rnla ifv firepower · pdf filernla ifv firepower. 3 tno defence, ... of bmp-3, however with...
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RNLA IFV Firepower30 mm versus 35 mm35 mm KETF Firing doctrine
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety2
• Ammunition selection & modelling• Caliber determination : 30 vs. 35 mm• Ammunition optimization• Firing doctrine
RNLA IFV Firepower
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety3
Ammunition selection• RFI review
Air Burst MunitionHETF & KETF
APFSDS FAPDS/PELE
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety4
Frangible ammunition modelling
Fragmenttrajectories
ExperimentalPlate - arraysFragment Simulating ProjectilesFlash X-rayImaxReal targets
SimulationsTerminal ballistic modelLethality model
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety5
KETF modellingsubprojectile dispersion model
• Required input: • Ground firing table• Projectile spin as a function of the range• Shape of subprojectiles, drag
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5
Half Angle of ejected subprojectiles
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000Range (m)
Ang
le
10 m15 m20 mdata
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5
30 mm KETF with 135 subprojectiles of 1.5 gram
35 mm KETF with 341 subprojectiles of 1.5 gram Note: this is not the existing 35 mm KETF!
trialsimulation simulation
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety6
• Penetration capacity in Aluminium of 1.5 gram subprojectile
• Penetration capacity in helmets and fragment resistant vests• Penetration capacity in optical sights
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Impact velocity (m/s)
Pene
trat
ion
capa
city
(mm
) 01530456075
Impact Angle
KETF modellingsubprojectile penetration model
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety7
KETF ammunition vs T-80U• Neutralise T-80U by killing all optical sights as a function of the
initiation distance and height and number of fired projectiles
Initiation distance
Initiation height
• Conclusion: Compared to the 35 rounds, over twice as much 30 mm rounds have to be used to achieve the same effectiveness explained by the much larger number of subprojectiles
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety8
KETF ammunition vs Foxhole
• Kill two men covered Foxhole as a function of the initiation distance and height and number of fired projectiles
• Conclusion: Compared to the 35 rounds, over twice as much 30 mm rounds have to be used to achieve the same effectiveness explained by the much larger number of subprojectiles
Initiation distance
Initiation height
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety9
APFSDS ammunition
• BMP-3 (+ add-on armour)MorFinC kill(TARVAC simulation)
Frontal attack, no add-on armour
• Conclusion: 30 mm APFSDS is able to perforate the main armour of BMP-3, however with “add-on” armour (BMP-3+) the 30 mm APFSDS is stopped by the armour where the 35 mm APFSDS can easily perforate the armour
30 MM 35 MM
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety10
Conclusion
• Based on requirements, effectiveness results, logistics, etc …… the RNLA selected the 35 mm caliber for the new Infantry Fighting Vehicle
• Next step:• KETF Ammunition optimization against infantry soldiers• KETF Firing doctrine against:
- T-80U- Mi-24 Hind- Foxhole- Dismounted soldiers
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety11
ABM subprojectile lethality• Standing soldier, including helmet and vest, 30. sec assault• Ballistic protection is based on experimental data
Pk view
Injury indication view
Increasing Subprojectile mass ->
NoneMinorModerateSeriousSevereCritical
UnsurvivableMore Critical
0%
50%
100%
25%
75%
Impact velocity: 600 m/s Impact velocity: 900 m/s• Fixed total payload mass: heavier subprojectilesresults in smaller density of fragment cloud
• TNO requested to find most optimal solution
• Result: 35 mm KETF prototype is redesigned by manufacturer on request of RNLA -> subprojectile mass: 1.24 gram
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety12
Conclusion KETF optimization
• All subprojectiles can be classified as heavy fragments in the anti-personnel role and very lethal
• With higher subprojectile velocities the soldier was completely perforated
• Difference in injuries is due to subprojectile dimensions• Fragment resistant vest is always perforated• At lower impact velocities the heavier subprojectiles result
in higher kill probabilities• Kill probability conclusions are based on standing soldier
for a 30 sec. assault
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety13
Firing doctrine35 mm KETF ammunition vs T-80U
• Neutralise T-80U by killing all optical sights as a function of the initiation distance and height and number of fired projectiles
Initiation distance
Initiation height
• Conclusion: selection of initiation distance and height is very important to achieve best effectiveness for KETF
initiation distance (m)
# pr
ojec
tiles
lowmiddle
high
aiming height
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety14
Firing doctrine35 mm KETF ammunition vs Foxhole• Kill two men covered Foxhole as a function of the initiation
distance and height and number of fired projectiles
Initiation distance
Initiation height
• Conclusion: selection of initiation distance and height is very important to achieve best effectiveness for KETFvery effective against this target
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety15
Firing doctrine35 mm KETF ammunition vs Mi-24 Hind
• Conclusion: for KETF the selection of initiation distance is very important to achieve best effectiveness and KETF is very effective against helicopter
• Scenario: three azimuth angles, 2000 m range• Kill category: K-kill, without manned control within 30 sec.
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety16
KETF firing doctrine:dismounted soldiers in open field
• Soldiers next to each other (line formation):8 men covering an area of 10 x 40 m
• Soldiers in column formation:5 men covering an area of 50 x 10 m
• Doctrine determined byvariation in:• Initiation height• Initiation distance• Number of rounds in
initiation point• Distance between initiation
points
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety17
KETF versus dismounted soldiers
3 aim Points
4 aimpoints
5 aimPoints
Pk =
1 proj. 2 proj. 3 proj. 4 proj.
Infantry soldiers positioned in area of 50 m wide x 100 m deep.
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety18
Firing doctrine35 mm KETF vs line formation
Initiation distance
Increasinginitiation distance
Infantry soldier positioned in area of 5 x 10 m.
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety19
Firing doctrine35 mm KETF vs column formation
Initiation distance Increasing initiation distance
Infantry soldiers positioned in area of 10 m wide x 50 m deep.
1
2
3
4
5
# fired KETF
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety20
Firing doctrine35 mm KETF vs column formation
Initiation distance
Using different time settings
Infantry soldiers positioned in area of 10 m wide x 50 m deep.
n
N = # fired KETF
0.5n
0.5n
0.5n 0.5n
0.5n
0.5n
1 aim point
2 aim points
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety21
KETF firing doctrine:dismounted soldiers in open field
• Conclusions:• The KETF is very effective
against infantry soldiers• The effectiveness is
influenced by:- number of rounds- initiation distance - initiation height- distance between initiationpoints
- time setting of the fuze(“string of pearls option”)
2005TNO Defence, Security and Safety22
Conclusion
• The 35 mm caliber was selected for the RNLA IFV to fulfil the Firepower requirements
• The ABM ammunition can be very effective against a range of targets
• To achieve the best effectiveness for the ABM ammunition the balance has to be found between: • The number of fired projectiles• Initiation distance• Initiation height• Distance between initiation points• Time setting of the fuze
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