rfid technology july, 2004 david wertheimer product manager wms & msca applications
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RFID TechnologyJuly, 2004
David WertheimerProduct Manager
WMS & MSCA Applications
Can I use RFID to locate an object anywhere, anytime …
RFID is most cost effective for event-based tracking through a limited number of portals
Method Implications Uses
GPS: Tag on object broadcasts is position
Low infrastructure costs. High tag costs. Transportation
RTLS: Triangulate position of tag using special tags and reader hardware.
Med/high infrastructure cost to flood entire area with RF field. Medium cost tags.
Asset Tracking
RFID: Track movements in and out of zones. Location is assumed to be last zone.
High infrastructure costs (at least one reader per zone). Low cost tags.
Goods in Supply Chain
RFID TagsRFID Tags
& Systems& Systems
Antenna
IC (0.5mm)
Substrate
Connection
RFID Basics – A Passive Tag
RFID Tag contains RFID chip, power source (inductive or battery) and antennae.
Sends back identifier upon power up
Reader communicates with the tags in range to read all tags identifiers and memory (payload).
Antenna receives power and analog signal from reader
Converts radio signal to and from analog electrical signals
Edge Server collects observations and drives readers.
Forwards events to database tier for distribution
Chip holds the memory that stores the actual identifier
Implements the wireless protocol
Application receives transient messages and has to react immediately.
Event Queue Most implementations uses a simple transient queue to communicate with applications
Database serves as a “better bus”. In addition, data archiving and aggregation
now can be done in an application neutral level
RFID Basics – The System
Oracle RFID Integrated StrategyMaximize RFID ROI through Top-to-Bottom Integration
ApplicationApplicationServerServer
Data BaseData Baseand Toolsand Tools
ApplicationsApplications
Deliver a robust, hardware agnostic RFIDDeliver a robust, hardware agnostic RFIDplatform which elevates the application platform which elevates the application development interface to standard technologydevelopment interface to standard technologyand the processing of true business eventsand the processing of true business events
Leverage data base extensibility, scalabilityLeverage data base extensibility, scalabilityand event management capabilities to supportand event management capabilities to supportthe data and transaction volumes associatedthe data and transaction volumes associatedwith this technologywith this technology
Leverage the above technology to deliverLeverage the above technology to deliverfunctionality with realistic ROI and to createfunctionality with realistic ROI and to createplatform for future expansionplatform for future expansion
This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver.Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
Different Tags for Different NeedsPassive vs. Active
Active PassivePower Source Internal battery on tag Powered by radio waves
Life Limited by battery Unlimited
Operating Temp More limited Wide range (-40°-185°F)
Range Longer Shorter
Memory Capacity Larger Smaller
Feature Set Additional sensors, alarms, GPS Identity, basic data
Cost $10-$100 15¢ - $1s
Different use cases– Active can tracking large assets and additional information about asset– Passive can be for single use or open-loop supply chain
Some use cases require both– Active tag & passive reader on container, passive tag on items in container– “Active backscatter” combine technologies from both
LF
30-300KHzRange: 1cm – 1.5m
HF
3-30MHzRange: 1cm – 0.7m
VHF
30-300MHzRange: 1 – 3m
UHF
300-1000MHzRange: 1 – 3m
Microwave
1GHz and upRange: 1 – 10m
Considerations– Directionality– Anti-collision
Identifying multiple tags at once– Data capacity– Data rate– Reflection & interference
– Regulations & standards Reader-to-tag Tag data Supply chain partners International availability
– Tag cost
Different Tags for Different NeedsVariety of Frequency Ranges
Different Tags for Different NeedsSample uses for some of the frequencies
LF: 125-134kHz – Cross borders frequency– Relatively good penetration– Slow read speed, larger antennas ($)– Minimal range– Sample use case: Cattle tracking
HF: 13.56 MHz– Penetrates water and tissue– Simpler antenna (lower cost)– Range is ~ 0.7m– Sample use case: Smart Card Access
UHF: 865-928 Mhz– Effective around metals (but not water/tissue)– Best frequency for >1m range– High data rate– Sample use case: EPC Labels
Microwave: 2.4Ghz– Small tag size (1”x0.25”)– High data rate– Easier to be affected by noise– Sample use case: Asset location with 802.11 network
Radio Frequency Spectrums
US & Canada• 125 kHz• 13.56 MHz• 915 MHz• 2.4 GHz
Australia• 125 kHz• 13.56 MHz• 918-926 MHz
South Africa• 125 kHz• 13.56 MHz• 913-915 MHz
Europe• 125 kHz• 13.56 MHz• 865-868 MHz• 2.4 GHz
Korea• 125 kHz• 13.56 MHz• 910-914 MHz
Japan• 125 kHz• 13.56 MHz• 850-856 MHz
Standards Bodies & International IssuesS
ensi
tivi
ty /
Re
spo
ns
e
Frequency
915MHz
868MHz
EPCglobal & ISO defining standards– ISO & EPCglobal both define air-to-reader interface; convergence expected– EPCglobal defines tag data standard, EPC network, ALE– Oracle is a member of EPCglobal
EPCglobal focusing on UHF tags– Currently different frequencies in different regions– EPCglobal working with governments to set aside band for RFID– In meantime, use tags that can respond to multiple frequencies
Ran
ge
915MHz Intermec Container Tag
Tag Range Depends on Physics
Pla
stic
Met
al
Met
al w
/ 1/8
” Sp
acer
Gla
ss
Car
dbo
ard
Fre
e S
pace
Ply
woo
d3’
6’
9’
12’
Source: Intermec Tag Selection Guide, 2003
Other Factors– Directionality– Antenna location– Liquids– Direct contact with other tags– Spacer size (for metals)– Antenna tuning– Multiple antennas– Tag packaging– Tag mounting location– Time in field
Tag Selection: No “best” tagBut Oracle is hardware & tag agnostic
This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver.Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
Many issues going into tag selection– Be aware of these issues and educated about the factors to consider
Avoid recommending specific hardware– Tag frequency, vendor selection, tag placement, antenna positioning
Leave to system integrators & experts in the field– Pragmatyxs, Intermec, R4, …
Hardware selection is irrelevant to Oracle– Oracle has the infrastructure to integrate to any reader hardware– Applications do not care about the tag frequency– It’s about the data management
Myth of the 1¢ tag Non-trivial cost – but business need can justify
Tag cost depends on variety of factors– Frequency & packaging– Active vs. passive– Memory capacity & additional sensors
Cost in excess of $100 for sophisticated active tag Passive tags used for tagging pallets (UHF, label)
– Single roll of labels: 60¢– In volume: estimated 35¢
Cost components– Silicon chip, copper antenna, conversion
Tag Accuracy Incredibly accurate – when scanned & working
This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver.Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
Manufacturing quality problems on current UHF tags– As many as 10-30% of tags are DOA– Some – but not all – problems caught before tag embedded– Label printers catch these and void the label– Label providers guarantee a certain number of good tags per roll
Actual scanning of RFID tag highly accurate– Perhaps on par with barcodes (one error in 300,000 characters)
Need to ensure that the tag was scanned– Easy to ensure one tag per pallet read by using proximity / other sensors– If 1000 tags/pallet and 99.99% accuracy, 10% of pallets fail– Acceptable “threshold” at which assume pallet is complete
Current focus is on ID-only tags (96 bit) so …
Can I store all the data I want on an RFID tag and read it anytime …
Tag cost and read time increases with data size so …
The ID must be a standard key of a business object and …
Used to access the data of the object …
Which may be anywhere in the network so …
We need a central “name service” to find the data and …
A standard format for returning the data
Class 1 Tags, EPC, PML/XML , ONS
What about Data on the Tags?ID-Only vs. Data Store Tags
ID-Only Tags “Hot” Cheaper, Faster Standardized (e.g. Class 1) Requires network access
(inter-, or intra-enterprise) May need ONS-type service
to flexibly share information Open-Loop Supply Chain
– Mandates from Wal-Mart, DoD and others …
Data Store Tags More history Longer Reads, More $$ Less focus on standards Allows disconnected
operations Read-Write will need special
controls and capabilities Closed-Loop applications
– Service, Assets, Internal Logistics, …
Types of ReadersFixed vs. Mobile
Different use cases demand different reader types– Process pallet shipment– Packing verification– Verify correct pallet loaded to fork lift
Fixed readers– Typically support several antennas per reader– Interface via serial or ethernet– “Smart shelving” is a fixed reader with multiplexed antennas
Mobile readers– Handheld device with built in reader– Reader often has adjustable range because user cannot trust line of site– Embedded into shopping carts or forktrucks
Programming Tags
Read-only vs. read/write tags– Read-only pre-branded with identifier & payload– Read-only cheaper but more difficult for some business processes– One time programmable can be written once and in short range– Read/write are flexible field writable tags
Tag writing done by RFID reader– Mobile reader on hand-held for field service / field updateable tags– Fixed reader at dock door as material is shipped out– Embedded reader in printer as label or other format produced
EPC NetworkEPC Network
& Standards& Standards
RFID Concept Map“The Internet of Things”
Oracle Confidential: This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver. Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
RFID Concept PurposeInternetAnalog
EPC
Electronic Product Code
Replacement to UCC / GTIN numbering scheme for identifying objects.EPC codes (stored as the ID on the RFID tag) will be used as generic handles to any Application Object.
URL
ONS
Object Name Service
Lookup service to resolve RFID/EPC number to the location of its associated object. Requires X-Reference capabilities (internal lookup) and LDAP-like services (external lookup).
DNS
EPC IS
EPC Information Services
Represent and publish physical objects using standardized XML-based language.
HTML / XML
SavantRFID Controller
RFID controller, to filter events, store and forward data, and to publish events.
Application Server
This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver.Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
User or application requestinginformation about EPC
ONSVeriSignTell me where to go to find informationon where this EPC has been seen
EPC Discovery ServicesMultiple ProvidersPoint me to everyone who has seen theEPC in question
EPC Information ServicesMultiple ProvidersDeliver details about that EPC userqualified to see, in a common language
Manufacturer Retailer
Considerations– Security & access rights
“EPC Trust Services”
– Information sharing concerns– Existing sharing schemes– Cost / cost distribution– Other alternatives
EPC Network“The Internet of Things”
Assign by item & org.
Managing EPC AssignmentAutomating Unique Assignment
Store on your “Organization” record. Also store next available Object Class number.
Assign next number from above, then store that number on your Item record. Also on the Item record, store the next available Serial.
Scheme to map existing numbering standards to EPC GTIN, SSCC, GLN, GRAI, GIAI, … Unlike those schemes, however, EPC meant to be parsed
Unlike SSCC, EPC intended to be parsed Requires flexible enablement in your Item Master (PLM) system Used for filtering & facilitates routing with ONS
This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver.Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
EPC Tag Standards Classes
– Current EPCglobal focus– Class 0
Read-only passive tags– Class 0+ (non-standard)
Read/write passive tags– Class I & C1 - Generation 2
Read/write passive tags
Objective– Cross-manufacturer communication between tags & readers
Reality– Interoperability is problematic– Multi-protocol readers / writers help alleviate problem– Lawsuit between Intermec & Matrics
– Class II Writeable passive tags with additional
functionality– Class III
Semi-passive, but still only reader initiated– Class IV
Active tags, potentially support peer-to-peer
– Class V Essentially readers themselves, can
communicate with other tags of any class
EPCglobal http://www.epcglobalinc.org– Previously Auto-ID Center, now chapter of EAN.UCC
ISO– ISO 14443 - Proximity cards (smart wallet security)– ISO 15693 – Vicinity cards (ID-cards only)– 18000-1 to 7 – Passive tag protocol
Ubiquitous ID Center (Japan) http://www.uidcenter.com
Standards
EPC Tag Standards
(i.e.: Class I, II, …)
EPC Tag Protocol EPC Reader Management
EPC Reader Protocol
EPC Encoding
Application Level Events
What is “Savant”?
This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver.Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
EPCglobal Savant– Terminology replaced by Application Level Event / ALE– Savant still used to describe the middleware that interacts with readers– Distributed software to smooth & filter data from readers– Defines communication protocol between middleware & applications– Savant specification not yet finalized by EPCglobal
Oracle Edge Server is a Savant or ALE– The CAPTURE in “Capture, Analyze, Access, Monitor, and Respond”– Configurable filters can perform all filtering required of a Savant– Can produce data in all formats required of a Savant– Can do all that a Savant can do and more
Oracle committed to supporting standards
Managing Privacy & SecurityPersonal Privacy and Commercial Security
Co
st of A
dop
tion
Point of Sale
Retail
Distribution
Manufacturing
CommercialSecurity
PersonalPrivacy
Broad adoption at POS is in the future– Need standards, education and shared value proposition– Service has good value proposition, but also privacy concerns
Important current concern is Commercial Security– Syndication - Who has access to which data?
Becomes most critical with open-loop systems
Item / Shelf
Pallet /Dock Doors
Oracle Committed to Supporting Standards
This presentation does not reflect a commitment to deliver.Product directions can be modified without explicit notice.
EPC Generation– Compliance Assistance Package– Future: Native support for EPC generation & parsing in DB– Future: Compliance support in Oracle Warehouse Management
EPC Network– Complex distributed DB issues only a company like Oracle can address– Intend to support as customers demand, issues resolved & benefit clear
Other information sharing systems as well– ASNs / EDI supported by Oracle– Other peer-to-peer, rather than hierarchical, systems also emerging
AQ&Q U E S T I O N SQ U E S T I O N S
A N S W E R SA N S W E R S
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