saraf musko 111203 dr ety basalganglia2k1
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8/3/2019 Saraf Musko 111203 Dr Ety BasalGanglia2K1
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Basal
Ganglia
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Muhammad Ali in Alanta Olympic
Parkinsons Disease
Disease of mesostriatal
dopaminergic system
PD
normal
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Substantia Nigra,Pars Compacta (SNc)
DOPAminergic Neuron
Slowness of Movement- Difficulty in Initiation and Cessationof Movement
Clinical Feature (1)
Parkinsons Disease - Paralysis Agitans
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Substantia Nigra,Pars Compacta (SNc)
DOPAminergic Neuron
Slowness of Movement- Difficulty in Initiation and Cessationof Movement
Clinical Feature (1)
Parkinsons Disease - Paralysis Agitans
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Clinical Feature (2)
Resting TremorParkinsonian PostureRigidity-Cogwheel Rigidity
Parkinsons Disease
Paralysis Agitans
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Clinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion:Corpus Striatum (esp. caudate nucleus)
and Cerebral Cortex
- Predominantly autosomal dominantlyinherited chronic fatal disease(Gene: chromosome 4)
- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50
- Choreic movements in onset- Frequently associated withemotional disturbances
- Ultimately, grotesque gait and severdysarthria, progressive dementiaensues.
HUNTINGTONS CHOREA
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HEMIBALLISM
- Usually results from CVA(Cerebrovascular Accident)involving subthalamic nucleus
- sudden onset-Violent, writhing, involuntarymovements of wide excursionconfined to one half of the body
- The movements are continuousand often exhausting but ceaseduring sleep
- Sometimes fatal due to exhaustion- Could be controlled byphenothiazines and stereotaxicsurgery
Clinical Feature
Lesion:Subthalamic Nucleus
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SYDENHAMS CHOREA
- Complication ofRheumatic Fever
- Fine, disorganized , andrandom movements of
extremities, face andtongue
- Accompanied byMuscular Hypotonia
- Typical exaggeration ofassociated movements
during voluntary activity- Usually recoversspontaneouslyin 1 to 4 months
Clinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion:Corpus Striatum
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Traditional Concepts of Basal Ganglia
Corpus StriatumCaudate Nucleus
Lenticular Nucleus Putamen
Globus Pallidus Paleostriatum Pallidum
Corpus Amygdaloideum Archistriatum
Neostriatum Striatum
Basal Ganglia Introduction
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1. Putamen
2. Tail of caudatenucleus
3. Caudatolenticulargray bridge
4. Amygdaloid body
5. thalamus
Lateral surface
of basal ganglia
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1. head of
caudate nucelus
2. body of
caudate nucelus
3. caudatolenticular
gray bridge
4. putamen
5. tail of
caudate nucleus
6. external segment ofglobus pallidus
7. internal segment ofglobus pallidus
8. amygdaloid body
9. nucleus accumbenssepti
Medial surface of basal ganglia
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Components of Basal Ganglia
Corpus Striatum
Striatum ----- Caudate Nucleus & Putamen
Pallidum ----- Globus Pallidus (GP)
Substantia NigraPars Compacta (SNc)
Pars Reticulata (SNr)
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)
Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum
Nucleus Accumbens SeptiNon cholinergic portion of Substantia Innominata
Basal Ganglia Components
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STRIATUM
Caudate Nucleus
Head, (Corpus), Tail
caudatolenticular gray bridge
Putamen
Ventral Striatum: Nucleus Accumbens (Septi)
Basal Ganglia Components
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Striatal Compartments
(Mosaic or Modular Organization)
1. Striosome (Patches)
- 10-20% of total striatal mass
- low acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity
- high substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), tyrosine hydroxylase- high expression of D1 dopamine receptor
- high opiate receptor
2. Matrix
- high acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity
- high somatostatin (SRIF) activity
- high D2 dopamine receptor
Basal Ganglia Components
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Spiny I
neuron
Spiny II
neuron
Aspiny I
neuron
Aspiny II
neuron
Aspiny III
neuron
Neurogliformcell
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Basal Ganglia Components
Striosome andMatrix compartment
AchE
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Basal Ganglia Components
Inputs to the
spiny striatal neurons
distal extrinsic
proximal - intrinsic
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PALLIDUM
Globus Pallidus (Pallidum)
Internal or Medial Segment (GPi)
internal medullary lamina
External or Lateral Segment (GPe)
Ventral Pallidum
Non-cholinergic portions
of substantia innominata
Basal Ganglia Components
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Substantia Nigra
Pars Compacta (SNc)
Dopaminergic Cell Group (A9)
cf. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA, A10)
Retrorubral Area (A8)
Pars Reticulata (SNr)
Non-dopaminergic Portion
GABAergic Neuron
Basal Ganglia Components
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Subthalamus
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)
zona incertaField of Forel
H ansa lenticularis
H1 thalamic fasciculus
H2 lenticular fasciculus
Basal Ganglia Components
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Putamen
Globus pallidus
external segment
internal segment
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia nigra
Internal capsule
Components of
Basal Ganglia
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Basal Ganglia Components
Subthalamic Nucleus1. epithalamus2. dorsal thalamus3. subthalamus
3-1. subthalamic
nucleus3-2. zona incerta3-3. globus pallidus
4. hypothalamus5. putamen
arrow: internal capsule
Origin of subthalamic nucleus and putamen (Kuhlenbeck)
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Input Portion
STRIATUM
(Caudate Nucleus and Putamen)
Output Portion
1. PALLIDUM (Globus Pallidus)
2. SNr (Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)
Basal Ganglia Connections
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STRIATUMAfferentsfrom1. Cerebral Cortex [Corticostriatal Projection]2. Thalamus (CM-PF complex) [Thalamostriatal Projection]3. SNc (Substantia Nigra, pars compacta),
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA, A10)and A8(Retrorubral Area) [Nigrostriatal Projection]4. Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (B6, B8) [Raphestriatal Projection]5. Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex [Amygdalostriatal Projection]
Efferentsto
1. Pallidum (GPi & GPe) [Striopallidal Projection]2. SNr [Strionigral Projection]3. SNc from striosome
Basal Ganglia Connections
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Afferent Connections of Basal Ganglia
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Input-OutputRelationshipof Basal Ganglia
1. striopallidal fiber2. strionigral fiber3. strionigral fiber
from striosometo SNc
4. ventrostrio-ventro-pallidal fiber
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PALLIDUM (Globus Pallidus)
Afferentsfrom1. Striatum [Striatopallidal Projection]
2. STN [Subthalamopallidal Projection]
Efferentsto
1. Thalamus (VLo, VApc, CM) [Pallidothalamic Projection]
2. STN [Pallidosubthalamic Projection]
SNr (Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)
Afferents from Striatum [Striatonigral Projection]
Efferents to
1. Thalamus (VLm, VAmc, MD) [Nigrothalamic Projection]
2. Brain Stem Nucleus: Tectum (Superior Colliculus) &
Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN)
Basal Ganglia Connections
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Efferent Connections of Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia Connections
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Pallidothalamic Fibers
from GPi to VLo, VApc, CMAnsa Lenticularis
from outer (lateral) portion of GPifibers sweep ventromedially and rostrally around
the posterior limb of the internal capsule
enters Forels field H
Lenticular Fasciculusfrom inner (medial) portion of GPiperforate internal capsule
enters Forels field H2
Thalamic fasciculusansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus
and cerebellothalamic fibers
Forels field H1
Basal Ganglia Connections
C ti f th B l G li
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habenularnucleus
tectum(superior colliculus)
PPN(pedunculopontine nucleus)
amygdaloid body
raphe
CerebralCortex
STN
Pallidum
SNr
STRIATUM
Connections of the Basal Ganglia
SNc
Thalamus
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Basal Ganglia (Main Motor Circuit) Connections
SupplementaryMotor Area
(SMA)
PrimaryMotor Area
(M I)
THALAMUS
(VLo, VApc, CM)
STRIATUM(Putamen)
PALLIDUM
(GPi)
pyramidaltract
LMN
ansalenticularis
lenticularfasciculus
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Basal Ganglia (Prefronatal Complex Loop) Connections
PrefrontalAssociation
Cortex
PrimaryMotor Area
(M I)
THALAMUS
(VLm, VAmc, MD)
STRIATUM(CaudateNucleus)
SNr
(Substantia Nigra,pars reticulata)
pyramidaltract
LMN
Basal Ganglia (Microcircuitary) Connections
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GP, SNr
StriatumMotorCortex
VA-VL
complex
- GABA
-
GABA
+glutamate ?
glutamate
+
glutamate
+
Basal Ganglia (Microcircuitary) Connections
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Basal Ganglia (Limbic Loop) Connections
Orbitofrontal CortexAnterior Cingulate GyrusHippocampal Formation
THALAMUS
(VAmc, MD)
Ventral StriatumCaudate Nucleus
Ventral Pallidum
GPi, SNr
Basal Ganglia (Oculomotor Loop) Connections
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Basal Ganglia (Oculomotor Loop) Connections
FrontalEye Field(area 8)
PrimaryMotor Area
(M I)
THALAMUS(VLm, VAmc, MD)
STRIATUM(CaudateNucleus)
SNr(Substantia Nigra,
pars reticulata)
pyramidaltract
LMN Tectum
B l G li
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Basal Ganglia(SNc and CM-PF nuclear complex) Connections
Pallidum
Striatum
THALAMUS
(CM-PF)
Pallidum
Striatum
SNc
B l G li (B i St Eff t ) Ph l
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Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Phylogeny
GPi
SNr
Tectum(superiorcolliculus)
SpLnDCP
DIP (thalamus)Neostriatum
Intermediale(motor cortex)
aves (birds)
GPi
SNrTectum(superiorcolliculus)
nPC
VA-VL complex(thalamus)
motorcortex
mammals
B l G li (STN) C i
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Basal Ganglia (STN) Connections
SNrGPi
STN
GPe
subthalamic
fasciculus
OutputPortionofBasalGanglia
Cerebral Coretx
Thalamus (CM-PF)
PPN
Subthalamic
Nucleus
B l G li (V t l St i t d V t l P llid ) C ti
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Basal Ganglia (Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum) Connections
VentralPallidum
VentralStriatum
Hippocampal
Formation
BasolateralAmygdala
Temporal &Frontal Cortex
SNc, VTA &Dorsal Raphe
Thalamus(MD)
BasolateralAmygdala
PPN & VTA
Thalamus(MD)
Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Connections
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Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Connections
PPN(midbrain
locomotorregion)
Tectum(superiorcolliculus)
GPi, SNr
Striatum(caudate nucleus)
LowerMotor
Neuron
viareticularformation
tectospinaltract
Basal Ganglia
Brain Stem & Spinal Cord
Basal Ganglia and Pyramidal Tract
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SMA
(supplementary motor area)
Basal Ganglia and Pyramidal Tract
upper motor neuron
UMN
lower motor neuron
LMN
pyramidaltract
BASALGANGLIA
CIRCUIT
Basal Forebrain Area Components
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BASAL FORBRAIN AREA (Heimer)
Ventral Striatum, Part ofVentral PallidumBasal Nucleus of Meynert (Ch4)Extended Amygdala
cf. Cholinergic Cell Groups (Mesulam)
(Magnocellular Basomedial Telencephalic Complex)
1. Ch1 (Medial Septal Nucleus)
2. Ch2 (Nucleus of Diagonal Band of Broca)
3. Ch3 (Nucleus of Diagonal Band of Broca)4. Ch4(Basal Nucleus of Meynert)
5. Ch5 (Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus)
Basal Ganglia Functional Consideration
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Basal Ganglia Functional Consideration
Functional Consideration
1. Selection of Preprogramed (learned) motor plans
Basal Gangla Circuit ----Selection Mechanism
Selection Inability -------- Akinesia and Hypokinesia
Faulty Selection ----------- Hyperkinesia
2. Generation (learning) of motor programs
Programming of several motor fragments into
complex motor routinesCerebral Palsy------------- Disordered motor program
SYDENHAMS CHOREA
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SYDENHAM S CHOREA
- Complication ofRheumatic Fever
- Fine, disorganized , andrandom movements of
extremities, face andtongue- Accompanied byMuscular Hypotonia
- Typical exaggeration ofassociated movementsduring voluntary activity
- Usually recoversspontaneouslyin 1 to 4 months
Clinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion:Corpus Striatum
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Clinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion:Corpus Striatum (esp. caudate nucleus)
and Cerebral Cortex
- Predominantly autosomal dominantlyinherited chronic fatal disease(Gene: chromosome 4)
- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50- Choreic movements in onset
- Frequently associated withemotional disturbances
- Ultimately, grotesque gait and severdysarthria, progressive dementiaensues.
HUNTINGTONS CHOREA
HEMIBALLISM
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HEMIBALLISM
- Usually results from CVA(Cerebrovascular Accident)involving subthalamic nucleus
- sudden onset
-Violent, writhing, involuntarymovements of wide excursionconfined to one half of the body
- The movements are continuousand often exhausting but ceaseduring sleep
- Sometimes fatal due to exhaustion- Could be controlled byphenothiazines and stereotaxicsurgery
Clinical Feature
Lesion:Subthalamic Nucleus
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Muhammad Ali in Alanta Olympic
Parkinsons Disease
Disease of mesostriatal
dopaminergic system
PD
normal
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8/3/2019 Saraf Musko 111203 Dr Ety BasalGanglia2K1
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Substantia Nigra,Pars Compacta (SNc)
DOPAminergic Neuron
Slowness of Movement
- Difficulty in Initiation and Cessationof Movement
Clinical Feature (1)
Parkinsons Disease - Paralysis Agitans
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Clinical Feature (2)
Resting Tremor
Parkinsonian PostureRigidity-Cogwheel Rigidity
Parkinsons Disease
Paralysis Agitans
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