rhetorical terms handbook
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7/29/2019 Rhetorical terms handbook
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Term: Tropes
Definition: A rhetorical device in which MEANING is altered from
the usual or expected.
Example:
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Term: Schemes
Definition: A rhetorical device in which WORD ORDER is altered
from the usual or expected.
Example:
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Term: Metaphor
Definition: An implied comparison between two unlike things
Example:
“True art is a conduit between body and , soul, between feeling
unabstracted and abstraction unfelt.”
John Gardner, On Moral Fiction
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have a Dream”
Example: “This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of
hope to millions of negro slaves who had been seared in the flames
of withering injustice.”
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Term: Simile
Definition: An explicit comparison between two unlike things
signaled by the use of “like” or “as.”
Example:
“Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps
and hornets break through.”
Jonathan Swift, “A Critical Essay Upon Faculties of the Mind”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have a Dream”
Example: “Until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like
a mighty stream”
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Term: Synecdoche
Definition: A whole is represented by naming some of its parts.
Example: “Nice wheels”
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Term: Metonymy
Definition: Reference to something or someone by naming one of
its attributes.
Example: The head of the council is called the “chair.”
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Term: Personification
Definition: Attributing human qualities to an inanimate object.
Example: The clock cast a watchful eye over the class as they wrote
their essay.
Textual Examples
1. Source: “How it Feels to Be Colored Me”
Example: “I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negro-hood who
hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal”
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Term: puns
Definition:
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Term: Onomatopoeia
Definition: The clock cast a watchful eye over the class as they
wrote their essay.
Example: drip, crackle, ban, snarl, pop
Textual Examples
1. Source: “The Death of a Moth”
Example: “Flapped, dropped, flamed, frazzled, fried, ignited,
vanished, clawed, curled, blackened, ceased, disappeared, jerked,
crisped, and burned”.
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Term: Euphemism
Definition: Substituting less pungent words for harsh ones, with
excellent ironic effect.
Example: The schoolmaster corrected the slightest fault with his
birch reminder.
Textual Examples
1. Source: “No Wonder They Call Me A Bitch”
Example: “There was a horrifying rush of cheddar taste, follow ed
immediately by the dull tang of soybean flour- the main ingredient
in Gainesburgers. Next I tried a piece of red extrusion”.
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Term: Hyperbole
Definition: Deliberate exaggeration for emphasis
Example:
“Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand
bayonets.”
Attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte
Textual Examples
1. Source: “No Wonder They Call Me A Bitch”
Example: “whereas the “meat” chews like play-doh that’s been
sitting out on the rug for a couple of hours”
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Term: Litotes
Definition: A deliberate understatement
Example: “It wasn’t my best moment”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “What it Feels To Be Colored Me”
Example: “I needed bribing to stop, only they didn’t know it. The
colored people gave no dimes. They deplored any joyful tendencies
in me, but I was their Zora nevertheless.
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Term: Rhetorical Question
Definition:
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Term: Irony
Definition:
Allows the writer to take another voice or role that states the
opposite of what is expressed.
Example:
The new swimming pool was an important addition to the campus,
even though library funds had to be cut back. After all, we wouldn’t
want our students to go without the little luxuries they are
accustomed to.”
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Term: Oxymoron
Definition: Two contradictory terms used together
Example: “Parting is such sweet sorrow”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “No Wonder They Call Me A Bitch”
Example: “I felt deliciously wicked”
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Term: Paradox
Definition:
A statement that appears to be contradictory, but in fact, has some
truth
Example: “He worked hard at being lazy”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “No Wonder They Call Me A Bitch”
Example: “A lumpy, frightening, bloody, stringy horror is a sign of
high quality-lots of meat”.
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Term: Apostrophe
Definition: Turning away” from the audience to address someone
new—God, heaven, angels, the dead…anyone not present.
Example: “Death, where is thy sting?”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “Letters from Birmingham Jail”
Example: “Here I stand; I cannot do otherwise, so help me God.”
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Term: Parallelism
Definition: Expresses similar or related ideas in similar grammatical
structures.
Example: “Hell is gaping for them, the Devil is waiting for them…”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have a Dream”
Example: We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the
victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never
be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel,
cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of
the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro's basic
mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be
satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and
robbed of their dignity by signs stating: "For Whites Only." We
cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and
a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote.
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Term: Climax
Definition: Writer arranges ideas in order of importance
Example: I spent the day cleaning the house, reading poetry, and
putting my life in order.
Textual Examples
1. Source: “What It Feels to be Colored Me”
Example: The terrible struggle that made me an American out of a
potential slave said "On the line!" The Reconstruction said "Get
set!" and the generation before said "Go!"
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Term: Antithesis
Definition: The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas
Example:
‘Our knowledge separates as well as unites; our orders disintegrate
as well as bind…”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have a Dream”
Example: “I have a dream that my four little children will one day
live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their
skin buy by the content of their character”
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Term: Anaphora
Definition: Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning
of successive phrases or clauses.
Example: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds…”
Textual Examples
1. Source: I Have A Dream
Example:
“one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred
years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the
manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One
hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty inthe midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years
later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society
and finds himself an exile in his own land”
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Term: Epistrophe
Definition: Repetition of the same word or group of words a the
ends of successive clauses.
Example: Shylock: I’ll have my bond! Speak not against my bond! I
have sworn an oath that I will have my bond!
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I have a Dream”
Example: With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray
together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for
freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.
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Term: Epanalepsis
Definition: Repeating at the end of a clause the word that occurred
at the beginning.
Example: “Blood hath brought blood, and blows answer’d blows…”
King John
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have A Dream”
Example: “Free at Last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free
at last.”
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Term: Alliteration
Definition: Repetition of the same sound at the beginning of
successive words.
Example: “We shall not flag or fail.”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have A Dream”
Example: “Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate”
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Term: Assonance
Definition: Repetition of sounds within words
Example: “The heave’e’yo of stevedores…”
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Term: Anastrophe
Definition: Word order is reversed or rearranged.
Example: “Unseen in the jungle, but present, are tapirs, jaguars,
many species of snake…”
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Term: Paranthesis
Definition: The insertion of words, phrases, or a sentence that is not
syntactically related to the rest of the sentence.
Example: He said it would rain—I could hardly disagree—before the
game was over.”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “No Wonder They Call Me A Bitch”
Example: I forked one chunk out (by now I was becoming more
callous) and found that while it had no discernible chicken flavor, it
wasn't bad except for its texture-like meat loaf with ground-up
chicken bones.
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Term: Apposition
Definition: The placing next to a noun another noun or phrase that
explains it.
Example: “Pollution, the city’s biggest problem, is an issue.”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have A Dream”
Example: And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will
give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of
justice.
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Term: Asyndenton
Definition: Conjunctions are omitted, producing a fast-paced and
rapid prose.
Example:
“I came, I saw, I conquered.”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “I Have A Dream”
Example: “Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to
South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to
the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing…”
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Term: Polysyndenton
Definition: The use of many conjunctions has an opposite effect—
slowing the pace.
Example: “I kept remembering everything—the small steamboat
that we rode on, and how quietly she ran on the moonlight sails,
and how sweet the music was on the water, and what it felt like to
think about girls then.”
Textual Examples
1. Source: “Letters from Birmingham Jail”
Example: “but when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your
mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at
whim; when you have seen hate filled policemen curse, kick and
even kill your black brothers and sisters; when you see the vast
majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an
airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society…”
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