science 10 feeding relationships. /food
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Science 10FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/food/foodweb2.html
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR ALL ECOSYSTEMS IS THE SUN
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert energy from sun to usable energy for humans
Human survival depends on the stored energy in agricultural ecosystems
Animals that get energy from eating plants
• Possess special digestive systems for digesting all kinds of plants
• Need a lot of energy to stay alive
• May eat all day longPossess special digestive
systems for digesting all kinds of plants
Need a lot of energy to stay alive
May eat all day long
HERBIVORES
Animal that eats either other
animals or plants
Some will hunt and others will scavenge for dead matter or eggs of other animals
Generally eat only the fruits and vegetable of
fruit-bearing plants
OMNIVORES
Generally eat herbivores, but will also eat
omnivores
Require large amounts of energy in order to hunt and kill
The bigger the carnivore, the more it has to eat.
Important to the ecosystem because
they keep other species from becoming overpopulated.
CARNIVORES
DECOMPOSERS
Important terms: Trophic levels Detrivores Decomposers Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Energy Flow
SECTION 1.2 FEEDING LEVELS
First trophic level – always plants
Second trophic level – primary consumers
Third trophic level – secondary consumers
FEEDING LEVELS
Energy flows through the food chain but only about 10% of the energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.Ex: Plant has 100kJ, caterpillar uses 10% for life processes, 90% is lost as heat or waste
Food chains are useful for describing basic feeding relationships among organisms
Pyramids illustrate different feeding relationships visual comparisons among organisms at different trophic levels
within the same pyramid and between pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Energy
ENVIRONMENTAL PYRAMIDS
Shows the numbers of organisms that are required to feed the next trophic level.
The greatest number of organisms is in the first trophic level, least number on top of the trophic level
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
Shows the relative mass of the organisms at each trophic level
Shows the energy available in each trophic levelMore useful than pyramid of numbers because it takes into
account the size of the organism
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
Shows the amount of nutrient energy at each trophic level (difficult to measure
Shows how the energy available at each trophic level is greatest at the bottom of the food chain and least at the top
Pyramid of energy is always upright and cannot be inverted, the other pyramids can be
PYRAMID OF ENERGY FLOW
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
http://www.vtaide.com/png/oceanchain.htm
Organisms that receive energy from dead plant and animal material
Make up majority of food chainsScavengers eat the remaining energy in large dead
organisms Ex: Vultures eat the carcasses of dead animals
DECOMPOSER FOOD CHAINS
Decomposers – types of organisms that break down cells to extract remaining energyEx: fungi and bacteria
SYMBIOSIS
Mutualism: 2 species benefit from the relationshipExample: algae lives in coral. The algae gives the coral energy and the coral gives the algae protection and carbon dioxide.
Commensalism: 1 species benefits while the other is unaffected. (shark and remora)
Parasitism: when an organism benefits at the expense of a different organism. (human and tapeworm)
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/ES%20-%20%20understanding_the_environment.htm
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_4.htm
REFERENCES/RESOURCES
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