science and technology seminar in asia bppt in jakarta · policy statement by koizumi (feb. 2002)...

Bioenergy and Biodiversity- protecting and managing

Intellectual Property rights -

March 7th – 8th , 2007Prof. Hiroshi KATO

National Graduate Institute for Policy StudiesJapan Government Patent Office in METI

Science and Technology Seminar in AsiaBPPT in Jakarta

ＪＪapanapan ＰＰatentatent ＯＯfficeffice (JPO)(JPO)

Contents

１．Intellectual Property

２．Biological Diversity

３．Case Study

４．Discussion

BBioenergyioenergy

1. Intellectual Property

Why Intellectual Property ?

１．Natural Resources

２．Tangible Assets

３．Intangible Assets(Knowledge, IP)

Changes in Driving Forces Behind Economic Growth

Basic Theory of IPBasic Theory of IP

CreationCreation

UseUse ProtectionProtection

Benefit Application

Patent

IP CycleIP Cycle

Change of Intellectual Property

１．Natural Resources

２．Tangible Assets

３．Intangible Assets(Knowledge, IP)

Changes of Basic Theory of Intellectual Property

Recent Theory of Intellectual Property

CreationCreation

UseUse ProtectionProtectionProtectionProtection

PolicyPolicy

BiodiversityBioenergy IP Cycle

Benefit(1)

Benefit(2)

[Reference] ECO CAR

INSIGHTINSIGHT

2. Biological Diversity

Temporary Measures for Each Country on TRIPS

WTO/ＴＲＩＰＳ

National Treatment

Most-Favored-Nation Treatment

GeneralPatent for Substance

[A]

TemporaryMeasures

For [A]

Advanced Countries

1996.1.1 1996.1.1

DevelopingCountries

1996.1.1 2000.1.1 2005.1.11995.1.1

LeastDevelopedCountries

2006.1.1(2013.7.1)

2016.1.1

WIPO JAPAN OFFICE

• WIPO Japan Office– One of the center on IPR in Asia

Asia is one of the most important area for IP policy by WIPO.

– Exchange of information, Research Project e.t.c. Close relation : WIPO and Asia

Convention of Biological Diversity● Article 1 (Objectives) The objectives of this Convention are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

● Article 15 (Access to Genetic Resources) 1. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, the authority to determine access to genetic resources rests with the national governments and is subject to national legislation.7. Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or policy measures, as appropriate, … with the aim of sharing in a fair and equitable way the results of research and development and the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources with the Contracting Party providing such resources. Such sharing shall be upon mutually agreed terms.

Developing Developing CountriesCountries

CompaniesCompaniesBenefitBenefit

the fair and equitable the fair and equitable sharing of the benefitssharing of the benefits

AccessAccess（（PICPIC））

NativeNative

A kind of rightA kind of right

Developed Developed CountriesCountries

PATENTPATENT

Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD)Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD)

Domestic Law ?

Biological Diversity and IPBiological Diversity and IP

Domestic Act on Biological Diversity

1995 Directive by President in Philippine

1996 Convention of 391 in Andes

1999 Act of Traditional Medicine in Thailand

2001 Provisional Law 2186 in Brazil

2002 Law of Group Knowledge in Peru

2002 Biological Diversity Act in India

2004 Biological Diversity Act in South Africa

2004 Biological Diversity Act in Australia

3. Case Study

Case Study (1)1. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) [India]

- Ointment Invalidation of Patent

2. Neem (Azadirachta Indica) [India]- Insecticide in Dispute

3. Hoodia (Hoodia gordonii) [South Africa]- Appetite Suppressor Benefit Sharing

Case Study (2)

1. Methane fermentation- Methane bacteria JP3215706

2. Ethanol fermentation- Ethanol bacteria JP07-102125

3. Hydrogen fermentation- Hydrogen Bacteria JP3617528

*Bacteria Invention or Plant Invention ?(ex.Bio-diesel, from Corn)

*Bacteria Invention or Process Invention ?

Case Study (3)

Case Study (4)

Patent Map on Biomass Energy (1)

Application of Patents

Applicant of PatentsApplicant of Patents

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01

Direct Combustion

Bio- ConversionThermochemistry

0

50

100

150

200

250

出願件数

Application Year

Patent Map on Biomass Energy (2)

Main technologyMain technologyIncreasingIncreasing

Application of Patents

4. Discussion

GRIPS (Graduate School)

●Traditional Knowledge●IP and Development

[Market of Plants]Price

Ph*

Ch*

Qh*（=Qm*）

Ph=αQh

Products

Benefit of A（ΠA ）

[Market of Medicine]Price

Pm*

β

Qm*

Pm=Ph+β=αQm+β

Products

Benefit of A（ΠA ）

Cm*=Ph*+β

Benefit of B（ΠB ）

B

Cm*

Dm=BｰQm

[Market of Medicine]Price

PT*

β

QT*

Pm=Ph+β=αQm+β

Products

Amount of the Benefit（ΠT ）

BDm=BｰQm

Thank You

Thank You

Policy Statement by KOIZUMI(Feb. 2002)

IP Strategy Headquarters(Mar. 2003)

IP Strategic Programs 2003, 2004, 2005

① IP High Court ② University IP Headquarters③ Measures against Counterfeits & Pirated Copies ④ Increase of Patent Examiners⑤ Media Contents Business⑥ 21 IP-related Laws enacted

Major Achievements

Rapid Progress of IP Strategy2002 2003 2005

Basic Law on IP(Nov. 2002)

世界知的所有権機関（ＷＩＰＯ）世界知的所有権機関（ＷＩＰＯ）

History of IP SystemHistory of IP System

１８８３．１８８３．Paris ConventionParis Convention

１９６７．１９６７．Treaty Establishing WIPOTreaty Establishing WIPO

１９７８．１９７８．Patent Cooperation TreatyPatent Cooperation Treaty

１９９５．１９９５．WTO/TRIPS AgreementWTO/TRIPS Agreement

Economic Impact of Piracy Rate Reduction (2)

Source: Figure 3 of “Expanding Global Economies: The Benefits of Reducing Software Piracy” (April 2003)

Countries with high piracy rates receive virtually

nothing back from their IT sectors in tax revenues

Average Annual Piracy Rate, 1996 – 200110% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Indonesia

IT T

axes

as

a S

hare

of G

DP

,A

vera

ge 1

996

–20

01

US

UK

Japan

Brazil

Malaysia

4.0%

China

Economic Impact of Piracy Rate Reduction (3)

Source: Figure 5 of “Expanding Global Economies: The Benefits of Reducing Software Piracy” (April 2003)

Additional GDP contribution from a 10-point piracy

reduction

ProjectedIT sector size

in 2006 without piracy reductions

10-P

oin t

Re d

u cti o

n R

ela t

ive

Be n

e fit

2001 Piracy Rate40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

120%Indonesia

Note: China’s relative benefit is 274%

Experience of Japan (1)Number of Arrested Persons for IPR infringement in Japan

Trademarks

Utility Models

Designs

Patents

PersonsPersons

Unfair Competition

1947 1950 1955 1947 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1960 1965 1970 19751975

100

200

300

400

500

Persons

Year

Experience of Japan(2)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984

Extension of Product Patent Protection to Pharmaceuticals

R&D Expenditure in the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry

Million Yen

Year