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Science Tutor:Chemistry

ByGARYRAHAM

COPYRIGHT©2005MarkTwainMedia,Inc.

ISBN1-58037-298-8

PrintingNo.CD-404025

MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,PublishersDistributedbyCarson-DellosaPublishingCompany,Inc.

Thepurchaseofthisbookentitlesthebuyertoreproducethestudentpagesforclassroomuseonly.OtherpermissionsmaybeobtainedbywritingMarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers.

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ScienceTutor:Chemistry

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...................................... ii

Introduction/How to Use This Book ......... 1

Part 1: Matter

WhatIsMatter?...................................... 2

MassandWeight.................................... 3

VolumeandDensity............................... 4

PuttingItAllTogether............................. 5

Part 2: Physical and Chemical Changes

PhasesofMatter.................................... 6

TheGasLaws........................................ 7

PhaseChanges...................................... 8

ChemicalPropertiesandChemical

Reactions.......................................... 9

ChemicalReactions............................. 10

PuttingItAllTogether........................... 11

Part 3: Mixtures, Solutions, & Compounds

ClassesofMatter................................. 12

SimpleMixtures.................................... 13

ComplexMixtures:Colloidsand

Solutions......................................... 14

Elements.............................................. 15

Compounds.......................................... 16

ChemicalEquations............................. 17

ChemicalReactions............................. 18

PuttingItAllTogether........................... 19

Part 4: The Periodic Table

Mendeleev’sGrandSynthesis.............. 20

CompletingthePeriodicTable.............. 21

FamilyFun:ATourofthePeriodicTable

Neighborhood................................. 22

“Rowing”AcrossthePeriodicTable...... 23

PeriodicTableoftheElements............. 24

Metals,Nonmetals,andMetalloids...... 25

Halogens,NobleGases,and

RareEarths.................................... 26

TheFutureofthePeriodicTable.......... 27

PuttingItAllTogether........................... 28

Part 5: Atomic Structure

AtomicModels...................................... 29

AtomicStructure:Protons,Neutrons,

Electrons......................................... 30

AtomicStructure:ValenceElectrons.... 31

AtomicForces...................................... 32

ChemicalBonding:IonicandCovalent

Bonds.............................................. 33

ChemicalBonding:MetallicBonds....... 34

CarbonandtheChemistryofLife........ 35

CarboninStringsandRings................ 36

PuttingItAllTogether........................... 37

Part 6: Radioactivity

RadioactiveElements.......................... 38

UsesandAbusesofRadioactivity........ 39

Metric Review, Glossary, and Answers

MetricReview....................................... 40

GlossaryofChemicalTerms................ 41

AnswerKeys......................................... 44

TableofContents

ScienceTutor:Chemistry

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What Is Matter?

Lookaroundyou.Everythingyoucansee—fromstars todirtysocks towashingmachinesandpeanutshells—ismadeof“stuff”scientistscallmatter.Manythingsyoucan’tsee—likeairandswampgasandthesmellsofperfume

anddeadfish—arealsomadeofmatter.Eachchunkofmatterhascertainuniquespecific propertiesthatwecandescribeusingoursenses—thingslikecolor,size,texture,smell,taste,shape,hardness,andsoforth.Butallmatterhastwoessentialgeneralproperties:massandvolume. Massreferstotheamountofmatteranobjecthas.Apygmyhippopotamushasmoremassthanahamster.Massresistsbeingmoved.Thisresistanceiscalledinertia.Trypushingbothahippoandahamster,andyouwillfindthatthehippohasmoreinertia.Massistypicallymeasuredinmetricunitscalledgrams(g)orkilograms(kg)(Seepage40).Apygmyhippoweighsabout230kilograms(230,000grams),whereasahamsterweighsabout600grams. Matteralsotakesupspace.Ithasacertainvolume.Thevolumeofliquidsismeasuredinmilliliters(ml)orliters(L).Thevolumeofsolidsismeasuredincubic centimeters(cm3).1mlisthesamevolumeas1cm3.

1. Select two convenient, nearby objects. Let’s get wild and call them A and B. List fivespecificpropertiesofeach:

A.:

B.:

2. Whichobjecthasmoremass?3. Howdoyouknow?

4. Whichobjectappearstohaveagreatervolume?

5. Willobjectsoflargermassalwayshavemorevolumethanobjectsofsmallermass?

(Beforeyouanswer,thinkaboutmatterintheformofStyrofoamicechests,ironballs,corkpads,andbalsawoodairplanes.)

6. Whathasmorevolume:1,500mloflimesodaor1,700cm3ofbellybuttonlint?

Matter:WhatIsMatter?

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Matter:MassandWeight

Mass and Weight

Weightisanothergeneralpropertyofmatterthatisoftenconfusedwithmass.Anobject’smassalwaysstaysthesame,butitsweightcanvary.Allobjectsattractoneanother,but the forceof thatattraction—a forcecalled

gravity—dependsonboththesizeoftheobjectsandhowfaraparttheyare.Largeobjectspossessmoregravitythansmallobjects.Whenoneobject,liketheearth,ismuchbiggerthantheother,likeyou,thesmallerobjectispulledtowardthelargerwithaforcecalleditsweight,whichismeasuredinnewtons(Seepage40).A1kgobjectonthesurfaceoftheearthispulledtowardthecenteroftheearthwithaforceof9.8newtons(9.8N). What?Yourbathroomscaledoesn’tgiveyourweightinnewtons?True.OnEarth,weightisoftenmeasuredingramsandkilograms(orpounds)justlikemass,becauseEarthisour“referenceplanet.”ButifyouhoppedarockettoJupiter,whichhas318timesthemassofEarth,your150-pound(68.2kg)bodywouldweigh47,700pounds(21,687.6kg).Betweenplanets,youwouldfeel“weightless”(althoughyouarenot.Youarestillattractedtoalltheothermassesintheuniverse.),butyouwouldhavethesamemass.Apygmyhippowouldresistbeingpushedjustasmuchonaspaceshipasitwouldinyourbackyard.

1. MostofEarth’smassisconcentratedbelowyourfeet.Willyourweightchangeifyouclimb

amountain? Whyorwhynot?

2. Themoonhasonlyaboutone-fourththemassoftheearth.Wouldyouexpecttoweigh

moreorlessthere?

3. Rememberthatpygmyhippo?Hermassis230kg.Whatdoessheweighinnewtons?

Tofindoutwhatyouweigh,multiplyyourweightinkgtimes9.8newtons.

4. AssumethatEarth’smassisequaltoone(1).Theplanetslistedbelowwouldthenhave

thefollowingmasses:Mercury,0.055;Venus,0.815;Mars,0.108;Saturn,95.2;Neptune,

17.2.OnwhichplanetswouldyouweighmorethanyoudoonEarth?

5. Inasciencefictionstory,twoastronautsarebuildingaspacestation.A500kgmechanical

arm threatens tocrushoneastronautagainst thehull ofhis shuttlecraft.Thesecond

astronautcomestotherescueandpushesthemechanicalarmawayintheweightlessness

ofspace.Whywouldn’ttheastronautbeabletosavehisfriendinthisway?

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Matter:VolumeandDensity

Volume and Density

We know that volume is an important general property of matter. Butto compare different kinds of matter, it is useful to look at another generalproperty called density. Density is a measure of how much mass fits in a

particularvolume.Ifyoueatabowlofchilionedayandcompareittoeatingabowlofpuffedricethenextday,thechiliwinsthedensitycontest.Density = mass/volume.WaterprovidesausefulstandardforcomparisononEarth.1gramofwaterfitsinavolumeof1ml(orcm3).Thus,waterhasadensityof1g/ml.Densityofsolidsisusuallyexpresseding/cm3.Here’sthedensityofsomecommonkindsofmattering/cm3:Air:0.0013;water(assolidice):0.92;gold:19.3;aluminum:2.7;gasoline:0.7;steel:7.8. Notethatsolidwater(ice)islessdensethanliquidwater,whichiswhyicecubesfloatinyourlemonadeandicebergsfloatintheoceans. Alsonotethatyoucanchangethebasicformulafordensitytosolveforunknownmassesandvolumes.Volume x density = massandvolume = mass/density.

1. Theearthhasanoveralldensityof5.5g/cm3,similartoother“rocky”worldsintheinner

solarsystem.Otherplanetsfartherawayfromthesunarelessdense.Saturnhasadensity

of0.7g/cm3.IftherewasanoceanofwatersomewherebigenoughtoholdSaturn,what

wouldhappen?

2. Ifyoumixwaterandgasolineandletthetwoliquidssettle,whichwouldendupontop?

Why?

3. Leadhasadensityof11.3g/cm3.Whatmassofleadwillfitina20cm3container?

4. Howbigacontainer(inliters)doyouneedtohold2,000gofgasoline?(Gasoline’sdensity

is0.7g/cm3.)Refertopage40,ifnecessary.

5. Howcanaheavycruiseship,madewith lotsofsteelandothermaterialsdenser than

water,float?