
enta
l and S
oci
al Ass
ess
ment fo
r th
e R
EDD+ M
ech
anism
in G
hana.
1.
0 Intr
oduct
ion
Reduci
ng
Em
issions
from
Defo
rest
ation and Fore
st Degr
adation (R
EDD+)
is a pro
pose
d gl
obal
mech
anism
to
m
itig
ate
cl
imate
change
, w
hile m
obiliz
ing
financi
al re
sourc
es
for
soci
o-e
conom
ic d
eve
lopm
ent
in f
ore
st c
ountr
ies.
The F
ore
st C
arb
on P
art
ners
hip
Faci
lity
(FCPF),
faci
lita
ted b
y th
e W
orld B
ank,
brings
toge
ther 50 d
onors
and fore
st c
ountr
ies w
ith the a
im to support
these
fore
st
countr
ies in
the p
repara
tion a
nd subse
quent im
ple
menta
tion o
f th
eir R
EDD+ S
trate
gies.
Ghana is
a k
ey
part
icip
ant
countr
y in
the F
CPF.
The G
ove
rnm
ent
of
Ghana is
curr
ently
im
ple
menting
its
Readin
ess
Pre
para
tion
Pro
posa
l (R
-PP) w
ith r
ega
rds
to F
CPF R
EDD+ R
eadin
ess
phase
s, a
nd h
as
request
ed a
FCPF R
eadin
ess
Pre
para
tion G
rant
to s
upport
the d
esign
of its
REDD S
trate
gy. T
his S
trate
gy a
ims
to c
ontr
ol defo
rest
ation a
nd d
egr
adation in o
rder
to r
educe
gre
en h
ouse
gas
em
issions in
to the a
tmosp
here
.
Stra
tegi
c envi
ronm
enta
l and s
oci
al ass
ess
ment
(SESA
) is a
key
com
ponent
of
Ghana’s
Readin
ess
Pre
para
tion P
roposa
l
(R-P
P)
to t
he W
orld B
ank
Fore
st C
arb
on P
art
ners
hip
Faci
lity
(FCPF).
This c
om
ponent
is e
ssential
for
both
avo
idin
g
nega
tive
im
pact
s (“
do n
o h
arm
”) and e
nhanci
ng
positive
or “additio
nal”
REDD b
enefits
, esp
eci
ally
in t
erm
s of so
cial or
live
lihood benefits
, go
vern
ance
and w
ider
envi
ronm
enta
l or
bio
div
ers
ity
benefits
. The SE
SA is part
of
the phase
d
appro
ach
of
the F
CPF R
eadin
ess
Mech
anism
(pre
para
tion o
f th
e R
-PP a
nd s
ubse
quent
Pre
para
tion f
or
REDD+).
The
pro
pose
d a
ctiv
itie
s in
the R
-PP w
ill
also b
e s
ubje
cte
d t
o t
he S
trate
gic
Envi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment
(SEA)
pro
cedure
s
deve
loped b
y th
e E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion A
gency
(EPA).
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
141
2.0
Obje
ctiv
es
The o
vera
ll o
bje
ctiv
es
of th
ese
TOR a
re t
o p
rom
ote
due d
ilig
ence
; id
entify
the inst
itutional arr
ange
ments
and g
ove
rnance
needed fo
r th
e im
ple
menta
tion of
REDD+ Readin
ess
st
rate
gy;
to
id
entify
th
e like
ly so
cio-e
conom
ic and envi
ronm
enta
l risk
s
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith R
EDD s
trate
gies/
polici
es;
and t
o o
utlin
e p
oss
ible
mitig
ation o
ptions;
ass
ess
the p
ote
ntial additio
nal benefits
of REDD+ (esp
eci
ally
bio
div
ers
ity
conse
rvation a
nd p
ove
rty
allevi
ation);
and to info
rm the d
esign
of th
e n
ational REDD+
stra
tegy
so that it a
void
s or m
itig
ate
s nega
tive
soci
al/
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s and e
nco
ura
ges positive
ones.
In a
ccord
ance
with F
CPF g
uid
elines,
speci
al
considera
tion s
hould
be g
iven t
o l
ivelihoods,
rig
hts
, cu
ltura
l herita
ge,
gender,
vuln
era
ble
gro
ups,
gove
rnance
, ca
paci
ty b
uildin
g and b
iodiv
ers
ity.
3.0
Lin
ks betw
een the T
ORs
and the R
-PP C
om
ponents
THE L
INKS
OF T
HE R
-PP T
EM
PLATE T
O T
HE S
ESA
ELEM
ENTS
R-P
P
TEMPLATE
ELEMENTS
STRATEGIC
ENVIR
ONMENTAL A
ND S
OIC
IAL E
LEMENTS
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
142
1b. St
ake
hold
er
Consu
ltation a
nd
Part
icip
ation
(Consu
ltation P
lan)
2a. Ass
ess
ment of Land
Use
, Fore
st P
olicy
and
Gove
rnance
(underlyi
ng
cause
s of defo
rest
ation
and fore
st d
egr
adation,
majo
r la
nd u
se tre
nds,
fo
rest
policy
and
gove
rnance
iss
ues)
2b. Pre
lim
inary
REDD
Stra
tegy
options
2c.
REDD
Imple
menta
tion
Fra
mew
ork
2d. So
cial and
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
s
Stra
tegi
c co
mponent
•
Stake
hold
er and
politica
l eco
nom
y analy
ses
• Id
entify
envi
ronm
enta
l and soci
al
considera
tions tied to
defo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st
degr
adation
• Prioritize
the iss
ues –
key
envi
ronm
enta
l and
soci
al co
nsidera
tions
• Gap a
naly
sis - ass
ess
exi
stin
g ca
paci
ties and
syst
em
s to
manage
th
ese
iss
ues
Pro
pose
policy
, in
stitutional,
lega
l, r
egu
lato
ry a
dju
stm
ent
&
capaci
ty buildin
g m
easu
res
for
the R
EDD S
trate
gy
ESM
F c
om
ponent
• Base
line
• Ass
ess
the
pote
ntial risk
s and im
pact
s of
that pro
pose
d
adju
stm
ents
, in
terv
entions
and p
roje
cts
within
the
REDD str
ate
gy
• Sc
enario
analy
sis
• Define the
inst
itutional,
policy
, le
gal
and c
apaci
ty
requirem
ents
3.1
Drivers
of defo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st d
egr
adation
In Ghana,
the pro
ble
m is ess
entially,
one of
gradual
‘degr
adation’
rath
er
than ‘d
efo
rest
ation’,
and is in
crem
enta
l ra
ther
than
dra
matic,
with n
o s
ingl
e d
om
inant
drive
r. T
he u
nderlyi
ng
cause
s are
those
typ
ical
of
degr
adation i
n t
he m
ore
heavi
ly p
opula
ted
countr
ies
of
the t
ropic
s, a
nd invo
lve a
com
ple
x of
dem
ogr
aphic
, eco
nom
ic a
nd p
olicy
influence
s. T
he im
media
te d
rive
rs incl
ude:
fore
st indust
ry o
ver-
capaci
ty; policy
/m
ark
et fa
ilure
s in
the tim
ber se
ctor;
burg
eonin
g popula
tion in b
oth
rura
l and u
rban a
reas,
whic
h
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
143
incr
ease
s lo
cal dem
and for
agr
icultura
l and w
ood p
roduct
s; h
igh d
em
and f
or
wood a
nd f
ore
st p
roduct
s on t
he inte
rnational m
ark
et;
heavy
dependence
on c
harc
oal and fuelw
ood for ru
ral and u
rban e
nerg
y; lim
ited tech
nolo
gy
deve
lopm
ent in
farm
ing
syst
em
s, a
nd the
continued reliance
on c
yclica
l ‘s
lash
and b
urn
’ m
eth
ods
to m
ain
tain
soil fert
ility.
The p
rom
inence
of one fore
st c
rop in the n
ational
eco
nom
y (c
oco
a),
and rece
nt va
rieta
l ch
ange
s (f
rom
shade to full-s
un),
have
also e
xert
ed a
majo
r in
fluence
on tre
nds in
fore
st c
ove
r.
Min
ing
(indust
rial and a
rtisanal/
small s
cale
) is a
conce
rn in s
om
e a
reas,
as
is t
he u
se o
f fire
in liv
est
ock
manage
ment.
These
drive
rs
whic
h a
re fully
discu
ssed in the R
EDD+ R
eadin
ess
Pre
para
tion P
roposa
l (R
-PP), a
re sum
marize
d b
elo
w:
3.2
Policy
drive
rs
a.
Imbala
nce
s of fo
rest
exp
loitation in favo
ur of la
rge sca
le tim
ber in
dust
ry
b.
Under-
price
d g
oods and serv
ices
c.
Weak
regu
lato
ry m
ech
anism
s and reso
urc
e rig
hts
d.
Weak
law
enfo
rcem
ent
3.3
Dem
ogr
aphic
drive
rs
e.
Popula
tion g
row
th a
nd u
rban e
xpansion
f.
Slash
and b
urn
agr
icultura
l pra
ctic
es
3.4
Eco
nom
ic d
rive
rs
g.
Hig
h inte
rnational dem
and for prim
ary
pro
duct
s
h.
Low
price
s fo
r lu
mber on the d
om
est
ic m
ark
et
2.
3.5
Natu
ral fo
rces
a.
Wild fires
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
144
b.
Flo
ods
c.
Pest
s and d
isease
s
3.6
REDD+ str
ate
gy o
ptions
Addre
ssin
g defo
rest
ation a
nd f
ore
st d
egr
adation p
rese
nts
a n
um
ber
of
challenge
s in
Ghana’s
conditio
ns,
though
succ
ess
in R
EDDplu
s
policy
would
off
er
sign
ific
ant
benefits
for
the s
oci
ety
not
only
in t
he a
rea o
f ca
rbon e
missions
reductions
but
also i
n r
ela
tion t
o
bio
div
ers
ity
conse
rvation, fo
rest
indust
ry, agr
iculture
and rura
l live
lihoods.
Belo
w is a list of pro
pose
d str
ate
gy o
ptions fo
r addre
ssin
g
the identified d
rive
rs.
•
Impro
ve p
art
icip
ation o
f st
ake
hold
ers
in p
olicy
dia
logu
e a
nd d
eci
sion m
aki
ng
•
Cla
rify
natu
ral re
sourc
e rig
hts
•
Impro
ve fore
st law
enfo
rcem
ent,
gove
rnance
and tra
de
•
Rehabilitation o
f degr
aded fore
st rese
rves
•
Fore
st p
lanta
tion d
eve
lopm
ent
•
Pro
moting
REDD+-f
riendly
Coco
a
•
Impro
ve p
roduct
ivity
of fa
rmla
nds
•
Stre
ngt
hened d
ece
ntr
alize
d m
anage
ment of natu
ral re
sourc
es
•
Sust
ain
able
fuelw
ood p
roduct
ion a
nd im
pro
ved e
ffic
iency
of fu
elw
ood u
se
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
145
•
Supply
wood lega
lly
to the d
om
est
ic m
ark
et
4.
0 M
eth
odolo
gy: Am
ong
oth
ers
this sect
ion should
art
icula
te h
ow
the c
onsu
ltation p
roce
ss w
ould
pro
gress
Tools and M
eth
ods use
d in the Consu
ltation and Participation during R-PP Implementa
tion w
ill be employed for the SESA
To c
onduct
eff
ect
ive info
rmation s
haring
and c
onsu
ltation,
a r
ange
of
tools w
ill be u
sed t
o e
nsu
re a
bro
ad r
each
and e
ffect
ive
enga
gem
ent.
Such
tools incl
ude:
4.1
. In
form
ation S
haring
and A
ware
ness
Raisin
g •
Main
tain
& c
ontinuously
update
FC a
nd o
ther w
ebsite
s to
post
info
rmation &
solici
t in
put
•
Pro
duct
ion o
f policy
briefs
and info
rmation n
ote
s appro
priate
to d
iffe
rent audie
nce
s th
at ca
n b
e d
istr
ibute
d in b
oth
hard
and
soft
copy
•
New
s bulletin o
f th
e F
C
•
Pro
paga
te thro
ugh
loca
l FM &
Com
munity
Radio
•
Stake
hold
er gr
oup m
anage
d info
rmation sharing
4.2
. C
onsu
ltation
Consu
ltations
will
occ
ur
at
diffe
rent
leve
ls f
rom
sm
all s
cale
exp
ert
consu
ltations
to b
roader
national
consu
ltations.
Key
tools
within
this p
roce
ss w
ill in
clude:
•
Form
al and S
em
i St
ruct
ure
d Inte
rvie
ws
•
Focu
s Gro
up M
eetings
with S
take
hold
er gr
oups
•
Self A
dm
iniste
red q
uest
ionnaires th
at anyo
ne c
an c
om
ple
te a
nd subm
it
•
Work
shops
•
Stake
hold
er gr
oup m
anage
d c
onsu
ltation
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
146
4.3
. Part
icip
ation
Stru
cture
s fo
r part
icip
ation h
ave
been d
iscu
ssed w
ithin
com
ponent
1a,
but
will in
clude t
he N
RSC
, as
well a
s st
ake
hold
er
groups
utilize
d for co
nsu
ltation info
rmation sharing.
For th
e d
eta
iled sta
kehold
ers
to b
e c
onsu
lted o
n S
ESA
see a
nnex
IV b
elo
w.
The S
ESA
report
will be inte
grate
d into
the N
ational Consu
ltation p
rogr
am
me a
nd d
eta
iled c
om
munic
ation s
trate
gy
deve
loped a
nd
rolled o
ut th
e n
ational st
ake
hold
er co
nsu
ltation a
nd p
art
icip
ation thro
ughout th
e lifesp
an o
f th
e p
roje
ct a
nd b
eyo
nd.
Table
1:
Ta
sk #
T
ask
De
scri
pti
on
A
pp
rox
ima
te
wo
rk e
ffo
rt (
in
%
) o
r in
pe
rso
n/d
ay
s?
Ex
pe
cte
d
wo
rkin
g p
eri
od
(mo
nth
o
f
ass
ign
me
nt)
Sp
eci
fic
de
liv
era
ble
s e
xp
ect
ed
fro
m c
on
sult
an
ts
Re
late
d
on
go
ing
a
nd
pla
nn
ed
a
ctiv
itie
s
carr
ied
ou
t a
s p
art
of
R-
PP
im
ple
me
nta
tio
n
Ne
cess
ary
se
qu
en
cin
g
an
d
tim
ing
wit
h o
the
r a
ctiv
itie
s;
Ma
in
resp
on
sib
ilit
ies
for
coo
rdin
ati
on
w
ith
p
ara
lle
l
wo
rk.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
147
1
Ide
nti
fica
tio
n
of
issu
es
rele
va
nt
to
SE
SA
- 9
mo
nth
s (
Acc
om
pli
she
d b
y R
-PP
Te
am
)
R-P
P
Do
cum
en
t in
dic
ati
ng
can
did
ate
R
ED
D+
S
tra
teg
y
op
tio
ns)
,
On
-go
ing
S
tak
eh
old
er
Co
nsu
lta
tio
ns
an
d
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
n
20
10
-20
13
,
NLB
I
VP
A/F
LEG
T
NR
EG
( a
nd
it
s su
b w
ork
ing
gro
up
,)
EN
RA
C
FIP
Na
tio
na
l F
ore
st F
oru
ms
GF
P
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
148
2
De
ve
lop
me
nt
of
SE
SA
To
R
- 3
Mo
nth
s D
iscl
osu
re o
f S
ES
A T
oR
N
ati
on
al
RE
DD
+
/SE
SA
Co
nsu
tati
on
, a
nd
form
ati
on
o
f m
ult
i-
sta
ke
ho
lde
r w
ork
ing
gro
up
.
1)
Se
lect
ion
o
f
can
did
ate
R
ED
D+
pil
ot
pro
ject
s
2)
Te
stin
g
the
ca
nd
ida
te
RE
DD
+
stra
teg
ies
in
th
e
pil
ot
ph
ase
3)C
on
tin
ue
d
aw
are
nss
rais
ing
d
uri
ng
co
nsu
lta
tio
n
an
d
info
rma
tio
n
dis
sem
ina
tio
n
4)
On
-go
ing
re
vie
w o
f p
ilo
t
pro
ject
s
5)
Sta
ke
ho
lde
r le
d a
nd
fo
cus
gro
up
co
nsu
lta
tio
n o
n l
eg
al
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
na
l ch
an
ge
s
6)
Co
nsu
lta
tio
n
wit
h
ke
y
de
cisi
on
m
ak
ers
o
n
ma
in
ou
tpu
ts o
n R
ED
D+
act
ivit
ies
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
149
3
Sit
ua
tio
na
l A
na
lysi
s
: A
na
lyti
cal
an
d
pa
rtic
ipa
tory
pro
cess
o
f
en
vir
on
me
nta
l a
nd
soci
al
con
sid
era
tio
ns
32
%
4 m
on
ths
Str
ate
gic
C
om
po
ne
nt
of
SE
SA
To
R
Ba
seli
ne
in
form
ati
on
An
aly
tica
l w
ork
ca
rrie
d
ou
t d
uri
ng
th
e
R-P
P
Fo
rmu
lati
on
At
the
sta
rt a
nd
du
rin
g t
he
pil
oti
ng
ph
ase
Sta
ke
ho
lde
r le
d
an
d
focu
s
gro
up
co
nsu
lta
tio
n o
n l
eg
al
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
na
l ch
an
ge
s
Co
nsu
lta
tio
n
wit
h
ke
y
de
cisi
on
m
ak
ers
o
n
ma
in
ou
tpu
ts o
n R
ED
D+
act
ivit
ies
4
Pri
ori
tiza
tio
n
of
issu
es
4%
2
we
ek
s P
rio
rity
po
licy
iss
ue
s Id
en
tifi
cati
on
of
RE
DD
+
stra
teg
ies
Sta
ke
ho
lde
r le
d
an
d
focu
s
gro
up
co
nsu
lta
tio
n o
n l
eg
al
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
na
l ch
an
ge
s
Co
nsu
lta
tio
n
wit
h
ke
y
de
cisi
on
m
ak
ers
o
n
ma
in
ou
tpu
ts o
n R
ED
D+
act
ivit
ies
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
150
5
Ga
p A
na
lysi
s 2
4%
3
mo
nth
s In
stit
uti
on
al,
re
gu
lato
ry
an
d
cap
aci
ty r
eq
uir
em
en
ts
Sit
ua
tio
na
l a
na
lysi
s S
tak
eh
old
er
led
a
nd
fo
cus
gro
up
co
nsu
lta
tio
n o
n l
eg
al
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
na
l ch
an
ge
s
Co
nsu
lta
tio
n
wit
h
ke
y
de
cisi
on
m
ak
ers
o
n
ma
in
ou
tpu
ts o
n R
ED
D+
act
ivit
ies
6
Ide
nti
fica
tio
n
of
po
ten
tia
l ri
sks
an
d
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
(im
pa
cts)
16
%
2 m
on
ths
Ca
nd
ida
te R
ED
D+
Str
ate
gie
s S
itu
ati
on
al
an
aly
sis
Sta
ke
ho
lde
r le
d
an
d
focu
s
gro
up
co
nsu
lta
tio
n o
n l
eg
al
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
na
l ch
an
ge
s
Co
nsu
lta
tio
n
wit
h
ke
y
de
cisi
on
m
ak
ers
o
n
ma
in
ou
tpu
ts o
n R
ED
D+
act
ivit
ies
7
Sce
na
rio
An
aly
sis
16
%
2m
on
ths
Dra
ft E
SM
F r
ep
ort
Imp
act
a
na
lysi
s(
see
6
ab
ov
e)
Sta
ke
ho
lde
r le
d
an
d
focu
s
gro
up
co
nsu
lta
tio
n o
n l
eg
al
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
na
l ch
an
ge
s
Co
nsu
lta
tio
n
wit
h
ke
y
de
cisi
on
m
ak
ers
o
n
ma
in
ou
tpu
ts o
n R
ED
D+
act
ivit
ies
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
151
8
Va
lid
ati
on
/p
ub
lic
he
ari
ng
8%
1
mo
nth
F
ina
l E
SM
F r
ep
ort
R
ED
D+
pil
ots
P
ub
lic
he
ari
ng
/ m
ult
i-
sta
ke
ho
lde
r w
ork
sho
ps
5.0
) St
rate
gic
Environm
enta
l and S
oci
al Ass
ess
ment (S
trate
gic
Com
ponent)
This a
ssig
nm
ent is to c
arr
y out a s
trate
gic
envi
ronm
enta
l and s
oci
al ass
ess
ment (S
ESA
) of th
e s
trate
gy o
ptions.
The s
peci
fic
act
ivitie
s
are
: • Se
lect
ion o
f SE
SA p
riorities
–
Carr
y out
eco
nom
ic v
alu
ation s
tudie
s of
loss
of
bio
div
ers
ity,
degr
adation o
f w
ate
r bodie
s, a
nd d
ecl
ine in
agr
icultura
l pro
duct
ivity
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith d
efo
rest
ation
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
152
–
Carr
y out
case
st
udie
s of
loca
l co
mm
unitie
s aff
ect
ed by
defo
rest
ation:
situ
ation of
eld
ers
, yo
ungs
ters
,
childre
n,
wom
en d
ue t
o loss
of
live
lihoods,
rest
rict
ed a
ccess
to p
ublic
serv
ices
and im
pact
s fr
om
oth
er
non
agr
icultura
l act
ivitie
s (i.e
. m
inin
g) a
nd h
ealth situation.
–
Com
ple
ment st
ake
hold
er analy
sis ca
rrie
d o
ut during
RPP p
repara
tion
–
Conduct
politica
l eco
nom
y analy
sis base
d o
n the sta
kehold
er analy
sis.
–
Sele
ct p
riorities th
rough
cultura
lly
sensitive
consu
ltation p
roce
sses
–
Pre
pare
a p
rogr
ess
report
5.1
SESA
GAP A
NALYSIS
Ass
ess
ment of underlyi
ng
cause
s in
rela
tion to the p
riority
iss
ues:
•
Inst
itutional: A
re the p
roper in
stitutions in
pla
ce? Do inst
itutions have
the c
apaci
ty to d
elive
r: h
um
an c
apital,
financi
al re
sourc
es,
lega
l and regu
lato
ry fra
mew
ork
consist
ent w
ith their m
andate
? Are
there
mech
anism
s fo
r in
ter-
inst
itutional co
ord
ination?
•
Policy
and lega
l
•
Soci
oeco
nom
ic a
nd c
ultura
l
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
153
5.2
RECOM
MENDATIO
NS:
TO W
HAT E
XTENT D
O T
HE R
EDD O
PTIO
NS
ADDRESS
THE G
APS?
•
Analy
sis of pote
ntial im
pact
s of exi
stin
g REDD S
trate
gy o
ptions on the identified g
aps
–
What ga
ps w
ill be a
ddre
ssed b
y th
e p
ropose
d R
EDD str
ate
gy o
ptions?
–
What sh
ould
be d
one w
ith those
gaps th
at are
not addre
ssed b
y th
e R
EDD str
ate
gy o
ptions?
• Reco
mm
endations fo
r in
clusion o
f additio
nal REDD str
ate
gy o
ptions
• Reco
mm
endations fo
r adju
stm
ents
outs
ide the p
urv
iew
of th
e R
EDD str
ate
gy
• Validate
the reco
mm
endations of st
rate
gic
com
ponent fo
llow
ing
cultura
lly
sensitive
consu
ltation p
roce
sses
6.0
) E
NVIR
ONM
ENTAL A
ND S
OCIA
L M
ANAGEM
ENT F
RAM
EW
ORK (ESM
F C
om
ponent)
Pre
pare
a fra
mew
ork
to m
anage
the e
nvi
ronm
enta
l and soci
al risk
s ass
oci
ate
d w
ith the R
EDD str
ate
gy o
ptions:
• Define inst
itutional arr
ange
ment fo
r im
ple
menting
EMSF
base
d o
n e
xist
ing
inst
itutions fo
r envi
ronm
enta
l and soci
al risk
manage
ment
• Ass
ess
exi
stin
g te
chnic
al, fin
anci
al, h
um
an reso
urc
e c
apaci
ties and identify
pote
ntial ga
ps
• Pro
pose
a sys
tem
to scr
een, ass
ess
, and m
itig
ate
the p
ote
ntial envi
ronm
enta
l and soci
al risk
s and
impact
s of th
e R
EDD str
ate
gy o
ptions,
considering:
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
154
•
Ghana’s
lega
l fr
am
ework
and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l and soci
al re
gula
tions
•
Applica
ble
World B
ank’
s polici
es,
and
•
Best
inte
rnational pra
ctic
es
o
The p
ropose
d sys
tem
should
diffe
rentiate
betw
een:
�
Policy
and lega
l adju
stm
ents
�
Inst
itutional adju
stm
ents
�
Pro
gram
matic
and p
roje
ct inte
rventions
o
Pro
pose
a m
ech
anism
for m
onitoring
com
pliance
of th
e p
ropose
d E
SMF invo
lvin
g ke
y st
ake
hold
ers
6.1
SESA
outp
uts
•
Phase
1: SE
SA report
on a
ssess
ment ca
rrie
d o
ut on d
raft
REDD str
ate
gy. Outp
uts
would
be u
sed to refine the c
andid
ate
st
rate
gies and fin
alise
the R
EDD str
ate
gy for Ghana
•
Phase
2: ass
ess
ment of th
e fin
alize
d str
ate
gy. Outp
uts
of th
is w
ould
be u
sed to d
raft
the E
SMF for m
anagi
ng
the residual
impact
s
•
Phase
3: Dra
ft E
SMF to b
e refined a
t th
e R
eadin
ess
pack
age
sta
ge. The d
raft
ESM
F c
ould
be test
ed o
n p
ilot pro
ject
s in
the
countr
y during
the p
repara
tion sta
ge.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
155
7.0
Com
position o
f Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
The t
hre
e p
ers
on I
mpact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
be c
om
pose
d o
f at
least
tw
o n
ational
team
mem
bers
com
bin
ing
soci
al (incl
udin
g ge
nder)
and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
ess
ment exp
erience
. One o
f th
ese
should
be fro
m a
civ
il soci
ety
or
NGO b
ack
ground; th
e s
eco
nd t
eam
mem
ber
can b
e fro
m a
sta
te o
r aca
dem
ic inst
itutional back
ground. They
will be
support
ed b
y a p
art
-tim
e n
ational or
inte
rnational advi
sor
with h
igher
leve
l exp
ert
ise in im
pact
ass
ess
ment
and w
ho
will pro
vide tim
ely
discr
eet in
puts
to the p
roce
ss, e.g
., a
t th
e d
esign
sta
ge.
7.1
Inst
itutional re
port
ing
The t
eam
of
Consu
ltants
shall w
ork
clo
sely
with t
he S
ESA
Com
mitte
e a
nd s
hall r
eport
thro
ugh
the N
ational
REDD
Steering
Com
mitte
e to
th
e Natu
ral
Reso
urc
es
and Envi
ronm
enta
l Advi
sory
Counci
l (E
NRAC),
a hig
h le
vel
inte
r-
Min
iste
rial and s
ect
ora
l body
com
pose
d o
f th
e M
iniste
rs o
f La
nds
and N
atu
ral Reso
urc
es
(MLNR), E
nvi
ronm
ent,
Sci
ence
and T
ech
nolo
gy, and F
inance
, w
ith p
ote
ntial co
ntr
ibutions fr
om
the M
iniste
rs o
f Agr
iculture
and L
oca
l Gove
rnm
ent.
7.2
. Core
task
s and a
ctiv
itie
s
The w
ork
of th
e Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
can b
e b
roke
n d
ow
n into
fiv
e m
ain
task
s:
•
Initia
l (larg
ely
desk
-base
d) dia
gnost
ic a
naly
sis;
•
Consu
ltative
or field
-base
d sta
kehold
er analy
sis and d
iscu
ssio
ns;
•
Analy
sis of th
e W
orld B
ank
Soci
al and E
nvi
ronm
enta
l St
andard
s;
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
156
•
National SE
SA sensitiza
tion/va
lidation W
ork
shop;
•
On-g
oin
g SE
SA m
onitoring
and test
ing
of ESM
F o
n p
ilots
.
For th
e b
udge
t and tim
elines
see a
nnex V
I belo
w.
Som
e U
sefu
l Refe
rence
s fo
r SE
SA D
iagn
ost
ic A
naly
sis
Am
anor,
K.S
. & Bro
wn,
D.
(2006).
In
form
ing
the Policy
Pro
cess
: Dece
ntr
alisa
tion and Envi
ronm
enta
l Dem
ocr
acy
in
Ghana.
Ove
rseas
Deve
lopm
ent
Inst
itute
and Univ
ers
ity
of
Ghana Report
to
th
e DFID
Natu
ral
Reso
urc
e Sy
stem
s
Pro
gram
me, HTSP
E, UK.
Birik
ora
ng
G,
Hanse
n C
P a
nd T
Tre
ue (
2007)
Revi
ew
of
the c
urr
ent
taxa
tion r
ele
vant
to t
he f
ore
st s
ect
or
in G
hana.
VLTP Background Paper No.1
, Fore
stry
Com
mission, Acc
ra.
Fore
stry
Com
mission.
(2009).
Brief
ass
ess
ment
of
land u
se a
nd f
ore
st p
olici
es
and g
ove
rnance
in t
he f
ore
st a
rea i
n
Ghana. R-P
P B
ack
ground P
aper.
Fore
stry
Com
mission o
f Ghana, Acc
ra
Fore
st W
atc
h G
hana (2000) Forest Governance in Ghana: An NGO Perspective, FERN. Oxf
ord
and B
russ
els.
Hanse
n, C. P. &
Tre
ue, T. (2
008) Ass
ess
ing
Ille
gal Logg
ing
in G
hana. The International Forestry Review
10 (4):
573-5
80.
Kato
om
ba G
roup (
2009).
REDD O
pport
unitie
s Sc
opin
g Exe
rcise f
or
Ghana.
Kato
om
ba G
roup &
Natu
re C
onse
rvation
Rese
arc
h C
entr
e. W
ash
ingt
on, D.C
. & A
ccra
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
157
Maye
rs, J.
, Birik
ora
ng,
G.,
Danso
, E.,
Nke
tiah, K. & R
ichard
s, M
. (2
008).
Ass
ess
ing
the P
ote
ntial Im
pact
s of a V
olu
nta
ry
Part
ners
hip
Agr
eem
ent in
Ghana w
ith the E
C o
n F
ore
st G
ove
rnance
. Fin
al Report
. IIED, Lo
ndon.
NCRC (2008).
Tow
ard
s su
stain
able
charc
oal pro
duct
ion in G
hana. Acc
ra.
Shepherd
, G. & N
yam
e, S.
K. (F
ort
hco
min
g). Fore
sts-
Pove
rty
Toolk
it - N
ational Leve
l Analy
sis
and A
ctio
n M
anual. IUCN,
Ghana
Tro
penbos (2
004).
Chain
saw
lum
ber:
A n
ece
ssary
evi
l? G
hana W
ork
shop P
roce
edin
gs. Acc
ra a
nd W
age
nin
gen.
Ghana’s
REDD+ R
eadin
ess
Pre
para
tion P
roposa
l (R
-PP) 2010.
ANNEX I: Core
Sust
ain
ability Iss
uesi
The S
ESA
will allow
for th
e identifica
tion o
f ke
y issu
es cr
itic
al fo
r su
stain
ability,
whic
h m
ay
incl
ude the follow
ing:
Stakehold
er
Analy
sis
considers
ke
y st
ake
hold
ers
and deci
sion m
ake
rs in
re
lation to
th
e REDD st
rate
gy,
and pro
vides
a fu
ll
acc
ounting
of
both
cultura
l div
ers
ity
and g
ender.
St
ake
hold
er
analy
sis
is a
llow
s fo
r deve
lopin
g an e
ffect
ive p
ublic
part
icip
ation
pro
cess
of
the SE
SA and enhance
aw
are
ness
of
politica
l eco
nom
y co
nsidera
tions
that
are
like
ly to
in
fluence
how
SE
SA’s
reco
mm
endations are
inco
rpora
ted in the R
EDD str
ate
gy a
nd subse
quently
shape the im
ple
menta
tion o
f th
e R
EDD str
ate
gy.
Key
Quest
ionsi
•
What are
the role
s, resp
onsibilitie
s, a
nd inte
rest
s of ke
y st
ake
hold
ers
?
•
Are
there
any
vuln
era
ble
gro
ups am
ong
the sta
kehold
ers
? W
hat is the n
atu
re a
nd e
xtent of th
eir v
uln
era
bility?
•
What are
the g
endere
d c
hara
cterist
ics of fo
rest
reso
urc
es use
?
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
158
•
What have
been the p
att
ern
s and tre
nds of st
ake
hold
ers
’ ow
ners
hip
and u
se o
f fo
rest
reso
urc
es?
•
How
do the sta
kehold
ers
inte
ract
(acr
oss
various le
vels)?
Where
do str
onge
st a
llia
nce
s lie (at th
e m
acro
leve
l)?
•
Where
are
the m
ost
lik
ely
poin
ts o
f fr
iction/co
nflic
t?
Sugg
est
ed T
ools (le
vels o
f analy
sis)
•
Pow
er analy
sis (m
acr
o)
•
Stake
hold
er m
atr
ices (m
acr
o/m
eso
/m
icro
)
•
Politica
l m
appin
g (m
acr
o/m
eso
/m
icro
)
•
Vuln
era
bility
analy
sis (m
icro
)
•
Key
Pers
on I
nte
rvie
ws (
KP
Is)
•
Focus G
roup D
iscussio
ns (
FG
Ds)
•
Sem
inars
•
Work
shops
Citiz
en E
nga
gem
ent
is c
once
rned w
ith:
1)
identify
ing
the k
ey
conce
rns
of
various
stake
hold
er
groups;
and,
2)
putt
ing
in p
lace
bro
ad-b
ase
d c
onsu
ltation a
nd p
art
icip
ation a
rrange
ments
.
Key
Quest
ions
•
What are
the m
ain
const
rain
ts a
nd o
pport
unitie
s fo
r co
nsu
ltation w
ith a
nd p
art
icip
ation b
y ke
y st
ake
hold
ers
?
•
What ki
nds of m
ech
anism
s fo
r in
form
ation d
iscl
osu
re a
nd d
isse
min
ation a
re m
ost
lik
ely
to w
ork
?
•
Of th
e c
ivil soci
ety
sta
kehold
ers
identified (in
cludin
g in
tern
ational NGOs)
, w
hic
h a
re lik
ely
to p
art
icip
ate
in the tw
o m
ain
phase
s pro
ject
(e.g
. Readin
ess
Pack
age
pre
para
tion, and p
aym
ent fo
r em
issions re
duct
ions)
?
•
How
will th
ey
part
icip
ate
?
•
What ty
pes of gr
ieva
nce
redre
ss m
ech
anism
s are
most
appro
priate
?
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
159
Sugg
est
ed T
ools (le
vels o
f analy
sis)
•
Arr
ay
of co
nsu
ltation e
vents
and fora
org
aniz
ed a
t diffe
rent le
vels, w
hic
h c
an b
e a
dapte
d to the p
art
icula
r purp
ose
of th
e
consu
ltation, th
e targ
ete
d a
udie
nce
s, a
nd c
ountr
y chara
cterist
ics.
•
Mic
ro-p
olitica
l m
appin
g (m
eso
/m
icro
)
•
PLA such
as SW
OT a
naly
sis (f
or su
ch thin
gs a
s th
e p
ropose
d reve
nue sharing
arr
ange
ments
) (m
icro
)
Key E
nvironm
enta
l Issu
es
considers
key
envi
ronm
enta
l and n
atu
ral
reso
urc
es
manage
ment
issu
es
in r
ela
tion t
o t
he p
ropose
d
stra
tegy
.
Key
Quest
ions
•
What are
the m
ain
goods and serv
ices pro
vided b
y fo
rest
s (t
imber,
fuelw
ood, m
edic
ines,
conse
rvation o
f bio
logi
cal div
ers
ity,
w
ate
rshed p
rote
ctio
n, non-t
imber fo
rest
s pro
duct
s, e
tc.)?
•
What are
the m
ain
thre
ats
aff
ect
ing
fore
sts and h
ow
vuln
era
ble
are
to them
?
•
What are
the m
ain
cause
s le
adin
g to
fore
st d
egr
adation a
nd fore
st fra
gmenta
tion?
•
What is the e
stim
ate
d e
conom
ic v
alu
e o
f fo
rest
goods and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l se
rvic
es lo
st b
y defo
rest
ation a
nd d
egr
adation
annually?
•
What are
the e
nvi
ronm
enta
l health risks
lik
e m
ala
ria, m
aln
utr
itio
n, and o
thers
aff
ect
ing
fore
st p
opula
tions,
in g
enera
l, a
nd
childre
n in p
art
icula
r?
Sugg
est
ed T
ools
•
Key
info
rmant in
terv
iew
s (f
rom
main
sta
kehold
er gr
oups)
and sect
or le
vel data
on e
xport
s, fuelw
ood c
onsu
mption, etc
. •
Ove
rlappin
g of pro
tect
ed a
reas m
aps,
bio
div
ers
ity
maps and p
ove
rty
maps using
GIS
tech
niq
ues
•
Cost
of degr
adation e
stim
ate
s; A
nnual co
sts of defo
rest
ation a
nd fore
st d
egr
adation b
y m
ain
cost
cate
gories,
such
as
morb
idity,
mort
ality
and p
hys
ical co
sts
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
160
•
Epid
em
iolo
gica
l evi
dence
and e
stim
ation o
f th
e im
pact
s in
term
s of m
ort
ality
, m
orb
idity,
and D
isability
Adju
sted L
ife Y
ears
(D
ALYs)
•
Case
stu
die
s of se
lect
ed fore
st a
reas and p
rote
cted a
reas
•
Price
tra
nsf
er m
odels to look
at direct
and indirect eff
ect
s of policy
measu
res
•
Sust
ain
ability
test
•
Opport
unity
and risk
analy
ses
•
Com
pound m
atr
ix
•
Com
patibility
matr
ix
Inst
itutions
and o
rganiz
ational ca
paci
ty w
ill ass
ess
form
al and info
rmal in
stitutions.
Key
Quest
ions
•
What ty
pes of fo
rmal and info
rmal fo
rest
manage
ment in
stitutions exi
st in the c
ountr
y?
•
What are
the c
ust
om
ary
and lega
l righ
ts o
f acc
ess
to land, fo
rest
s, a
nd rela
ted reso
urc
es?
•
Are
ince
ntive
sys
tem
s fo
r pro
tect
ing
fore
sts,
bio
div
ers
ity,
and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l se
rvic
es fr
om
fore
sts in
corp
ora
ted into
fore
st
righ
ts fra
mew
ork
s?
•
How
have
beliefs
, norm
s, a
nd b
ehavi
ors
rela
ted to fore
st reso
urc
es use
inte
ract
ed w
ith e
nvi
ronm
enta
l and soci
o-c
ultura
l ch
ara
cterist
ics in
pote
ntial are
as of act
ivity?
•
How
do the p
ropose
d inst
itutional arr
ange
ments
aff
ect
asp
ect
s of eff
icie
ncy
and e
quity
in the a
lloca
tion o
f fo
rest
reso
urc
es?
•
What ki
nds of sk
ills/ca
paci
ties exi
st for ca
rryi
ng
out pre
scribed role
s and resp
onsibilitie
s am
ong
the v
arious fo
rmal
inst
itutions?
Where
are
the g
aps?
•
What are
the h
um
an, financi
al, a
nd tech
nic
al ca
paci
ty g
aps aff
ect
ing
fore
st-d
wellin
g and fore
st-d
ependent gr
oups?
•
What are
the c
ust
om
ary
and lega
l righ
ts to a
ccess
to land, fo
rest
s re
sourc
es and b
iodiv
ers
ity?
•
What are
the h
um
an, financi
al and tech
nic
al ca
paci
ty g
aps w
ith rega
rds to
fore
st c
om
munitie
s?
Sugg
est
ed T
ools (le
vels o
f analy
sis)
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
161
•
Org
aniz
ational m
appin
g (m
acr
o/m
eso
)
•
Part
icip
ato
ry L
earn
ing
& A
ctio
n tech
niq
ues (P
LA)1
8 (m
icro
)
•
Case
stu
die
s of se
lect
ed fore
st a
reas and fore
st-d
wellin
g co
mm
unitie
s
Impact
s (D
irect
and Indirect
) and R
isks co
nsider pote
ntial risk
s of th
e R
EDD str
ate
gy.
Key
Quest
ions
•
What site
-speci
fic
soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l risk
s are
lik
ely
to a
rise
in the c
ours
e o
f im
ple
menting
the p
ropose
d str
ate
gy?
•
Will th
e d
iscr
ete
fore
st c
onse
rvation/defo
rest
ation a
void
ance
act
ivitie
s have
a n
ega
tive
direct
or in
direct
im
pact
on the
envi
ronm
ent (e
.g. cr
itic
al and n
on-c
ritica
l natu
ral habitats
, non-t
imber fo
rest
pro
duct
s (N
TFPs)
, w
ildlife
, or dislo
cation o
f defo
rest
ation a
nd d
egr
adation a
ctiv
itie
s fr
om
on a
rea to a
noth
er)
? If so, how
can these
be
avo
ided/m
inim
ized/m
itig
ate
d/m
anage
d?
•
Will th
e d
iscr
ete
fore
st c
onse
rvation/defo
rest
ation a
void
ance
act
ivitie
s have
a n
ega
tive
im
pact
on indig
enous people
s, fore
st-
dependent gr
oups,
or any
oth
er vu
lnera
ble
gro
ups?
If so
, how
can these
be a
void
ed/m
inim
ized/m
itig
ate
d/m
anage
d?
•
What sp
eci
fic
safe
guard
polici
es are
trigg
ere
d?
•
What are
the identified n
eeds and o
ptions fo
r altern
ative
liv
elihoods deve
lopm
ent?
What opport
unitie
s, risks
, and im
pact
s are
in
here
nt in
these
?
Sugg
est
ed T
ools (le
vels o
f analy
sis)
•
Arr
ay
of part
icip
ato
ry m
eth
ods2
0 (m
icro
)
•
Scenario a
naly
sis (m
acr
o/m
eso
/m
icro
)
•
Gender analy
sis (m
icro
)
•
PLA such
as SW
OT a
naly
sis (f
or su
ch thin
gs a
s th
e a
ltern
ative
liv
elihoods options)
(m
icro
)
ANNEX II: W
orld B
ank S
afe
guard
Inst
rum
ents
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
162
Giv
en t
he p
ote
ntial im
pact
s th
at
may
resu
lt f
rom
the im
ple
menta
tion o
f th
e R
EDD s
trate
gy,
and b
ase
d o
n a
n initia
l ass
ess
ment,
the follow
ing
World B
ank
safe
guard
polici
esi a
ppear applica
ble
at th
is tim
e to the p
ropose
d R
EDD o
pera
tion for [Countr
y X]:
i
a.
Envi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment (O
P/BP 4
.01)
b.
Natu
ral Habitats
(OP/BP 4
.04)
c.
Fore
sts (O
P/BP 4
.36)
d.
Phys
ical Cultura
l Reso
urc
es (O
P/BP 4
.11)
e.
Indig
enous People
s (O
P/BP 4
.10)
f.
Invo
lunta
ry R
ese
ttle
ment (O
P/BP 4
.12)
a.
Safe
ty o
f Dam
s (O
P 4
.37) (T
BD)
b.
Pro
ject
s on Inte
rnational W
ate
rways
(OP 7
.50 ) (TBD)
c.
Pro
ject
s in
Dispute
d A
reas (O
P 7
.60)
a. Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01).
The E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment
(EA)
is a
n inst
rum
ent
that
will exa
min
e t
he s
peci
fic
envi
ronm
enta
l issu
es
and im
pact
s ass
oci
ate
d w
ith t
he f
orm
ula
tion o
f th
e R
EDD S
trate
gy.
It
eva
luate
s and c
om
pare
s th
e im
pact
s
aga
inst
those
of altern
ative
options;
ass
ess
es
lega
l and inst
itutional asp
ect
s re
leva
nt
to t
he iss
ues
and im
pact
s; a
nd r
eco
mm
ends
bro
ad m
easu
res
to s
trengt
hen e
nvi
ronm
enta
l m
anage
ment
in t
he c
ountr
y as
part
icula
r att
ention t
o p
ote
ntial cu
mula
tive
im
pact
s
of
multip
le a
ctiv
itie
s is p
aid
to.
The E
A w
ill
need t
o i
ncl
ude:
(a) executive summary
; (b
) policy, legal, and administrative
framework
; (c
) project description; (d
) baseline data
; (e
) environmental impacts;
and (f) Analysis of alternatives.
b. Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04).
The c
onse
rvation o
f natu
ral habitats
should
take
into
acc
ount
the p
rote
ctio
n,
main
tenance
,
and re
habilitation of
natu
ral
habitats
and th
eir fu
nct
ions
in its
eco
nom
ic and se
ctor
work
, pro
ject
financi
ng,
and policy
dia
logu
e. A
pplica
tion o
f a p
reca
utionary
appro
ach
to n
atu
ral re
sourc
e m
anage
ment
to e
nsu
re o
pport
unitie
s fo
r envi
ronm
enta
lly
sust
ain
able
deve
lopm
ent is str
ess
ed.
c. Forests
(OP/BP 4
.36).
The p
olicy
aim
s to
reduce
defo
rest
ation,
enhance
the e
nvi
ronm
enta
l co
ntr
ibution o
f fo
rest
ed a
reas,
pro
mote
aff
ore
station, re
duce
pove
rty,
and e
nco
ura
ge e
conom
ic d
eve
lopm
ent.
The w
orld’s
fore
sts
and fore
st d
ependent
people
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
163
continue t
o e
xperience
unacc
epta
bly
hig
h r
ate
s of
fore
st l
oss
and d
egr
adation.
The B
ank
is,
there
fore
, cu
rrently
finalizi
ng
a
revi
sed appro
ach
to
fo
rest
ry issu
es,
in
re
cogn
itio
n of
the fa
ct th
at
fore
sts
pla
y an in
creasingl
y im
port
ant
role
in
pove
rty
allevi
ation, eco
nom
ic d
eve
lopm
ent,
and for pro
vidin
g lo
cal as w
ell a
s gl
obal envi
ronm
enta
l se
rvic
es.
d. Physical Cultural Resources
(OP/BP 4
.11).
The o
bje
ctiv
e o
f th
is p
olicy
is
to a
void
, or
mitig
ate
, adve
rse im
pact
s on c
ultura
l
reso
urc
es
from
deve
lopm
ent
pro
ject
s. Cultura
l re
sourc
es
are
im
port
ant
as
sourc
es
of
valu
able
histo
rical
and sc
ientific
info
rmation, as ass
ets
for eco
nom
ic a
nd soci
al deve
lopm
ent,
and a
s in
tegr
al part
s of a p
eople
’s c
ultura
l id
entity
and p
ract
ices.
(OP/BP 4
.10).
This p
olicy
contr
ibute
s to
the B
ank’
s mission o
f pove
rty
reduct
ion a
nd s
ust
ain
able
deve
lopm
ent by
ensu
ring
that
the d
eve
lopm
ent
pro
cess
fully
resp
ect
s th
e d
ignity,
hum
an r
ights
, eco
nom
ies,
and c
ulture
s of
Indig
enous
People
s. F
or
all
pro
ject
s th
at
are
pro
pose
d f
or
Bank
financi
ng
and a
ffect
Indig
enous
People
s, t
he B
ank
requires
the b
orr
ow
er
to e
nga
ge i
n a
pro
cess
of
free,
prior,
and i
nfo
rmed c
onsu
ltation. T
he B
ank
pro
vides
pro
ject
fin
anci
ng
only
where
fre
e,
prior,
and i
nfo
rmed
consu
ltation r
esu
lts
in b
road c
om
munity
support
to t
he p
roje
ct b
y th
e a
ffect
ed Indig
enous
People
s. Su
ch B
ank-
finance
d p
roje
cts
incl
ude m
easu
res
to (
a)
avo
id p
ote
ntially
adve
rse e
ffect
s on t
he Indig
enous
People
s’ c
om
munitie
s; o
r (b
) w
hen a
void
ance
is
not
feasible
, m
inim
ize,
mitig
ate
, or
com
pensa
te fo
r su
ch eff
ect
s. Bank-
finance
d pro
ject
s are
also design
ed to
ensu
re th
at
the
Indig
enous
People
s re
ceiv
e so
cial
and eco
nom
ic benefits
th
at
are
cu
ltura
lly
appro
priate
and ge
nder
and in
ter-
genera
tionally
incl
usive
. T
he Indig
enous
People
s Pla
nnin
g Fra
mew
ork
(IP
PF)
consist
s of
the f
ollow
ing:
(a)
pro
gram
desc
ription;
(b) p
ote
ntial
positive
and adve
rse eff
ect
s of
the pro
gram
on In
dig
enous
People
s; (c
) a pla
n fo
r ca
rryi
ng
out
the so
cia
l ass
ess
ment;
(d
) a
fram
ew
ork
for ensu
ring
free, prior,
and info
rmed c
onsu
ltation w
ith the a
ffect
ed Indig
enous People
s’ c
om
munitie
s at each
sta
ge o
f
pro
ject
pre
para
tion a
nd i
mple
menta
tion;
(e) in
stitutional
arr
ange
ments
(in
cludin
g ca
paci
ty b
uildin
g as
needed);
(f)
monitoring
and report
ing
arr
ange
ments
; (g
) discl
osu
re a
rrange
ments
for IP
Ps to
be p
repare
d u
nder th
e IPPF.
f. Involuntary Resettlement
(OP/BP 4.1
2).
This policy
is tr
igge
red in
situ
ations
invo
lvin
g in
volu
nta
ry ta
king
of
land and
invo
lunta
ry re
strict
ions
of
acc
ess
to
le
gally
designate
d park
s and pro
tect
ed are
as.
The policy
aim
s to
avo
id in
volu
nta
ry
rese
ttle
ment
to t
he e
xtent
feasible
, or
to m
inim
ize a
nd m
itig
ate
its
adve
rse s
oci
al and e
conom
ic im
pacts
. F
or
pro
ject
s in
volv
ing
rest
rict
ion o
f acc
ess
, th
e b
orr
ow
er
pro
vides
the B
ank
with a
dra
ft p
roce
ss fra
mew
ork
that
confo
rms
to t
he r
ele
vant
pro
visions
of
this p
olicy
as
a c
onditio
n o
f appra
isal. In a
dditio
n, during
pro
ject
im
ple
menta
tion a
nd b
efo
re t
o e
nfo
rcin
g of th
e r
est
rict
ion, th
e
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
164
borr
ow
er
pre
pare
s a p
lan o
f act
ion,
acc
epta
ble
to t
he B
ank,
desc
ribin
g th
e s
peci
fic
measu
res
to b
e u
ndert
ake
n t
o a
ssist
the
displa
ced p
ers
ons
and t
he a
rrange
ments
for
their im
ple
menta
tion. The p
lan o
f act
ion c
ould
take t
he form
of a n
atu
ral re
sourc
es
manage
ment pla
n p
repare
d for th
e p
roje
ct.
g. Safety of Dams (O
P/BP 4
.37) (T
BD).
The safe
opera
tion o
f dam
s has sign
ific
ant so
cial, e
conom
ic, and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l re
leva
nce
.
When the W
orld B
ank
finance
s new
dam
s, this p
olicy
requires
that exp
erience
d a
nd c
om
pete
nt pro
fess
ionals d
esign
and s
uperv
ise
const
ruct
ion,
and t
hat
the b
orr
ow
er
adopts
and i
mple
ments
dam
safe
ty m
easu
res
thro
ugh
the p
roje
ct c
ycle
. The p
olicy
also
applies
to e
xist
ing
dam
s w
here
they
influence
the p
erf
orm
ance
of
a p
roje
ct.
In t
his c
ase
, a d
am
safe
ty a
ssess
ment
should
be
carr
ied o
ut and n
ece
ssary
additio
nal dam
safe
ty m
easu
res im
ple
mente
d. OP 4
.37 reco
mm
ends,
where
appro
priate
, th
at Bank
staff
discu
ss w
ith the b
orr
ow
ers
any
measu
res nece
ssary
to str
engt
hen the inst
itutional, legi
slative
, and regu
lato
ry fra
mew
ork
s fo
r dam
safe
ty p
rogr
am
s in
those
countr
ies.
h. Projects on International Waterways
(OP/BP 7.5
0)
(TBD).
Pro
ject
s on In
tern
ational
Wate
rways
m
ay
aff
ect
th
e re
lations
betw
een t
he W
orld B
ank
and its
borr
ow
ers
, and b
etw
een r
iparian s
tate
s. T
here
fore
, th
e B
ank
att
ach
es
great
import
ance
to t
he
riparians m
aki
ng a
ppro
priate
agr
eem
ents
or arr
ange
ments
for th
e e
ntire
wate
rway,
or part
s th
ere
of,
and sta
nds re
ady
to a
ssist in
this r
ega
rd.
In t
he a
bse
nce
of
such
agr
eem
ents
or
arr
ange
ments
, th
e B
ank
requires,
as
a g
enera
l ru
le,
that
the p
rosp
ect
ive
borr
ow
er
notifies
the o
ther
riparians
of
the p
roje
ct.
The P
olicy
lays
dow
n d
eta
iled p
roce
dure
s fo
r th
e n
otifica
tion r
equirem
ent,
incl
udin
g th
e role
of th
e B
ank
in a
ffect
ing
the n
otifica
tion, period o
f re
ply
and the p
roce
dure
s in
case
there
is an o
bje
ctio
n b
y one
of th
e rip
arians to
the p
roje
ct.
i. Projects in Disputed Areas
(OP/BP 7
.60)
(TBD).
Pro
ject
s in
Dispute
d A
reas
may
aff
ect
the r
ela
tions
betw
een t
he B
ank
and its
borr
ow
ers
, and b
etw
een the c
laim
ants
to the d
ispute
d a
rea. There
fore
, th
e B
ank
will only
fin
ance
pro
ject
s in
dispute
d a
reas w
hen
either th
ere
is
no o
bje
ctio
n fro
m t
he o
ther cl
aim
ant to
the d
ispute
d a
rea, or w
hen t
he s
peci
al ci
rcum
stance
s of th
e c
ase
support
Bank
financi
ng,
notw
ithst
andin
g th
e o
bje
ctio
n. The p
olicy
deta
ils th
ose
speci
al ci
rcum
stance
s.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
165
ANNEX III: St
akehold
ers
to B
e C
onsu
lted d
uring
the S
ESA
Pro
cess
Key S
takehold
ers
Issu
es re
lating
to R
EDD-p
lus aff
ect
a w
ide range
of st
ake
hold
ers
and a
re p
art
icula
rly
rele
vant w
ithin
Ghana w
here
ove
r 70% o
f th
e
popula
tion is direct
ly d
ependant on n
atu
ral re
sourc
es fo
r th
eir liv
elihoods.
Stake
hold
er gr
oups id
entified for enga
gem
ent w
ithin
consu
ltation incl
uded:
•
Gove
rnm
ent – St
ate
leve
l and sta
tuto
ry leve
l w
ith a
focu
s on c
ross
-sect
ora
l linka
ges
•
Priva
te S
ect
or – in
cludin
g tim
ber in
dust
ry, agr
icultura
l and fin
anci
al in
stitutions.
•
Civ
il S
oci
ety
– incl
udin
g lo
cal and inte
rnational NGOs,
com
munity
base
d o
rganisations acr
oss
all rele
vant th
em
atic
are
as
•
Deve
lopm
ent Part
ners
Table
2: List of st
akehold
ers
identified d
uring
R-P
P d
evelo
pm
ent
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
166
Govern
ment
•
Off
ice o
f Pre
sident
/ O
ffic
e o
f Vic
e
Pre
sident
•
Min
istr
y of Land &
Natu
ral Reso
urc
es
•
Min
istr
y of Fore
ign A
ffairs
•
Min
istr
y of
Fin
ance
&
Eco
nom
ic
Pla
nnin
g
•
Min
istr
y of Food &
Agr
iculture
•
Min
istr
y of
Envi
ronm
ent,
Sc
ience
&
Tech
nolo
gy
•
Min
istr
y of
Loca
l Gove
rnm
ent
&
Rura
l Deve
lopm
ent
•
Min
istr
y of Educa
tion
•
Min
istr
y of Energ
y •
Fore
st C
om
mission
•
Min
era
l Com
mission
•
Lands Com
mission
•
Wate
r Reso
urc
es Com
mission
•
Energ
y Com
mission
•
Inte
rnal Reve
nue S
erv
ice
•
National Deve
lopm
ent Pla
nnin
g Com
mission
•
Envi
ronm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion A
gency
•
Sava
nnah A
ccele
rate
d D
eve
lopm
ent
Auth
ority
•
Ghana N
ational Fire S
erv
ice
•
Cust
om
s Exc
ise &
Pre
ventive
Se
rvic
es
•
Imm
igra
tion S
erv
ice
•
The J
udic
iary
•
Off
ice o
f th
e A
dm
inistr
ato
r of St
ool
Lands
•
Ghana Inve
stm
ent Pro
motion C
entr
e
•
Coco
a B
oard
•
Mete
oro
logy
Serv
ice
•
National Disast
er Managem
ent
P
rivate
Sect
or
•
AGI Ass
oc
of Ghana indust
ries
•
Wood
Indust
ry-
GTMO,
DOLTA,
GTA,
GATEX, FOW
AG, Sm
all sca
le c
arp
ente
rs
•
Min
ing
Indust
ry
– Cham
ber
of
Min
es,
ga
lam
sey
•
Fuel
wood
&
charc
oal
Burn
ers
Ass
oci
ations
(pro
duce
rs,
transp
ort
ers
, co
nsu
mers
) •
NTFP ga
there
rs (H
unte
rs,
Fishers
, Fuel
wood c
ollect
ors
•
Farm
ers
Larg
e &
sm
all sca
le
•
Serv
ices
- In
vest
ors
/Buye
rs,
tech
nic
al
exp
ert
s – co
nsu
ltants
Civ
il S
oci
ety
•
CBOs
(e.g
. Fire
volu
nte
ers
, eco
nom
ic
groups)
•
Com
munity
Reso
urc
e
Manage
ment
Com
mitte
es,
Fore
st F
oru
ms
•
National & Inte
rnational NGOs
•
Tra
ditio
nal Auth
orities – Chie
fs, etc
. •
Pro
fess
ional
Ass
oci
ations
– Ghana
Inst
itute
of Fore
sters
,
•
Tra
de
Unio
ns,
Ass
oci
ations,
FOSS
A,
Students
’ Unio
ns,
•
Rese
arc
h &
Aca
dem
ic o
rganisations
•
Religi
ous bodie
s Develo
pm
ent
Part
ners
–b
ilate
ral
and
multilate
ral d
onors
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
167
ANNEX IV: Required P
rofe
ssio
nal Expert
ise
The pro
fess
ional
exp
ert
ise re
quired fo
r th
e co
nduct
of
the SE
SA and th
e re
quired sa
fegu
ard
s in
stru
ments
w
ill
inclu
de th
e
follow
ing.
1.
Natu
ral re
sourc
e E
xpert
ise
a)
Fore
stry
Speci
alist
b)
Non-T
imber Fore
st P
roduct
Speci
alist
c)
Envi
ronm
enta
l Sp
eci
alist
with G
IS e
xpert
ise
Environm
enta
l Sp
eci
alist
The e
nvi
ronm
enta
l sp
eci
alist
must
be a
ble
to c
ove
r all e
nvi
ronm
enta
l issu
es
of
the p
roje
ct.
As
with o
ther
key
exp
ert
s, i
t is
desira
ble
for
the e
xpert
to h
ave
a m
ast
er’
s degre
e o
r equiv
ale
nt
in t
he r
ele
vant
disci
pline.
They
must
be f
luent
in b
oth
spoke
n
and w
ritt
en E
ngl
ish. A
t le
ast
15 y
ears
exp
erience, of w
hic
h 1
0 y
ears
are
rele
vant exp
erience
in d
eve
lopin
g co
untr
ies,
is exp
ect
ed.
It is
ess
ential fo
r th
e e
xpert
’s e
xperience
to b
e in t
he fie
ld o
f SE
A p
art
icula
rly
in G
hana w
ith a
t le
ast
5ye
ars
exp
erience
. Priority
will be g
iven first
to e
xperience
in G
hana a
nd then in the regi
on.
2.
Soci
al Deve
lopm
ent Exp
ert
ise
a)
Soci
al sc
ientist
s/Anth
ropolo
gist
s w
ith e
xpert
ise o
n fore
sts people
and Indig
enous People
s and iss
ues of re
strict
ion o
f acc
ess
to n
atu
ral re
sourc
es
b)
Part
icip
ato
ry R
ura
l Appra
isal (P
RA) sp
eci
alist
s c)
In
stitutional Analy
sis expert
s d)
Politica
l sc
ientist
s
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
168
3.
Eco
nom
ics Exp
ert
ise
a)
Envi
ronm
enta
l Eco
nom
ist
b)
Eco
nom
ist
4.
Lega
l Exp
ert
ise
a)
National Law
yer w
ith e
xpert
ise in R
EDD rela
ted iss
ues and the n
ational and subnational la
ws and regu
lations.
The
Law
yer needs to
be w
ell im
mers
ed in the C
ountr
y’s Readin
ess
Pro
posa
l and a
ll rela
ted p
roposa
ls a
nd str
ate
gies,
in
cludin
g, w
here
rele
vant,
the L
ow
Carb
on D
eve
lopm
ent St
rate
gy (LCDS)
and str
ate
gies re
late
d to land, fo
rest
s,
min
ing,
deve
lopm
ent and A
merindia
n P
eople
.
b)
Inte
rnational Law
yer w
ith str
ong
fam
ilia
rity
with the p
olici
es,
rule
s and p
roce
dure
s pert
ain
ing
to R
EDD that em
anate
fr
om
the inte
rnational nego
tiation p
roce
ss for th
e U
N C
lim
ate
Change
Conve
ntion. A
dditio
nally,
the law
yer sh
ould
have
exp
ert
ise in land a
nd n
atu
ral re
sourc
es la
w, as w
ell a
s th
e law
rela
ted to A
merindia
n p
eople
.
5.
Consu
ltants
on W
orld B
ank
Safe
guard
s
a)
Envi
ronm
enta
l Sa
fegu
ard
s Consu
ltant w
ith k
now
ledge
and e
xperience
in w
ork
ing
with W
orld B
ank e
nvi
ronm
enta
l sa
fegu
ard
s as w
ell a
s dra
ftin
g Envi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ments
. b)
Soci
al Sa
fegu
ard
s Consu
ltant w
ith k
now
ledge
and e
xperience
in w
ork
ing
with W
orld B
ank
soci
al sa
fegu
ard
s (Indig
enous
People
s and Invo
lunta
ry R
ese
ttle
ment)
as w
ell a
s dra
ftin
g IP
PFs and P
roce
ss F
ram
ew
ork
s to
addre
ss rest
rict
ion o
f acc
ess
to n
atu
ral re
sourc
es.
5.
Com
munic
ations and O
utr
each
Exp
ert
a)
Exp
ert
in o
utr
each
and c
om
munic
ations.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
169
ANNEX V
: Tim
eline (Tenta
tive)
YEAR 1
YEAR 2
ACTIV
ITIE
S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
ANALYTIC
AL
AND
CONSULTATIV
E P
ROCESS
Pre
para
tion o
f SE
SA T
oR
*
*
Validation o
f dra
ft S
ESA
tOr
**
Discl
osu
re o
f S
ESA
ToR
**
Hirin
g of SE
SA C
onsu
ltant
**
Com
ple
te S
ESA
deve
lopm
ent
Pro
cess
**
SESA
Consu
ltation
**
**
**
**
INPUTS
TO
THE
REDD
STRATEGY
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
170
ANNEX V
I: B
udge
t
VIa
. Tenta
tive A
ssess
ment of Tim
e N
eeded for Expert
ise
Studie
s/Act
ivitie
s Needed E
xpert
s
Required
Tim
e
(Month
s)
Environm
enta
l St
udie
s
3m
onth
s
Fore
stry
Speci
alist
Envi
ronm
enta
l Eco
nom
ist
Non-T
imber Fore
st P
roduct
Speci
alist
Envi
ronm
enta
l Sp
eci
alist
with G
IS e
xpert
ise
Soci
al St
udie
s
3m
onth
s
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
171
Anth
ropolo
gist
s w
ith
exp
ert
ise
on
fore
sts
people
and Indig
enous People
s
Part
icip
ato
ry rura
l appra
isal sp
eci
alist
s
In
stitutional Analy
sis expert
s
Politica
l Sc
ientist
Lega
l and
Policy
Revie
w
2m
onth
s
In
tern
ational Law
yer
National Law
yer
Safe
guard
s
Inst
rum
ents
1m
onth
So
cial Sa
fegu
ard
s Consu
ltant
Envi
ronm
enta
l Sa
fegu
ard
s Consu
ltant
Consu
ltative P
roce
ss
6m
onth
s
Com
munic
ations and O
utr
each
Speci
alist
TOTAL
6 m
onth
s
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
172
Most
act
ivitie
s w
ill be c
arr
ied o
ut co
ncu
rrently
to c
ove
r a p
eriod o
f six
month
s fo
r th
e c
om
ple
tion o
f SE
SA d
ocu
ment.
VIb
. Tenta
tive O
vera
ll B
udge
t fo
r SE
SA*
Act
ivitie
s
Consu
ltancy
(fees,
inte
rnational
travels, per
die
m)
Consu
ltation w
ith K
ey
Stakehold
ers
(work
shops,
tra
vel,
logi
stic
s, incl
udin
g GoG
off
icia
ls tra
vel)
TOTAL
1. Envi
ronm
enta
l St
udie
s 25,0
00
30,0
00
55,0
00
2. So
cial St
udie
s 25,0
00
30,0
00
55,0
00
3. Lega
l and P
olicy
Revi
ew
20,0
00
30,0
00
50,0
00
4. Sa
fegu
ard
s In
stru
ments
5,0
00
12,0
00
17,0
00
TOTAL
$75,0
00
$102,0
00
$177,0
00
*A b
udget of $177,0
00 w
ill be set aside to c
ove
r th
e c
ost
s of SE
SA w
ork
shops,
com
munity
consu
ltations,
outr
each
and c
om
munic
ation.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
173
ANNEX V
II: Use
ful in
form
ation for th
e c
onsu
ltant in
deve
lopin
g th
e S
trate
gic
Com
ponent of SE
SA
7.1
In
itia
l Dia
gnost
ic A
naly
sis
This s
hould
be c
onduct
ed in 3
-4 k
ey
REDD s
ituations
or
are
as
where
defo
rest
ation o
r degr
adation p
ress
ure
s are
hig
hi ,
taki
ng
acc
ount
of
regi
onal diffe
rence
s and a
llow
ing f
or
natu
ral ove
rlap b
etw
een t
he m
ain
them
es
as
set
out
belo
w.
Pro
visional priority
are
as are
West
ern
Regi
on, Bro
ng-
Ahafo
Regi
on a
nd A
shanti R
egi
on.
7.1.1 Politica
l eco
nomy conte
xt analysis
Analy
sis
of
the p
olitica
l eco
nom
y co
nte
xt o
f defo
rest
ation a
nd i
dentifica
tion o
f ke
y ch
allenge
s to
REDD s
hould
be
undert
ake
n initia
lly
by
revi
ew
ing
key
lite
ratu
re o
r re
port
s (s
ee A
nnex
1 for so
me sugg
est
ed refe
rence
s). Com
ple
mente
d
by
discu
ssio
ns
with ke
y in
form
ants
and use
of
rapid
ru
ral
appra
isal
tech
niq
ues
(e.g
., fo
cus
groups)
, th
e politica
l
eco
nom
y analy
sis sh
ould
ass
ess
(in
each
REDD a
rea):
•
the role
of fo
rest
s in
loca
l so
cial and e
conom
ic d
eve
lopm
ent;
•
polici
es,
law
s and inst
itutions affect
ing
natu
ral re
sourc
e m
anage
ment;
•
land a
nd t
ree r
ights
/te
nure
i (de jure
and de facto) and u
se a
naly
sis,
incl
udin
g th
e p
oss
ible
alloca
tion o
f ca
rbon
pro
pert
y righ
ts;
•
defo
rest
ation a
nd d
egr
adation d
rive
rs n
ot already
ass
ess
ed.
7.1.2 Institutional and govern
ance
assessment
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
174
An initia
l in
stitutional and g
ove
rnance
ass
ess
ment
should
focu
s firs
tly
on t
he c
apaci
ty o
f national, d
istr
ict
and loca
l
inst
itutions
to im
ple
ment
REDD p
olici
es
and s
trate
gie
s eff
ect
ively
and e
quitably
. This a
naly
sis
should
incl
ude a
map o
f
the r
ole
s and r
esp
onsibilitie
s, e
speci
ally
ove
r so
cia
l and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l issu
es,
of
diffe
rent
org
aniz
ations
opera
ting
in
the f
ore
stry
and land u
se s
ect
ors
(esp
eci
ally
land u
ses
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith d
egr
adation o
r defo
rest
ation),
incl
udin
g th
eir
lega
l fr
am
ew
ork
s, how
w
ell th
ey
carr
y out
their re
mits
(e.g
., le
gal
com
pliance
), and tr
ansp
are
ncy
/acc
ounta
bility
mech
anism
s. T
his a
naly
sis
should
incl
ude the role
and e
ffect
iveness
of ci
vil so
ciety
org
aniz
ations and loca
l st
ake
hold
er
groups.
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
part
icula
rly
dra
w o
n t
he g
ove
rnance
and inst
itutions
analy
sis
undert
ake
n d
uring
the V
olu
nta
ry P
art
ners
hip
Agr
eem
ent
(VPA) pro
cess
(discu
ssio
ns
with t
he F
ore
st W
atc
h N
GO N
etw
ork
would
be a
good
pla
ce to sta
rt).
Part
icula
r att
ention should
also b
e g
iven to a
naly
sis of th
e lik
ely
REDD ince
ntive
str
uct
ure
s and b
enefit
sharing
mech
anism
s. A
t th
e m
acr
o o
r pla
nnin
g le
vel, a
ttention s
hould
be g
iven to inte
r-se
ctora
l co
ord
ination g
iven the
cross
-sect
ora
l natu
re o
f th
e m
ain
defo
rest
ation/degra
dation (DD) drive
rs.
7.1.3 Initial stakeholder and tra
de-off analysis
Base
d initia
lly
on d
iscu
ssio
ns
with k
ey
info
rmants
and a
vailable
litera
ture
(se
e A
nnex
1),
and u
sing
est
ablish
ed s
oci
al
ass
ess
ment
meth
ods,
the Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
map o
ut
the s
take
hold
er
groups
and s
ub-g
roups
(incl
udin
g
wom
en, la
ndle
ss, m
inorities and o
ther gr
oups,
as w
ell a
s ille
gal opera
tors
), a
nd for each
sta
kehold
er gr
oup set out th
e
like
ly p
ositive
and n
ega
tive
(opport
unitie
s and r
isks
) REDD i
mpact
s. T
his s
hould
be u
ndert
ake
n i
n t
hre
e m
ain
REDD
are
as.
The I
mpact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
also c
are
fully
analy
se t
he r
esu
lts
of
the v
arious
pre
vious
or
on-g
oin
g m
ultip
le
stake
hold
er
consu
ltations
(e.g
., I
UCN’s
DANID
A f
unded R
EDD P
ro-P
oor
Pro
ject
i , a
nd t
he G
row
ing
Fore
st P
art
ners
hip
“People
’s D
iagn
ost
ics”
stu
dy
imple
mente
d b
y FAO/IIED/IU
CN),
in a
dditio
n to the R
-PP regi
onal st
ake
hold
er discu
ssio
ns.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
175
Giv
en t
hat
tree c
rops,
esp
eci
ally
coco
a,
as
well a
s fo
od c
rops
(also g
row
n in a
ssoci
ation w
ith t
ree c
rops
during
the
est
ablish
ment
phase
) are
key
DD d
rive
rs in t
he h
igh f
ore
st a
reas,
speci
al att
ention s
hould
be g
iven t
o t
he t
rade-o
ffs
betw
een R
EDD,
coco
a p
roduct
ion a
nd p
ove
rty
reduct
ion o
bje
ctiv
es
(bearing
in m
ind t
hat
coco
a i
s a s
mall f
arm
er’
s
crop,
esp
eci
ally
grow
n b
y m
igra
nts
). T
rade-o
ffs
may
be p
art
icula
rly
acu
te i
n t
he W
est
ern
Regi
on w
here
there
is
an
inte
nse
dem
and f
or
land b
y poor
fam
ilie
s (m
igra
nt
or
indig
ene f
arm
ers
). R
EDD p
olicy
as
rega
rds
the a
lready
heavi
ly
degr
aded W
est
ern
Regi
on fore
st r
ese
rves
will also b
e c
ritica
l: t
o t
he e
xtent
that
they
rest
rict
coco
a p
roduct
ion, th
ere
will be m
ajo
r tr
ade-o
ffs
with s
oci
al and e
conom
ic o
bje
ctiv
es,
incl
udin
g exp
ort
earn
ings
. On t
he o
ther
hand t
here
are
import
ant
pote
ntial sy
nerg
ies,
for
exa
mple
, if R
EDD c
an b
e u
sed t
o p
rom
ote
sust
ain
able
shaded c
oco
a s
yste
ms,
and
esp
eci
ally
via off
-rese
rve tr
ee te
nure
re
form
w
hic
h co
uld
tr
ansf
orm
th
e pro
fita
bility
of
shaded co
coa pro
duct
ion
incl
udin
g tim
ber tr
eesi .
Sim
ilarly
rest
rict
ions
on lo
ggin
g act
ivitie
si or
polici
es
like
tim
ber
indust
ry dow
nsizi
ng
will
have
tr
ade-o
ffs
with
em
plo
yment
and s
oci
al
benefits
, at
least
in t
he s
hort
term
, as
docu
mente
d i
n t
he i
mpact
ass
ess
ment
of
the V
PA,
although
soci
al benefits
would
far
outw
eig
h t
he c
ost
s if t
he full c
ost
s of unsu
stain
able
logg
ing
were
com
pute
d (Maye
rs
et al, 2
008).
Anoth
er se
t of tr
ade-o
ffs co
uld
be a
round e
ffort
s to
contr
ol unsu
stain
able
charc
oal/
fuelw
ood e
xtra
ctio
n a
s
poin
ted o
ut
in t
he R
-PP B
ack
ground P
aper
(IDL G
roup,
2009).
To t
he e
xtent
that
REDD p
olici
es
rest
rict
use
or
acc
ess
righ
ts b
y th
e rura
l poor,
there
will be serious live
lihood a
nd c
opin
g st
rate
gy im
pact
s.
Anoth
er
type of
trade-o
ff co
uld
be betw
een m
itig
ation and adapta
tion
i polici
es,
while noting
the in
tern
ational
move
ment to
ward
s Nationally
Appro
priate
Mitig
ation A
ctiv
itie
s (N
AMAs)
. If G
hana d
eve
lops a N
AMA this m
ay
reduce
this
type o
f tr
ade-o
ff.
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
also b
ear
in m
ind t
he p
oss
ible
pro
ble
m o
f perv
ers
e ince
ntive
s
where
the ince
ntive
fra
mew
ork
is base
d o
n reduci
ng
curr
ent defo
rest
ation leve
ls a
s oppose
d to a
sys
tem
whic
h rew
ard
s
fore
st m
anage
rs o
r co
mm
unitie
s fo
r histo
rica
lly
good ste
ward
ship
.
7.2
.
Consu
ltative (field
-base
d) St
akehold
er Analy
sis and D
iscu
ssio
ns
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
176
The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
should
conduct
a full sta
kehold
er analy
sis in
thre
e k
ey
REDD regi
ons w
ith repre
senta
tive
s
of
stake
hold
er
groups
(esp
eci
ally
repre
senting
affect
ed co
mm
unitie
s, tr
aditio
nal
auth
orities/
stools,
civi
l so
ciety
,
Distr
ict
Ass
em
blies,
centr
al go
vern
ment
and t
he p
riva
te s
ect
or)
to identify
and p
rioritize
the m
ost
im
port
ant
benefits
and c
ost
s, tra
de-o
ffs and risks
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith c
learly
defined R
EDD str
ate
gies.
This requires deve
lopm
ent of a b
asis fo
r
sele
ctin
g th
e k
ey
gove
rnm
ent,
civ
il s
oci
ety
and N
GO r
epre
senta
tive
s. It
is p
ropose
d t
hat
the p
roce
ss o
f id
entify
ing
or
poss
ibly
ele
ctin
g th
e va
rious
stake
hold
er
repre
senta
tive
s is deci
ded by
the Envi
ronm
enta
l Advi
sory
Counci
l in
consu
ltation w
ith a
ppro
priate
sta
te a
nd c
ivil s
oci
ety
bodie
s. C
onsidera
tion c
ould
also b
e g
iven t
o t
he f
orm
ation o
f a
Multip
le S
take
hold
er SE
SA W
ork
ing
Gro
up.
Consu
ltative
sta
kehold
er
analy
sis
will not
be e
ffective
unle
ss loca
l and o
ther
stake
hold
ers
have
a s
ound u
nders
tandin
g
of REDD. There
fore
the first
task
should
be to b
uild u
p a
good u
nders
tandin
g of REDD a
mong
loca
l st
ake
hold
ers
. Care
ful
considera
tion n
eeds
to b
e g
iven a
s to
how
and w
ho is
best
to d
o t
his. This incl
udes
gett
ing
agr
eem
ent
about
the m
ain
DD d
rive
rs in t
he a
rea, and u
nders
tandin
g as
clearly
as
poss
ible
the p
ropose
d R
EDD s
trate
gies
and p
olici
es
in r
esp
onse
to these
drive
rs.
The
Impact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
sh
ould
th
en
pre
sent
in
a
hig
hly
acc
ess
ible
w
ay
the
initia
l
stake
hold
er/
inst
itutional/
politica
l eco
nom
y analy
sis
as
a basis
for
discu
ssio
n.
On th
e basis
of
the su
bse
quent
discu
ssio
ns,
the m
ultip
le s
take
hold
er
discu
ssio
ns
should
prioritise
the m
ain
soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l co
nce
rns,
risks
and o
pport
unitie
s. T
hey
should
be g
iven t
he o
pport
unity
to s
ugg
est
modific
ations
to the p
ropose
d R
EDD s
trate
gies
and
pote
ntial m
itig
ating
act
ions
where
it
appears
difficu
lt t
o a
void
som
e n
ega
tive
im
pact
s (a
s fo
r so
me o
f th
e lik
ely
tra
de-
off
s discu
ssed a
bove
).
Giv
en the lik
ely
tra
de-o
ffs betw
een sta
kehold
er in
tere
sts,
there
will need to b
e a
n a
greed u
pon p
roce
ss for prioritizi
ng
the c
once
rns.
A m
ajo
r ta
sk o
f th
e Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
will be t
o e
nsu
re t
hat
the c
once
rns
and v
iew
s of aff
ect
ed
stake
hold
ers
are
prioritize
d in the a
naly
sis of pote
ntial im
pact
s, a
nd a
ppro
priate
ly c
om
munic
ate
d to a
ll sta
kehold
ers
.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
177
Key
outc
om
es fr
om
the sta
kehold
er co
nsu
ltations co
uld
there
fore
incl
ude:
•
a list
of priority
soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l co
nce
rns
exp
ress
ed, in
cludin
g w
ho (st
ake
hold
er
groups
or
sub-g
roups)
exp
ress
ed them
;
•
singl
e or
multip
le pro
posa
ls fo
r m
odifie
d REDD st
rate
gies
and/or
mitig
ation act
ions
to co
unte
r perc
eiv
ed
nega
tive
im
pact
s;
•
a s
et
of
capaci
ty b
uildin
g act
ions
to incr
ease
the v
oic
e a
nd c
om
munic
ation c
hannels f
or
loca
l act
ors
to e
xert
incr
ease
d u
pw
ard
s so
cial acc
ounta
bility
on the n
ational REDD p
roce
ss;
•
a s
et
of
agr
eed loca
l le
vel m
onitoring
indic
ato
rs f
or
REDD (
this c
ould
require a
separa
te m
ultip
le s
take
hold
er
exe
rcise w
ith t
he a
im o
f agr
eein
g on c
rite
ria a
nd i
ndic
ato
rs t
o t
rack
the p
rogr
ess
and ‘
succ
ess
’ of
REDDplu
s
(e.g
., e
ffect
iveness
and e
quity
of
benefit
sharing;
gender
and m
inority
gro
up im
pact
s; im
pact
of
REDD o
n loca
l
envi
ronm
enta
l se
rvic
es su
ch a
s w
ate
r quality
, etc
.)..
7.3
Analy
sis of W
orld B
ank S
afe
guard
s In
antici
pation o
f fu
ndin
g fr
om
the F
ore
st C
arb
on P
art
ners
hip
Faci
lity
, th
e Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
must
care
fully
analy
se each
of
the W
orld Bank
Safe
guard
polici
es
(see htt
p:/
/go
.worldbank.
org
/W
TA1ODE7T0)
in ord
er
to ass
ess
wheth
er th
e p
ropose
d R
EDD a
ctiv
itie
s are
com
patible
with the Sa
fegu
ard
polici
esi ,
esp
eci
ally:
• Forests:
this incl
ude the rig
hts
and w
elfare
of fo
rest
dependent people
;
• Environmental Assessment:
this i
ncl
udes
som
e s
oci
al
issu
es
as
well a
s gu
idance
on e
nvi
ronm
enta
l m
itig
ation
measu
res;
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
178
• Involuntary resettlement:
this c
ould
be t
rigg
ere
d if an e
xclu
sionary
REDD s
trate
gy w
ere
adopte
d, e.g
., e
vict
ing
farm
ers
/co
mm
unitie
s fr
om
Fore
st R
ese
rves;
• Indigenous peoples:
w
hile th
e co
nce
pt
of
indig
enous
people
s does
not
really
apply
in
Ghana,
many
of
the
safe
guard
s fo
r in
dig
enous people
can b
e rela
ted to the rig
hts
of lo
cal co
mm
unitie
s.
The k
ey
issu
es
are
wheth
er
the p
ropose
d R
EDD a
ctiv
itie
s ca
n b
e u
ndert
ake
n in a
way
that
min
imiz
es
harm
ful im
pact
s
and that m
itig
ate
s any
pote
ntially
harm
ful effect
s in
a w
ay
that is c
onsist
ent w
ith the safe
guard
s.
7.4
National SE
SA W
ork
shop a
nd B
riefing
Paper
Follow
ing
the p
revi
ous
stage
s, t
he Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
should
org
aniz
e,
toge
ther
with t
he r
ele
vant
gove
rnm
ent
bodie
s and c
once
rned N
GOs,
a n
ational SE
SA w
ork
shop a
t w
hic
h t
he S
ESA
fin
din
gs w
ould
be p
rese
nte
d a
nd d
iscu
ssed
with repre
senta
tive
multip
le sta
kehold
ers
with the a
im o
f m
odifyi
ng
(as nece
ssary
) cu
rrent REDD str
ate
gies so
that th
e
priority
so
cial
and envi
ronm
enta
l co
nce
rns
are
in
tegr
ate
d.
The va
rious
stake
hold
er
groups
would
pre
sent
their
pers
pect
ives and reflect
ions on the S
ESA
fin
din
gs. The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
will also w
rite
a B
riefing
Paper fo
r th
e
SESA
Work
shop.
7.5
O
n-G
oin
g SE
SA M
onitoring
and A
nnual Update
s
The s
oci
al
and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s of
REDD-p
lus
stra
tegi
es
are
to s
om
e e
xtent
unpre
dic
table
; dependin
g on t
he
polici
es
and in
centive
s fr
am
ew
ork
, REDD-p
lus
could
ca
use
perv
ers
e
ince
ntive
s. Oth
er
REDD-p
lus
polici
es
and
inst
itutional st
rate
gies co
uld
pro
ve p
roble
matic
and o
pera
te in u
nexp
ect
ed w
ays
, and their im
pro
vem
ent is lik
ely
to b
e
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
179
an itera
tive
pro
cess
. For
exa
mple
, early
appro
ach
es
to benefit
sharing
could
re
quire m
odific
ations
to in
crease
dow
nw
ard
s acc
ounta
bility
and tra
nsp
are
ncy
, or a fundam
enta
l re
design
if th
e ince
ntive
s do n
ot m
ate
rialise
.
The o
n t
he g
round e
ffect
iveness
and e
quity
impact
s of
REDD p
olici
es
must
be f
ed b
ack
to t
he s
take
hold
ers
so
that
they
can b
e i
mpro
ved.
To d
o t
his i
t is e
ssential
to a
gree o
n a
set
of
monitoring
indic
ato
rs a
s already
discu
ssed. The Im
pact
Ass
ess
ment Team
will be resp
onsible
for appro
priate
annual re
port
ing
to the sta
kehold
ers
base
d o
n the m
onitoring
and furt
her ro
unds of st
ake
hold
er gr
oup d
iscu
ssio
ns (u
sing
the 2
010 sta
kehold
er analy
sis
as
a b
ase
line). B
ase
d o
n t
hese
continued c
onsu
ltations
and r
eport
s, t
he I
mpact
Ass
ess
ment
Team
would
also
write
short
briefing
papers
on the soci
al and e
nvi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s.
ENDNOTES
ii In
19
80
, o
nly
16
of
the
26
6 d
esi
gn
ate
d f
ore
st r
ese
rve
s (6
%)
we
re s
aid
to
be
in
a h
ea
lth
y s
tate
(H
all
an
d S
wa
ine
, 1
98
1).
iii A
long w
ith this p
rocess
of urb
aniz
ation h
ave
com
e som
e o
f th
e b
enefits
of co
ncentr
ation o
f popula
tion, in
cludin
g a
cce
ss to safe
wate
r (8
7% in
the u
rban a
reas,
as
oppose
d t
o 6
3% in t
he r
ura
l), health faci
lities
(79% o
f th
e u
rban p
opula
tion h
avi
ng a
ccess
within
30 m
inute
s as
oppose
d t
o
43% in rura
l are
as)
and h
igh litera
cy (70% a
s oppose
d to 4
0%). [N
DPC, 2005: 4).
iv
Th
us
(Ko
tey
et
al,
19
98
:pp
.80
-81
) th
e 1
94
8 p
oli
cy c
all
ed
fo
r ‘c
on
tro
lle
d,
pro
gre
ssiv
e u
tili
sati
on
wit
ho
ut
rep
lace
me
nt
of
the
re
ma
ind
er
of
the
fo
rest
re
sou
rce
s
no
t p
erm
an
en
tly
de
dic
ate
d t
o f
ore
stry
….
pri
or
to t
he
ir d
est
ruct
ion
by
fa
rmin
g’,
wh
ile
th
e 1
99
4 p
oli
cy e
mp
ha
sise
d ‘
ma
na
ge
me
nt
an
d u
tili
sati
on
[o
f o
ff-r
ese
rve
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
180
fore
sts
sha
ll b
e]
un
de
r F
ore
stry
De
pa
rtm
en
t m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
ste
m f
or
reg
ula
tio
n o
f u
nco
ntr
oll
ed
ha
rve
stin
g,
exp
ed
itio
us
coll
ect
ion
of
rele
van
t fe
es
an
d u
ltim
ate
con
form
ity
wit
h c
rite
ria
fo
r su
sta
ina
ble
re
sou
rce
de
velo
pm
en
t’).
(I
bid
)
v ‘In
de
pe
nd
en
t lo
gg
ers
’ a
re l
og
ge
rs w
ho
se o
pe
rati
on
s a
re n
ot
inte
gra
ted
wit
h t
imb
er
pro
cess
ing
, u
nli
ke
th
e m
ajo
r co
nce
ssio
na
ire
s. T
he
y a
re m
em
be
rs o
f th
e
Gh
an
a
Tim
be
r A
sso
cia
tio
n.
(Bir
iko
ran
g,
pe
rs.c
om
.)
vi
A b
an
on
exp
ort
of
bo
ule
s (r
ou
gh
-cu
t a
nd
un
trim
me
d p
lan
ks)
wa
s in
tro
du
ced
in
20
01
(B
irik
ora
ng
et
al,
20
01
: 1
9).
vii I
n t
he
sa
me
pe
rio
d a
s th
e n
um
be
r o
f lo
gg
ers
ha
s re
du
ced
fro
m 3
50
to
70
(1
99
0-1
99
9),
th
e n
um
be
r o
f sa
w m
ille
rs h
as
incr
ea
sed
fro
m 1
02
to
10
4,
an
d v
en
ee
r
an
d p
lyw
oo
d p
rod
uce
rs f
rom
9 t
o 2
1 (
Bir
iko
ran
g,
20
01
, 1
7;
Wo
rld
Ba
nk
, 2
00
6:
37
). B
irik
ora
ng
no
tes
tha
t th
ere
ha
s b
ee
n a
co
nve
rge
nce
of
op
era
tio
ns
in t
his
pe
rio
d,
so t
ha
t m
an
y o
f th
e p
roce
sso
rs a
re a
lso
dir
ect
fo
rest
op
era
tors
.
viii T
he
VP
A I
mp
act
s S
tud
y p
rese
nts
de
tail
ed
pro
ject
ion
s, u
nd
er
the
th
ree
sce
na
rio
s, o
f li
ke
ly c
ha
ng
es
in t
he
wo
od
su
pp
ly u
p t
o 2
02
0 (
Ma
ye
rs e
t a
l, 2
00
8,
pa
ssim
).
ix F
or exam
ple
: sawmills: tu
rnove
r dow
n fro
m $
115 m
n. to
$35 m
n; plywood: dow
n fro
m $
25 m
n. to
$7m
n; veneers
: dow
n fro
m $
55 m
n. to
$17
mn.
x In
ter
ali
a,
ma
tril
ine
al
inh
eri
tan
ce (
wh
ich
sh
ou
ld n
ot
be
mis
un
de
rsto
od
as
ma
tria
rch
y)
all
ow
s fo
r th
e r
ete
nti
on
of
con
soli
da
ted
la
nd
ho
ldin
gs
in t
he
fa
ce o
f
sig
nif
ica
nt
lev
els
of
ou
t-m
arr
iag
e b
y f
em
ale
s o
f th
e l
an
dh
old
ing
fa
mil
ies,
an
d i
s fa
vou
red
in
sit
ua
tio
ns
of
hig
h m
ale
in
-mig
rati
on
in
to a
rea
s w
ith
sig
nif
ica
nt
na
tura
l ca
pit
al.
xi
Th
e a
uth
ors
th
an
k M
ace
lla
Vig
ne
ri,
of
OD
I, J
im G
ok
ow
ski
of
IIT
A,
an
d F
ran
cois
Ru
f o
f C
IRA
D,
for
inp
uts
to
th
is s
ect
ion
.
xii I
n i
nst
an
ces
wh
ere
pro
du
cers
ha
ve s
hif
ted
ou
t o
f co
coa
alt
og
eth
er,
th
e e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
eff
ect
s a
re e
ven
mo
re e
vid
en
t.
Fo
r e
xam
ple
, in
pa
rts
of
the
Ea
ste
rn
Re
gio
n,
the
ori
gin
al
coco
a h
ea
rtla
nd
s w
ere
co
nv
ert
ed
fir
st t
o i
nte
r-cr
op
pe
d m
aiz
e a
nd
ca
ssa
va f
or
the
lo
cal
ma
rke
t st
art
ing
in
th
e 1
93
0s,
to
esc
ap
e t
he
de
vast
ati
on
of
swo
lle
n s
ho
ot
dis
ea
se,
bu
t la
ter
(sta
rtin
g i
n t
he
19
90
s) t
o p
ine
ap
ple
s fo
r th
e i
nte
rna
tio
na
l tr
ad
e,
as
ne
w m
ark
et
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
ha
ve
op
en
ed
up
(Go
ldst
ein
an
d U
dry
, 1
99
9).
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
181
xiii T
he
re h
as
be
en
a s
ub
seq
ue
nt
Co
re W
elf
are
In
dic
ato
rs Q
ue
stio
nn
air
e S
urv
ey
(C
WIQ
S)
in 2
00
3,
bu
t d
istr
ict
leve
l d
ata
fro
m t
his
do
es
no
t y
et
see
m t
o h
ave
be
e
con
soli
da
ted
at
reg
ion
al
leve
l.
Ap
ply
ing
sim
ple
av
era
ge
s to
th
e p
erc
en
tag
es
by
dis
tric
t, h
ow
eve
r, t
he
fo
llo
win
g r
eg
ion
al
inci
de
nce
s o
f p
ove
rty
are
in
dic
ate
d:
Gre
ate
r A
ccra
[3
2%
]; W
est
ern
[2
9%
]; A
sha
nti
[4
5%
]; B
ron
g A
ha
fo [
59
%];
Vo
lta
[5
0%
]; E
ast
ern
[4
1%
]; C
en
tra
l (5
5%
]; N
ort
he
rn [
78
%];
Up
pe
r W
est
[8
9%
]; U
pp
er
Ea
st [
95
%].
In
on
ly 1
4 c
ase
s o
ut
of
11
1,
wa
s u
rba
n p
ove
rty
hig
he
r th
an
ru
ral
po
vert
y (
in d
istr
icts
wit
h b
oth
ty
pe
s o
f se
ttle
me
nt)
. T
he
bro
ad
po
licy
me
ssa
ge
s th
us
ap
pe
ar
to b
e v
ery
sim
ila
r.
xiv T
he
stu
dy
cit
es:
a f
ail
ed
pla
nta
tio
n p
riva
tisa
tio
n p
rog
ram
me
in
19
95
; t
he
Su
bri
Pla
nta
tio
n,
a j
oin
t ve
ntu
re b
etw
ee
n t
he
Go
G a
nd
th
e p
riva
te s
ect
or
in 1
98
5,
wh
ich
co
nve
rte
d h
igh
bio
div
ers
ity
na
tura
l fo
rest
to
pla
nta
tio
ns,
fo
r a
sti
ll u
nre
ali
sed
pu
lp s
che
me
; th
e u
nd
er-
fun
de
d ‘
Fo
rest
Pla
nta
tio
n D
eve
lop
me
nt
Fu
nd
’; a
nd
the
HIP
C p
lan
tati
on
op
era
tio
n.
Th
e s
che
me
op
era
ted
by
th
e P
lan
tati
on
s D
ep
art
me
nt
of
the
Fo
rest
ry C
om
mis
sio
n t
o e
nri
ch d
eg
rad
ed
fo
rest
re
serv
es
thro
ug
h
mo
dif
ied
ta
un
gya
usi
ng
in
dig
en
ou
s tr
ee
s a
pp
ea
rs t
o h
av
e b
ee
n m
ore
su
cce
ssfu
l.
xv W
hile the land a
ccess
iss
ue is re
cognised a
s a p
ere
nnia
l pro
ble
m in the G
hana e
nvi
ronm
ent,
the c
hallenge is not ju
st o
ne w
ay,
and there
is a
distinct
risk t
hat att
em
pts
to a
ddre
ss the inte
rest
s of in
dust
rial deve
lopers
will privi
lege the indiv
idual business
hold
ings
that
are
att
ract
ive to
the b
ankin
g c
om
munity,
to t
he d
etr
iment
of
all t
he s
mall f
arm
ers
who d
epend f
or
their liv
elihoods
and s
ecu
rity
of
acc
ess
to land h
eld
under
form
s of co
mm
unal te
nure
.
xvi C
urr
en
t p
ract
ice
fa
vou
rs t
ea
k a
nd
Gm
eli
na
, b
ut
ne
ith
er
of
the
se t
hri
ves
in c
om
pa
cte
d a
cid
an
d s
ton
y s
oil
s, w
hic
h a
re c
om
mo
n i
n G
ha
na
. T
ea
k i
s a
lso
susc
ep
tib
le t
o f
loo
din
g i
n t
he
so
il p
rofi
le (
ag
ain
, a
fre
qu
en
t fe
atu
re o
f G
ha
na
ian
so
ils)
. W
hil
e m
atu
re t
ree
s a
re r
esi
sta
nt
to f
ire
, y
ou
ng
te
ak
is
no
t, a
nd
wo
od
qu
ali
ty c
an
be
ba
dly
aff
ect
ed
by
fir
e d
am
ag
e i
n t
he
ea
rly
ye
ars
of
gro
wth
. T
he
re i
s a
t p
rese
nt
litt
le a
lte
rna
tiv
e f
or
mo
st f
arm
ers
bu
t to
use
fir
e i
n t
he
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
cycl
e.
Eu
caly
pts
are
mo
re p
rom
isin
g,
pe
rha
ps,
in
th
e s
ea
son
al
clim
ate
s o
uts
ide
of
the
HF
Z,
an
d c
an
re
ach
ca
no
py
clo
sure
in
on
ly 6
mo
nth
s w
ith
ra
infa
ll o
f 8
00
mm
or
mo
re.
Ho
we
ve
r, t
he
y r
eq
uir
e h
ea
vy i
np
uts
of
lab
ou
r fo
r w
ee
din
g a
s w
ell
as
ph
osp
ha
te a
pp
lica
tio
ns
in t
he
fir
st s
ea
son
. T
he
y c
an
be
irr
ev
ers
ibly
da
ma
ge
d
by
co
mp
eti
tio
n w
ith
oth
er
veg
eta
tio
n i
n e
arl
y g
row
th.
A
s th
e t
imin
g o
f th
eir
re
pro
du
ctio
n m
ea
ns
tha
t th
ey
co
mp
ete
fo
r la
bo
ur
wit
h a
gri
cult
ura
l cr
op
s, t
he
ir
cult
iva
tio
n m
ay
on
ly b
e f
ea
sib
le w
he
re s
ub
sta
nti
al
am
ou
nts
of
fre
e l
ab
ou
r a
re a
vail
ab
le,
as
we
ll a
s fi
na
nce
an
d c
red
it f
or
inp
uts
. (S
ou
rce
: P
D H
ard
cast
le,
pe
rs.
com
.)
xvii Dom
est
ic u
se o
f ele
ctrici
ty is re
cord
ed a
s re
lative
ly h
igh b
y re
gio
nal st
andard
s, sta
ndin
g a
t 48% n
ationally
(as of 2003; NDPC, 2005: 5)). This
could
indic
ate
that hig
h c
harc
oal use
has a c
ultura
l as w
ell a
s eco
nom
ic rationale
.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
182
xviii For exam
ple
, in
the B
rong A
hafo
Regio
n, th
ere
are
a n
um
ber of diffe
rent pro
duct
ion sys
tem
s pra
ctic
ed v
ariously
by
gro
ups of in
dig
enes and
outs
iders
, itin
era
nts
and sett
led farm
ers
, opport
unists
and p
rofe
ssio
nal pro
ducers
. T
hese
sys
tem
s va
ry in their e
nvi
ronm
enta
l eff
ect
s. Thus,
in
som
e a
reas
loca
l pro
ducers
explo
it rapid
coppic
ing a
nd p
yrogenic
shru
b a
nd tre
e s
peci
es
on land u
nsu
itable
for agricu
lture
, w
ith a
hig
h d
egre
e
of
sust
ain
ability.
Lik
ew
ise,
there
are
distinct
ive a
nd s
peci
alise
d inte
gra
ted y
am
-charc
oal sy
stem
s, in w
hic
h t
he s
tem
s (b
ut
not
the r
oots
) of
young t
rees
are
kille
d o
ff e
xpre
ssly
to b
e u
sed a
s su
pport
s fo
r th
e n
ew
sto
ck o
f light-
dependent
yam
vin
es,
and s
ubse
quently
convert
ed into
charc
oal at
the e
nd o
f th
e y
am
cro
ppin
g c
ycle
. These
also s
how
a h
igh d
egre
e o
f su
stain
ability
pro
vided t
hat
(as
is p
rese
ntly
the c
ase
) fa
llow
cycl
es
of
5 y
ears
or
more
can b
e s
ust
ain
ed.
More
opport
unistic
pro
duct
ion u
sing t
rees
of
tim
ber
quality
and g
irth
purc
hase
d b
y i
tinera
nt
pro
duce
rs f
rom
loca
l chie
fs t
o b
e c
ut
dow
n a
nd m
ade into
charc
oal is m
uch less
lik
ely
to b
e s
ust
ain
able
, part
icula
rly
where
the p
roduct
ion
inte
rest
is
only
short
-term
(fo
r exam
ple
, in
div
iduals s
eekin
g t
o g
enera
te r
eady c
apital to
be r
e-inve
sted e
lsew
here
). Inte
rest
ingly
, w
hile less
sust
ain
able
, su
ch s
yste
ms
tend t
o b
e m
ore
favo
ure
d b
y th
e r
esident
chie
fs a
nd landow
ners
, as
cash
paym
ents
can o
nly
be d
em
anded b
y ch
iefs
where
outs
iders
are
invo
lved.
That
said
, w
here
the i
tinera
nts
are
them
selv
es
full-t
ime p
rofe
ssio
nal
charc
oal
pro
ducers
, th
ere
is
a g
reate
r
likelihood o
f co
mm
itm
ent
to s
ust
ain
able
pro
duct
ion,
so t
hat
an a
ssoci
ation b
etw
een s
oci
al
origin
and s
ust
ain
ability
cannot
necess
arily
be
ass
um
ed.
Such
gro
ups
(for
exam
ple
, ‘S
isala
’ pro
ducers
fro
m t
he n
ort
h w
est
of
the c
ountr
y) a
re o
ften w
ell-inte
gra
ted into
eth
nic
ally-b
ase
d
com
merc
ial ch
annels, and this m
ay
incr
ease
their long-t
erm
inte
rest
in the v
iability
of th
eir tra
de.
xix S
ee
: h
ttp
://w
ww
.blo
om
be
rg.c
om
/ap
ps/
ne
ws?
pid
=2
06
01
20
7&
sid
=a
F5
kF
CN
oiY
Lg
xx C
ase
stu
dy
evi
de
nce
fro
m t
he
Bo
gu
su-P
rest
ea
are
a o
f th
e W
est
ern
Re
gio
n i
llu
stra
tes
the
sca
le o
f la
nd
co
nve
rsio
n.
Th
is i
s a
su
rfa
ce o
pe
rati
on
wh
ich
acc
ou
nts
for
just
un
de
r 1
0%
of
na
tio
na
l g
old
pro
du
ctio
n (
c.2
40
-26
0,0
00
oz.
in
20
07
[S
pil
pu
nt,
20
09
]).
Be
twe
en
19
86
an
d 2
00
6,
an
are
a o
f 6
61
.54
ha
wa
s lo
st f
rom
ag
ricu
ltu
re i
n t
he
vic
init
y o
f th
e m
ine
(a
n o
vera
ll r
ed
uct
ion
of
15
.5%
). T
he
la
nd
are
a l
ost
wa
s co
nve
rte
d t
o m
inin
g a
ctiv
itie
s in
th
e p
rop
ort
ion
s: p
rod
uct
ion
pit
s
(20
%);
wa
ste
du
mp
s (3
0%
); s
ett
lem
en
ts (
30
%);
an
d r
oa
ds
(20
%).
(D
un
can
et
al,
20
09
). I
n t
he
ne
igh
bo
uri
ng
Ta
rkw
a D
istr
ict,
su
rfa
ce m
inin
g c
on
cess
ion
s a
re s
aid
to h
ave
ta
ke
n o
ve
r 7
0%
of
the
to
tal
lan
d a
rea
, 4
0-6
0%
of
wh
ich
is
for
the
min
ing
act
ivit
ies.
T
he
re
ma
inin
g a
gri
cult
ura
l la
nd
is
mo
re r
ap
idly
de
gra
de
d,
wit
h a
de
cre
ase
in
fa
llo
w p
eri
od
, le
ad
ing
to
a d
ow
nw
ard
sp
ira
l o
f p
rod
uct
ivit
y (
Ak
ab
zaa
an
d D
arm
an
i, 2
00
1,
qu
ote
d i
n W
orl
d B
an
k,
20
06
:74
).
xxi The W
orld B
ank’s
Countr
y E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Ass
ess
ment
(2006:7
5) note
s: ‘In
Pre
stea… r
oast
ing o
f co
nce
ntr
ate
cause
d s
evere
air p
ollution; th
e
resu
ltin
g a
cid r
ain
pre
vente
d t
he r
evegeta
tion o
f su
rroundin
g h
ills e
ven a
fter
the c
losu
re o
f th
e m
ines’
. The s
cale
of th
e d
e-v
egeta
tion is
not
indic
ate
d b
y th
is sourc
e.
xxii P
D H
ard
cast
le,
pe
rs.c
om
.
Re
vis
ed
Gh
an
a R
-PP
(A
nn
ex
es
)
183
xxiii
Th
e 1
99
7 T
imb
er
Re
sou
rce
s M
an
ag
em
en
t A
ct s
tate
s: <
Th
e M
inis
ter
sha
ll o
n t
he
ba
sis
of
the
re
com
me
nd
ati
on
s o
f th
e C
om
mis
sio
n g
ran
t th
e t
imb
er
rig
hts
an
d s
ha
ll f
or
tha
t p
urp
ose
en
ter
into
a t
imb
er
uti
liza
tio
n c
on
tra
ct o
n b
eh
alf
of
the
Pre
sid
en
t w
ith
th
e s
ucc
ess
ful
ap
pli
can
t.>
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