sdh basics transport srj vc trg 12-12-07
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SDH BasicsTraining Manual
Mr. S.R.Joshi Mr. S.R.Joshi Mr. S. Ghoshal 3rd Dec. 2007Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by Release Date
RCLC Learning Centre, (ISO 9001-2000 Certified)
D-Block, 1st Floor, Wing 6, DAKC, Navi-Mumbai, 400709, India.
Course ID : 50054 228
RCLC-GEN-042
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SDH BasicsSDH Basics
Course Code: 50054228Course Code: 50054228
S.GhoshalApproved byContact: Shailesh Joshi Ext : 83098 - Ph. 022 303 83098, RIM : 93222 15762
KennethChecked byD-Block, 1st Floor, DAKC, N.Mumbai
Location
Shailesh JoshiPrepared byTECHNICAL TRAINING DEPARTMENT
Comments
DateRELIANCE INFOCOMM
20-09-2007Rev dt
DRev. No.
Doc. No.TRANSPORT ENGINEERS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
TRAINING
Module
OthersGETFEOL4L3L2L1Suitable for
3
Released for Training
Addition of slides-addition in explanatory notes –for easy understanding
Revision Detail
03 – 12 - 0701
S. GhoshalKennethS.R.Joshi03 – 12 - 07D
Approved ByChecked ByRevised ByRevision DateRev No
Issue No.
Comments RELEASED FOR TRAINING Rev dt: 03 – 12 - 2007 Release Dt: 03 – 12 - 2007
Module Name
Course ID -
Fundamentals Of S.D.H.Course Code
50054 228
Prepared by S. R. Joshi Reviewed
by S.R.Joshi Approved by S. Ghoshal
RIC-Learning CentreISO 9001– 2000 Certified
D-block, 1st Floor, Wing 6, DAKCNavi-Mumbai 400709, India
Best Suited for L1/L2/L3/L4 /Others (specify) Issue No : Rev No : E
SG / IG / LG / RD Course code : 50054 228Volume : Version/ Issue : DDate :
Vendor Category
Vendor courseware detail : Vendor :
Proprietary & ConfidentialThis document contains valuable trade secrets and confidential information belonging to Reliance Infocomm and its suppliers. The aforementioned shall not be disclosed to any person, organization, or entity, unless such disclosure is subject to the provisions of a written non-disclosure and proprietary rights agreement, or intellectual property license agreement, approved by Reliance Infocomm. The distribution of this document does not grant any license or rights, in whole or in part, to its content, the product(s), the technology(ies), or intellectual property, described herein. DisclaimerTHE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING TECHNOLOGY OR PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THISDOCUMENT ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS.IN NO EVENT SHALL RELIANCE INFOCOMM OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES,INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF RELIANCE INFOCOMM OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Reference Documents:Sl. No. Vendor, Vendor Doc. Title, Vendor Doc. No., Rev. etc.
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Points to remember!Points to remember!Far EndFar End
Keep mike off unless Q&A sessionKeep mike off unless Q&A sessionKeep NetKeep Net--meeting ONmeeting ONPost offline questions on ChatPost offline questions on ChatPpt. & trainers are seen simultaneouslyPpt. & trainers are seen simultaneouslyReport discomfort immediatelyReport discomfort immediately
Near EndNear EndGive first chance to far endGive first chance to far end
Both EndsBoth EndsKeep courseware ready for referenceKeep courseware ready for referenceRaise hand, identify yourself, ask question Raise hand, identify yourself, ask question Keep mobiles off/ silentKeep mobiles off/ silentAvoid leaving/ joining the class in betweenAvoid leaving/ joining the class in betweenStick to break timingsStick to break timingsASK QUESTIONSASK QUESTIONS
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Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesOn successful completion of this course the participants would be able to Describe
following topics :1. The role of Transport in telecom network2. Facets of Transport3. Media – Wireless – wire line Copper - OFC 4. OFC – Optic pulse propagation by TIR – Losses & Computation – Dispersion 5. Topology – Star & Ring6. Technology PDH - Analog Digital Conversion
- PDH transmission & it’s limitations- Mapping PDH payload into SDH frame
7. Technology SDH - Multiplexing hierarchy - Concept of Virtual Container- Lower and Higher order Path Overheads & Pointer- STM -1 Transfer Module – JKLM Numbering.- Regenerator section & Multiplexer section & Overheads
8. Protection Techniques - Dedicated & Shared9. Time Synchronization - Quality level – Atomic & GPS clocks.10. Network Management 11. Operation & Management – Layered Alarm Surveillance.
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REVIEW OFREVIEW OFCOMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS( Module 1 )( Module 1 )
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Model of Telecom - Transport
Acc
ess
Acc
ess
Switch Switch
Services
Transport
Signaling
Operation Support Systems
Access Access
Generally all Telecommunication system can be modeled with a few basic blocks:1. Access
A means to connect to users, convert their talk into electronic signals and vice versa. Access equipment would mean how easily and reliably the customer gets a connection.
2. SwitchA means to connect A to B while there are a thousands other connections between A to Z possible. Switch would mean how many subscribers can be connected.
3. TransportA means to carry traffic & signals between several switches & also between switch & access equipment. It also means ,what bandwidth he gets (how fast does he download),
4. Services:like Caller ID - SMS – Call diverting-Call forwarding –voice mail-sms, wake-up call, call debar, Auto answering - R world – On line flight / railway ticket booking – getting a flight boarding pass -, Operation support system that’s what network operators need to operate their networks efficiently and effectively.
5. Signaling:Analog to railway transport - Train has left at this particular time –
if any problem /path failure-conveying to HQ.In case of link failure, which alternate path to be followed.
And finally OSS decides how efficiently you run the network, repair faults, raise correct bills, etc.
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VoiceVoice
DataData
VideoVideo
Challenges of TransportReliance Confidential
More User, more usage More Bandwidth
More Flexibility More options
More Reliability More Uptime
In modern telecommunication, there is an increasing realisation that Transport is as importantas building block - as any other like Switch or Services. Transport has traveled it’s distance from being merely the physical connectivity to being an performance enabler.Why is that so evident today. Because as technology evolves, there is increasing demand for:1. More & more bandwidth
- can we give new connections as & when required –no waiting time –no limit More users, more frequent use,
- availability of unlimited talk time without system getting hunged – more frequent use- more information & data to be carried, so more bandwidth.
2. More flexibility: - Can we have voice & data & video on the same line, at the same time, - Can we get more download speed with increasing uploading speed, - Can we provide 100 or 500 number in a sequence (corporate connections)
3. More Quality & Reliability-Mere transmission is not good enough, quality of voice or video is also important, - Reliability of service – Uninterrupted continuous service for 24 hrs & 365 days / year. Our MTTR should be measured in minutes & not in hrs.-Availability of Protection path
- Can we reduce waiting time to zero – i.e operator should not say –You are in the Queue for STD or Local calls
- i.e. at Hospital or Hotel – should not say Come tomorrow - i.e. can we provide the service as & when required?-
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Facets of TransportFacets of Transport1. Media
• Wireline Copper , Aluminium
• Wireless RF, µW ( Electromagnetic)• Optical OFC
2. Topology - (Pattern of connecting network element)Mesh - Local – Nx(N-1) links
- 2Star -Bus - for LANRing -
3. Technology- Voice Communication PDH- Modern Transport SDH, DWDM
4. Network Management- Network Management Preside
Main Pillars of TransportMEDIA - Electromagnetic – Frequency generated & broadcasted by BTS (870MHz ) is greater than Frequency generated & broadcasted by Mobile unit (825MHz).so it gets synchronized with that of mobile – resulting in Wireless transmission.
TechnologyToken Ring – Ring in which only one circulating Token - Token holder can speak , others are listners only –If token holder do not want to use, he has to pass it to next fellow in the ring.Ethernet – LAN - Network on smaller scale – Commercial complex-e.g.DAKCIMT – Integrated mobile terminal e.g. FWT.
Network Management –A ) Local Craft Terminal – Local panel through which nearby Mux are
controlled - e.g in Lab. we are controlling 4 transport equipment through Laptop / Desk top
B) Hyper Terminal - Dumb terminal – softwear through which responsefrom the Mux can be received.
c) Network management – All Mux & CT ( control terminal) in the network( large scale ) can be controlled by SERVER at NNOC.
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MEDIAMEDIAModule 3Module 3
1) Light travels in OFC-multiple Reflections just like rebouncing of a ball.
2) Transmitter-EMW-Elect-Digital , Receiver = digital – Elect.- EMW
3) TIR = angle > Critical Angle & n1 > n2
4) OFC – Costruction – specification = core dia. / cladding dia.- comparisson with hair,
5) Useful Wavelength lie in Infra Red region i. e. 850 λ,1310 λ ,1550 λ
6) Losses : Absorbtion ά 1/ λ , Scattering ά 1/ λ4 & bending ά λ
7) Loss = dB = -10log10 (P2/P1) POWER = dBm = -10log10 (P /1mw )
8) Types of Cables – (a) Material based (b) Mode based (c) refractive index based
9) Dispersion – multimode – Chromatic At R COM – dia. Reduced (SM) & step index reduces Chromatic disp.
10) G 652 - 0 disp. At 1310 – used at Access route - DWDM – 32 λ x 2.5 Gb at 1550 11) G-653 - 0 disp. At 155012) G-655 – 0 disp. above 1550 – NLD / Inter circle – DWDM – 80 λ x 10Gb at 1550
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Satellite dish Satellite dish
Higher order
multiplexer
Higher order
multiplexer
TerminalTerminal
Optical fiber cableOFC
Satellite400Kbps3000km
µW Radio155Mbps(STM-1)
50km / 500km
Wireless Media Transmission Systems
µW & RadioIt is necessary that antenna should be visible to each other.e.g. Antenna located at top of the hill &2nd at the ground level.Satellite When antennas are not visible to each other then we require to use Satellite transmission e.g. transmission fro Chennai to Andaman Nicobar Island
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Features of Microwave transmissionInformation can be sent over a difficult terrain
Information carrying capacity (band width) of typ. 155 Mbps (STM-1)
Each Link can carry signal over typ. 50km
Multiple links can carry signal over 500 Km.
Susceptible to Noise and Fading
Quick Deployment possible ( If license for spectrum is available)
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Features of Satellite transmission
Information can be sent over a difficult terrain, even across oceanse.g. Chennai to Andaman Nicobar islands
Information carrying capacity (band width) of typ. 400KbpsDepends on available Satellite capacity
Links can carry signal over 3000 Km.
Susceptible to delay in transmission
Quick Deployment possible ( If license and satellite BW is available)
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Copper cables (UTP, STP, Co-ax, …) STP - Shielded Twisted Pair (Data Grade) UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair (Data Grade) Coaxial - Used more with TV / VIDEO / LAN
• Simple and easy to use, least in cost• Bandwidth-distance limitation, Attenuation, Interference, …• Maintenance problems
Optical Fiber Cable - (OFC)
• Not so easy to use, costlier than copper cable• Very high Bandwidth, very low Attenuation, No Interference, …• Connecting is a high skill job• Maintenance problems
Guided Media
Electrical signal are susceptible to EMI from any strong electrical source like a HT like, a transformer/ contactor/ SMPS or even a µP based circuit.Extreme care is required to design and implement the layout of electrical signal, type of cable, shielding, grounding, etc.Copper wires are also susceptible to corrosive atmosphere. They are bulky and rigid.
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Optic Fiber CableOptic Fiber Cable
(OFC)(OFC)
Module Module -- 44
The advantages of an Optical Fiber are mentioned above.Advantages of Optical FiberDistance:- The extremely low losses of modern telecom grade fiber enable distances of 50-100Km between repeaters to be routinely achieved.Capacity/Bandwidth:- The information carrying capacity of optical fiber can be enormous. G-652 has capacity 2.5Gbps/fiber/wave length. it/sec can provide the equivalent of 30,000 individual telephone signals of 64kbit/sec and G-655 has capacity 10Gbps/fiber/wavelength (1000Gb/sec is now very close to being achieved).Security:- Optical fiber systems do not radiate any signal, and hence have almost total immunity to ‘wire tapping’. It can be done but is very difficult unless access to splices or connectors is possible.Immunity to Noise:- The glass optical fiber is a dielectric rather than a metal and thus does not act as anantenna in the way metal conducting elements do. The fiber will not, therefore suffer from inductive interference such as · RFI Radio Interference - EMI Electromagnetic Interference - EMP Electromagnetic Pulse.This effective immunity to interference makes it possible to use fibers alongside or even on power lines.Long Life:- Fiber does not corrode like metal conductors.Light Weight:- Optical fiber is remarkably light in weight. A 10Km stand of telecom grade fiber on a shipping spool weighs less than 2kg whereas a 500m reel of co-ax copper cable weighs 30kg.Environmentally Friendly:- Manufactured from the most abundant material in the earths crust. Comparatively small amounts of raw material are required therefore energy, transport and process costs are reduced. By using fiber for communications the world’s copper reserves are saved for other purposes.Future Proof:- Maybe yes –maybe no. It is impossible to know, however the signs are encouraging. It lasts a long time –we only use a small amount of its theoretical capacity—as a result it is probably fair to say that fiberprovides our most future proof transmission medium.
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Journey through the “Optical Tunnel”
if we get a optical tunnel where once a light pulse enters at one end can only come out at the other end, would serve our purpose. Well an OFC is just that.
Transmission through a OFC is like light ball traveling down a tunnel. It reflects several time time on the “wall” before reaching the end of the tunnel.
Train travels on railway track transfers the Passengers Wavelength travels on OFC transfer the Data / voice / video
Advantages of OFC over other media like Cu wire are:1. Very low attenuation-Loss depends on length only –free from amount of data
transmitted2. No Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)3. No Bandwidth-distance relation, hence enormous large bandwidth available.-10Gbps
whereas Capacity of Cu wire is limited i.e. 34 Mbps. 4. OFC are far thinner in diameter.-smaller in size-light in weight.5. Greater safety as difficult to join-High security.
Disadvantages are1. OFC is costlier than Cu-wire.2. OFC is fragile.3. OFC are difficult to join.4. OFC has it’s own set of losses – dispersion, absorption, etc.
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Communication wavelengths850, 1310, 1550 nmLow-loss wavelengths LightUltraviolet (UV)VisibleInfrared (IR)
1 Nena meter = 10 -9 meter
1 Pica meter = 10 -12 meter
UV IRVisible
850 nm980 nm
1310 nm1480 nm
1550 nm1625 nm
λ
Wavelength: λ (nanometers)Frequency: ƒ (tera hertz)
Velocity = c =ƒ x λ
Optical Spectrum
The Optical Spectrum can be divided into three regions.Ultra Violet: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the longest wavelength is just below the visible spectrum, extending from approximately 4 nm to 400 nm.Visible Light: Electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye; wavelengths of 400-700 nm.Infrared (IR): The region of the electromagnetic spectrum bounded by the long-wavelength, extreme of the visible spectrum (about 0.7 µm) and the shortest microwaves (about 0.1 µm).
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Snell’s Law
A1
A2n2
n1
n1sinA1 = n2sinA2
As A1 increases A2 also increases.
At particular value A,A2 becomes 900 .
A is called critical angle
i.e. No light enters material 2
At any angle of incidence greater than ‘A’ all light will be reflected back to material 1.
Medium - 1
Medium - 2
n1 > n2A
Critical Angle: Sin φ Critical = n2 / n1
Snell's law is defined as : n1 sinA1 = n2 sinA2 (“Law of Sines” - by Descartes ).
Where n is the refractive index and A is the corresponding angles as shown.The refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium. n1 = C / V Where C = Velocity of light in Vacuum I.e. 3* 108 metrers per second.
V = Velocity of light in a given of that medium So, if the Upper part of the diagram is CORE & n1 is Refractive Index of the Core material and if the Lower part is Cladding , n2 is Refractive Index of the Cladding material.when light passes from one medium to another, the angles & refractive indexes of the media determines the path that light will take.
The phenomenon of total internal reflection was discovered by John Tendel in 1854, when he filled a can with water , which had a hole at the lowest level. Obviously water started flowing out of the hole forming a curved projectile path. As Tendell lit a torch at the top of the Can, a portion of that light would come out of the hole at the bottom. These light rays then experience total internal reflection because Refractive Index (n) of water is greater than air. Thus these rays would bend along with the watery projectile path giving rise to the idea that light could travel in a curved path if the phenomenon of TIR is repeated many times.
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Propagation Of Light In FiberPropagation Of Light In Fiber
When a ray of light is incident at an angle greater than the critical angle, it gets completely reflected back to the same material.
This is called TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Communication Through Fiber Uses This Principle.
Total internal reflection: Total internal reflection is the phenomenon by which an optical fiber guides light. If light incident at any angle more than the Critical Angle at the interface between the core and cladding (Refractive index of Core > Refractive index of Cladding ) such that it will be entirely reflected back in the Core (none is transmitted into the cladding where it is lost). The critical angle depends on the material of core and the cladding.
It can be summarized that the important concept of fiber optic communication technology is: When light travels from a medium with higher refractive index ( Core) to a medium with lower refractive index ( Cladding )and if it strikes the boundary at an angle more than a critical angle, all light will be reflected back to the incident medium (Core). This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.
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Fiber GeometryAn optical fiber is made of three sections:
The core carries the light signalsi.e.Optic Pulse travells in core only
The cladding keeps the light in the coreserves the purpose of Compound wall
The coating protects the glass
Fiber dimensions are measured in µm1 µm = 0.000001 meters (10-6)1 human hair ~ 50 µm
Refractive Index (n)n = c / vn ~ 1.468n (core) > n (cladding)c = 3 x 10 8 Meter / second
Coating(245 – 250 µm)
Core(7 – 62.5 µm)
Cladding(125 µm)
Core: The core of an optical fiber – is a glass rod - denotes the central part of the fiber where the majority of the light propagates. Cladding: The cladding of an optical fiber surrounds the core and has a Refractive Index lower than that of core. This difference in refractive index allows total internal reflection to occur within the fiber core. & avoids the entry into the Cladding .Total internal reflection is the phenomenon by which light propagates in optical fiber.Coating is made up of PVC material-available in different colours as per ITU code
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Optical Fiber Specifications
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Attenuation - ( Losses )
Loss is the measure of the reduction in signal magnitude, or loss of power of a optic pulse, along a length of fiber.
When the loss is described per km, it is known as Attenuation. Attenuation in fiber optic cabling is usually expressed in decibels per unit per length of cable (i.e. dB/km) at a specified wavelength.
Attenuation depends on length of a fiber& also on Link components like splice Joints - connectors etc.
Attenuation describes how energy is lost or dissipated. Loss is the cost of moving something, like charges or particles or light pulses.Attenuation / Losses are due to - Impure- non uniform material , joints i.e. SplicingAttenuation in fiber optic cabling is usually expressed in decibels per unit length of cable (i.e. dB/km) at a specified wavelength.
Attenuation = 10log10(Iout / Iin)Where,I out = outgoing intensity (intensity is measured in Watt/.m-2 )I in = ingoing intensity (Watt/.m-2 )Research & Developement1980 – 100dB / km1990 – 6dB / km2005 – 0.18 dB / km
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Sources of Attenuation in FibersAbsorption –
Caused by impurities in the glass, and any atomic defects in the glass increases dramatically above 1700 nm. The peak absorption occurs at approx.1400nmλ - proportional to 1 / λ
Scattering –Scattering is caused by small variations in the density of glass . Loss of optical energy due to imperfections / in homogeneities (localized density variations). And therefore act as scattering objects. - proportional to 1 / λ4
Geometric Effects - proportional to λ
Bending losses increases with increase in Wavelength.Effects of 2 cm radius bend at three wavelengths - 1310 nm = < 0.1 dB loss
1550 nm = 2 dB loss1625 nm = 6 dB loss
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Attenuation due to - Scattering
•Scattering is caused by small variations in the density of glass as it cools. Loss of optical energy due to imperfections / inhomogeneities(localized density variations). And therefore act as scattering objects.
•Light scatters in different directions - and thus energy is lost .
•It is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wave length.
•Blue colour of the sky is due to Scattering of particular visible wave length
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Attenuation varies with the wave length of light.
5
4
3
2
1
Loss
in d
b/km
Wave length
0 800 850 1000 1310 1550 1600
The fiber exhibits minimum attenuation at wavelength slots 1310nm, and 1550nm . (nm = 1/ 1000,000,000 Meters)
These are called second window and third window.First window 850 nm was used earlier days when laser diodes were available only at that wavelength
Graph of Loss v / s Wavelength
Scattering and Absorption decides suitability of optical fiber for transmission at specific frequencies only.If a graph of Loss in dB/km is plotted against the wavelength then we observe that, ‘Attenuation varies with the wave length of light.’The fiber exhibits minimum attenuation at wavelength slots, 1310nm, and 1550nm . These are called, second window and third window.Note: The second and the third windows are in practical use today. We don't use the 850 nm any more except for some restricted applications. The 850 nm was in use in the past when the Laser Diodes available were of 850 nm only.
1400 nm
6 to 10 ps1565 To 1630
4 to 6 ps/nm/km1525 to 1565
If G 652 is used for long dist,then we shall require to use more Regenerators-it will degrade the clock more. –resulting in bit error
By using NZDSF-C.D.
Less then 3.5More then 16 Ps/nm/kmChromatic Dispersion ( C.D.) –ps/nm/km
0.3 to 0.50.18 to 0.3Attenuation dB/Km
cheapCostlyOptical Equipment
13101550
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Losses - Attenuation in Optical Fiber - dB
0.41.101
7-10+7-10+7 = 11. 25 =(5/10)x(5/10)x 5
32
9 -10 + 3 = 21.6 = (8/10)x24.73
- 30.53+3 = 64 = 2x2
-20.6610-3 = 75 = 10/2
-6¼ = o.254.7+3 = 7.76 = 3x2
a+bA x B½ (10+7) = 8.57 = 49* = (10x5)*
a-bA / B3+3+3 = 98 = 2x2x2
a / 2A1/24.7+4.7 = 9.49 = 3x3
A / 3A 1/31010
dBPout/Pin (P in mw)
dBPout/Pin (P in mw)
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Power in Optical Fiber- in - dBm• RF and Optical powers are measured in dBm.• 1 mW is taken as a reference power• All other powers are expressed as ratios relative to 1mW• When the power is less then 1 mw –it’s dBm value will be Negative
dBm = 10log 10 ( P in mW / 1mW)
To find dBm value for 5mw power (i.e. ratio = 2)
dBm = 10log10 ( P in mW / 1mW) = 10log10 (2 mW / 1mW) = 10 log10 ( 2)
= 10 x 0.3010 = 3.010 = Say 3
If Power = 2 mW then it is expressed as 3 dBmIf Power = 5 mW then it is expressed as 7 dBmIf Power = 7 mW then it is expressed as 8.5 dBmIf Power = 10 mW then it is expressed as 10 dBmIf Power = 500µW then it is expressed as -3 dBmIf Power = 200µW then it is expressed as -7 dBmIf Power = 100µW then it is expressed as -10 dBmIf Power = 80µW then it is expressed as -11 dBm
In the RF Industry and in optical transmission power is measured relative to 1 mW and expressed as dBm0dBm is taken as the reference power to which all power in field situations is compared.In The Broad casting industry 1KW is taken as the reference powerIf you work with voltages in the audio field 1V line voltage is taken as the reference voltage and 1v is referred to as 0dBV
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dbm (Power) & db (Attenuation) computationExercise -1
For the above please calculate the following:
Receiver Power in dB = Transmitter power - Losses =
0.41.101
7-10+7-10+7 = 11. 25 =(5/10)x(5/10)x 532
9 -10 + 3 = 21.6 = (8/10)x24.73
- 30.53+3 = 64 = 2x2
-20.6610-3 = 75 = 10/2
-6¼ = o.254.7+3 = 7.76 = 3x2
a+bA x B½ (10+7) = 8.57 = 49* = (10x5)*
a-bA / B3+3+3 = 98 = 2x2x2
a / 2A1/24.7+4.7 = 9.49 = 3x3
A / 3A 1/31010
dBPout/Pin (P in mw)
dBPout/Pin (P in mw)
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Ex. 2 : Attenuation in Optical FiberFor the fiber link shown below.(1) Input Power = 2 mw (2) Link Loss = 13 dB (3) Link Length = 50 Km
Input power (P1) = 2 MW
50 Km
Find: (a) Link Losses =
(b) Attenuation per Km.=
(c) Output Power in dBm =
Fiber link loss = 13dB Output Power (P2)= ?
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Classification Of Fibers
Refractive Index Classification
Mode Classification
.
.
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Refractive Index classification - Step Index Fiber
• Core Has Uniform Refractive Index. A Sharp Step In Core And Cladding Junction.(n1 to n2)
• Used for minimising Chromatic Dispersion
32
•Ref. Index Of Core Is Not Uniform rather Gradually Decreases Radially Outwards. Used for minimising MODAL Dispersion
Refractive Index classification - Graded Index Fiber
To compensate for the dispersion drawback of step-index multimode fiber, graded-index fiber was invented. Graded-index refers to the fact that the refractive index of the core is graded—it gradually decreases from the center of the core outward. The higher refraction at the center of the core slows the speed of some light rays, allowing all the rays to reach their destination at about the same time and reducing modal dispersion.
33
Mode of the Fiber
125 µm
50 µm7-9 µm
•The Core is limited between 7-9 µm for Single Mode Fiber
•This would allow only 1 mode to pass (for 1310nm/ 1550 nm)
• A part of the light energy would even spill over into the cladding!
•The Core is limited between 50-62.5 µm for Multi Mode Fiber
125 µm
The most effective means of limiting the number of modes is to reduce the core diameter. While a core with 50 µm dia is sure to be Multimode, a core of 7-9 µm would allow only 1 mode. The number of modes however depends on the wavelength, so while 7-9 µm is Single mode for 1310 nm or higher wavelengths, it maybe allowing more than one mode at lower wavelengths.
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n2
n1
Cladding
n2
n1
Cladding
Core
Multimode fiber (MM)Light travels in diff. PathCore diameter varies - 50 to 62.5 µ-meter Mode Depends on - Wave length ( ↓ ) -Core dia. ( ↑ ) - Refractive Index n1 & n2.Modes do not depend on Length of Fiber.Primarily used for intra-office applicationEquipments & cables are less expensive than single mode .
Single mode fiber (SM)Only one mode (ray) propagatesLight travells in Only one Path / mode.Core diameter is about 7-9 micro-Meter.Primarily used for long dist.. applications.Equipments & Cables required are costly
B - Mode Classification
Mode Classification:Multimode fiber: Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate along its length at various angles and orientations to the central axis. Conventional sizes of multimode fiber are 62.5/125µm or 50/125µm.e.g. G-652- SM – for city network - of various make - like Corning (Germany) – Sterlite-RPG – Finolex – Tamilnadu Telecom Ltd (TTL) – BEOL (Birla Erricson Optical Ltd.)Conventionally, the size of a fiber is denoted by writing its core diameter and then writing the cladding diameter (Both in µm) with a slash between them. For example: 50/125µm fibers describe a fiber with a 50µm core and 125µm cladding diameter. Single mode fiber: A single mode fiber has a small core. Only one ray of light is expected to pass through. This highly parallel beam is incident along the axis of the fiber. Single mode fiber allows a single mode of light to propagate along its core efficiently. Conventional sizes of single mode fiberare 8/125µm, 8.3/125µm or 9/125µm.(core dia. / cladding dia). Single mode fiber allows very high-speed transmission. e.g. – G 655 – SM – for NLD – of various make – like Corning (Germany)-Tyco ( USA) – OCC ( Farukowa-Japan) – OFS (USA)
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Dispersion – eats your BW
Dispersion for G.655 - at 1550 nm – 18 pico seconds/ nm / km)- 18 ps / nm / km
Dispersion is the phenomenon of scattering of light due to tiny obstacles in the path of propagation. In OFC dispersion could occur due to impurity, heterogeneity of refractive index, etc.
Dispersion causes light pulses to spread and thereby lose the binary status at some stage. Simply put higher dispersion could mean greater chance of losing information. Only means of negating that effect is to increase the pulse width. So we can conclude higher the dispersion lower would be the bandwidth.
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What is Dispersion ?
•Dispersion is the spreading or broadening (distortion)of light pulses as they propagate through the fiber.
•Dispersion is the change in shape of a propagating wavelet causing distortion
Too much dispersion gives rise to bit-errors at the receiver (i.e., the inability to distinguish a 0 from a 1).
Not recognizable
1 0 1 1 ? 1
Dispersion is due to diff. Packets of light arriving at time,hence takes round shapecausing distortion i.e.Dispersion.Bandwidth of fiber is limited by dispersion.Dispersion increases in direct proportion to the square root of fiber length.NOTE:Bit rate (say ‘’data rate’’) is the number of bits that can be transmitted per second over a channel. It is measured in bit per second. It is the direct measure of information-carrying capacity of a communication link or network for digital transmission. This is why it is also called information transmission rate.Bandwidth is the frequency range within which a digital signal can be transmitted without significant distortion. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). It is information carrying capacity characteristic of a communication channel used for analog transmission. These then are the two characteristics but obviously quite different.Bandwidth of fiber system is also limited modulation speed i.e. by the electronics.Ps/nm–km is the unit of dispersion. It is the slope of graph – travel time in 1 km of fiber. versus wave length of light
Time to Travel 1 km of fiber
1310 nm
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Modal Dispersion
A. Modal DispersionDispersion caused due to different paths the light rays take to travel from one end to the other. This is prominent in Multi Mode Fibers.
MMF (Step Index)
Difference in arrival times
Difference in arrival times
Optical Paths
Modal
Less zig – zag rays (lower order modes) travel a shorter distance. These correspond to rays traveling almost parallel to the center line of the fiber and reach the end of fiber sooner. The more zig-zag rays (higher order modes) take a longer route as they pass along the fiber and so reach the end of the fiber later.
Chromatic Dispersion: Each wavelength of light travels through the same material at its own particular speed which is different from that of other wavelengths.For example, when white light passes through a prism some wavelengths of light bend more because their refractive index is higher, i.e. they travel slower. This is what gives us the "Spectrum" of white light. The "red' and "orange" light travel slowest and so are bent most while the "violet" and "blue" travel fastest and so are bent less. All the other colors lie in between. This means that different wavelengths traveling through an optical fiber also travel at different speeds. This phenomenon is called "Chromatic Dispersion".
Now:- Total dispersion = Chromatic dispersion + Multimode dispersionOr put simply: for various reasons some components of a pulse of light traveling along an optical fiber move faster and other components move slower. So, a pulse which starts off as a narrow burst of light gets wider because some components race ahead while other components lag behind, rather like the runners in a marathon race. This spreads the wave and causes dispersion.
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Chromatic Dispersion
λ1
λ2Wavelengths SMF
Difference in arrival times
Difference in arrival times
Chromatic
The difference in arrival times of the different components, would cause the broadening of the signal at the receiving end, the result being dispersion.
B.Chromatic DispersionDispersion caused due to the variation in velocities of different wavelength w.r.t the refractive index of the material. This is prominent inSingle Mode Fibers.
The Modal and Chromatic Dispersions can be visualized here.
The difference in arrival times of the different components of the center wavelength (example: 1550 nm), would cause the broadening of the signal at the receiving end, the result being dispersion.
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Optical Fiber StandardsDesigns of single-mode fiber have evolved over several decades. The three principle types and their ITU-T specifications are:
• Non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF), G.652
Minimum dispersion at 1310 nm
Attenuation – Between 0.35 dB /km to 0.4 dB/km
• Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF), G.653
Minimum dispersion at 1550 nm
Non-linear amplification for various wavelengths - without DWDM
• Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), G.655
Optimum dispersion at 1550 nm – 18 Pico second / (nm.km)
Attenuation – Between 0. 18 dB /km to 0.21 dB/km.
Linear amplification for various wavelengths - DWDM
As optical fiber use became more common and the needs for greater bandwidth and distance increased, a third window, near 1550 nm, was exploited for single-mode transmission. The third window, or C band, offered two advantages: it had much lower attenuation (0.18 dB/km to 0.25dB.km.), and its operating frequency was the same as that of the new Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs- Amplifies the pulse in optical state only –doesn’t need to convert in elect. pulse.-Direct amplification). However, its dispersion characteristics were severely limiting. This was overcome to a certain extent by using narrower linewidthand higher power lasers. But because the third window had lower attenuation than the 1310-nm window, manufacturers came up with the dispersion-shifted fiber design, which moved the zero-dispersion point to the 1550-nm region.
Although this solution now meant that the lowest optical attenuation and the zero-dispersion points coincided in the 1550-nm window, it turned out that there are destructive nonlinearities in optical fiber near the zero-dispersion point for which there is no effective compensation. Because of this limitation, these fibers are not suitable for DWDM applications.
The third type, non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, is designed specifically to meet the needs of DWDM applications. The aim of this design is to make the dispersion low in the 1550-nm region, but not zero. This strategy effectively introduces a controlled amount of dispersion, which counters nonlinear effects such as four-wave mixing (see the “Other Nonlinear Effects” section on page 2-11) that can hinder the performance of DWDM systems.
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• Standard Single Mode Fiber-Step Indexed.
• At Reliance 1310nm & 1550nm. band is implemented
•1550 nm can support up to 32 Lambda wave lengths for DWDM
i.e. Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
•The bandwidth per lambda are limited to 2.5Gbps.
• Total bit rate for 32 Lambda’s is 2.5 X 32Gbps. = 80 Gbps.
• Good for Short haul applications up to 350 - 400Km and Metro regions.
•This fiber is used for - City network – Access / SDCA routes
G. 652 FIBER
G.652: This is the original single mode fiber with a simple step-index structure. It has zero chromatic dispersion near 1310 nm and works very well at that wavelength. While this is fine for applications over moderate distances (up to 50 km), the fiber's lowest-loss wavelengths are around 1550 nm for long-reach systems - which complicates things somewhat. Incidentally, the current version of the ITU recommendation has three different grades of performance specified for different applications.
e.g. G-652- MM – for city network - of various make - like Corning (Germany) – Sterlite-RPG –Finolex – Tamilnadu Telecom Ltd (TTL) – BEOL (Birla Erricson Optical Ltd.)
The ITU-T initially standardized G-652 SMF which counts more than 80 million km of fibers installed in the world.
e.g. G-652- MM – for city network - of various make - like Corning (Germany) – Sterlite-RPG –Finolex – Tamilnadu Telecom Ltd (TTL) – BEOL (Birla Erricson Optical Ltd.)
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NZDSF FIBER G 655• Non Zero Dispersion Shifted fiber (NZDSF)
• Optimized to operate in the third window. : 1550nm
• 10 Gbps can be supported per wave length.
For DWDM total number of wave length supported is 80 Lambda.
DWDM - 1530λ to 1563 λ = C band , 1570 λ to 1603 λ = L band
• Good for Long haul applications - more then 500km.
• –i.e. on NBB routes.)
G.655: This was developed as a fiber type that's optimized for long-haul DWDM (Dense wave Division Multiplexing) transmission at wavelengths of around 1550 nm. It has a small, controlled amount of chromatic dispersion in the C-band (1530-1560 nm), where amplifiers work best, and has a larger core area than G.653 fiber. These characteristics combat the problems associated with four-wave mixing and other nonlinear effects. This fiber type is known as non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF).
Armoured – Unitube black in colour - Corning (Germany) -Armoured – Unitube Tyco ( USA) -Unarmourered – Loose tube -OCC ( Farukowa-Japan)– Outer tube Green / Inner sheath Black Unarmourered – Loose tube OFS (USA)
NOTE: Large Effective Area Fiber (LEAF): An optical fiber, developed by Corning, designed to have a large area in the core, which carries the light.Lucent has developed True Wave Fiber for the same.
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OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS
SINGLE FIBER
WAVE LENGTH MULTIPLEXINGMULTIPLE FIBER
Large increase in Bandwidth can be achieved by using a technique called Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM). Suppose you had a one lane HW, only one vehicle can run at a time.If you needed more vehicles to run simultaneously you will have to add more lanes.
Say 4 or 6 lane or you can construct multistory Highway In the above sketch , each lane is equated with diff. colour of light (violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, etc.) .When seven colours are passed through Trigular prism ,it becomes one ( Multiplexure theory) &when it will come out it becomes 7 colour againDWDM uses the above phenomenon, but uses Laser and IR light instead of visible light. The result is the same, only that we can multiplex many more wavelengths and demultiplex them at the receiving end. Normally we can achieve BW 10 Gbps with one wavelength, As per DWDM technology ,we can go up to 800 Gbps by using 80 Wave length! That too in a single fiber of OFC. And we have 48 cores in one cable and 6 such cables that can be laid in our NBB!! How much bandwidth ????WDM (Wave length Division multiplexing) &FDM ( Frequency Division Multiplexing) is the same thing. WDM is measurable whereas FDM is notCWDM – Core Wave Division Multiplexing = less wavelength multiplexing.DWDM - Dense = more wave length multiplexing
DWDM - 1530λ to 1563 λ = C band = Conventional1570 λ to 1620 λ = L band = Long
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ITU-T WAVE LENGTH GRID - C Band
DWDM - 1530λ to 1563 λ = C band = Conventional1570 λ to 1620 λ = L band = Long
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Module Review - Exercise - 41. Fours facets of Transport are ……………, ……………., ………….. and …………
2. Number of modes in MM fiber depends on …..….., ……..….., …..…… & ……..….
3. Single Mode have core diameter of …… to ….. Micrometer.
4. For Multimode fiber core dia. varies from _ _ _ _ to _ _ _ _ _micrometer.
5. G652 is SM / MM…, Step I / Graded I. used in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ route.
6. G655 is _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ used in ……….………route.
7. Attenuation in OFC depends on ………………….…….. …
8. The important wavelength 850λ , 1310 λ , 1550 λ lies in _ _ _ _ region of the spectrum.
9. For Multimode fiber, the Optic Pulse travels in _ _ _ _ _ .
10. The Cladding serves the purpose of _ _ _ _ _.
11. The fiber dimension can be represented as ratio of _ _ _ _ _ _ .
12. The Scattering losses are proportional to _ _ _ ___ _ .
13. The fiber used for RCOM network is _ _ _ _ mode & _ _ _ _index.
14. The Wavelength used for NLD route is _ _ _& for Access route cable is _ _ _ _
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TOPOLOGYTOPOLOGY
Module 5Module 5
46
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
47
Exercise Exercise -- 33 : Star : Star vsvs Ring Topology Ring Topology
Let’s consider a location with 16 Access nodes, equidistant from a Switch located at the center.
1. What would be the total distance of media in Star Topology:
2. What would be the total media distance in Ring Topology with two rings as shown:
8
161
9
1) 16 R = 8D
2) II D + 2D = 5.14 D
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Exercise Exercise –– 33 : Star : Star vsvs Ring TopologyRing Topology
In a similar location let’s consider 8 Access nodes with a Switch located at the center. Now:
1. What would be the total distance of media in Star Topology:
2. What would be the total media distance in Ring Topology with two rings as shown:
1 8
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1) Star - 8 R
2) Ring - 3.14 x2R + 4R = 10.28 R
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Star Star vsvs Ring TopologyRing Topology• Total media distance is not necessary more/ less for
Star/ Ring topology.
• It should be examined on a case to case basis.
• In Star- transmission remains point to point between
each node.
•In Star - link failure results in - isolation of that node.
• In Ring a Add-drop function/ technique is needed at each node.
• In Ring link failure can be overcome by reverse route
and protection technique.
• In Ring topology- Data keeps on adding till it reaches switch / destination
Hence needs more Band width.
Although a major advantage, the Ring topology doesn’t necessarily reduce the amount of media used in the network. In this example the length of media used in the Star topology is 16r (r= radius of the circle, where the Access nodes are located, the Switch is located at the centre). The length of the two Rings (not necessarily the only solution, you can think of using just one ring as well) work out to 2*( 2r+ πr) ~10r. That is certainly less than 16r used in the Star topology. But if the number of nodes were say 6 or 8 (anything less than 10) the media required in Star would have reduced to 6r or 8r, less than the Ring topology.
The planners still prefer to go for the Ring, keep the future needs in mind.The obvious advantage, it seems, is the availability of protection. But this needs examination.
In a Star topology if a link fails only one node is cut-off from the network, thereby isolating the problem. In a Ring if a link fails, all the nodes which are beyond this link would get cutoff thereby precipitating the problem. However, if you have the necessary technique you can approach the cut-off nodes from the other side and continue to communicate. As you can see the advantage of protection is only available if you have the suitable technology to provide you the same and not by topology alone.
But the ring topology brings in it’s own complexity. The transmission is no more point-to-point as in star. Information from the Switch to a Node x, has to travel to many other nodes before reaching it’s destination. It also means each such set of info actually moves on the ring with several other sets of info. How these information are picked up, added to the collection and than segregated and delivered at the right node is the technology what we will study in this course.
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THE LEGACYTECHNOLOGY
PDH
Module - 6
Type in 'MIT Open University' in Google and find a large amount of PDF documents from MIT electrical eng department and from Sloan business School
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So 8000 samples / second for each voice signal. =1 sample / every 125 micro sec. = 8 bitData capacity reqd. per individual = 8bits/sec. x 8000 samples = 64,000 bits/sec.
= 64 kbps = Data SpeedTotal data transferred per second = 32 channels x (64,000 bits/sec)Band width = 2,048,000 bits / second = 2.048 Mbps = E1
01110010100011101110
Human Voice ranges from 300 - 3300 Hz, --- - -Maximum 4000 Hz Nyquist Principle.- to be sampled at least at double that rate for recreation So 8000 samples are taken per second for each voice signal.
ANALOG - DIGITAL CONVERSION
We need to take atleast 8000 samples to faithfully recreate human voice,meaning one sample takes 125 µs - to transmit.Each sample time duration of 125 microseconds is called FRAME (e.g. train)
As we take a 8 bit / sample - we get 64,000 bits/seconds = 64 kbps - to be transmitted per second.A single channel of Voice needs 64 kbps to communicate.- known as Data Speedi.e. in a second–Talking capacity -Data transfer capacity of each individual is 64kbps.This 64 kbps is called a DS0 (Digital Signal Zero). –Data speed of IndividualFor Video conference we need 60 Mbps.- In Japan each gets 100Mbps,- In USA it is 2Mbps
125 micro sec. FRAME - -can be compared with - - - - - - - TRAIN– 32 channels - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -BOGGIE– 8 bits = are comparable to - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -Passengers. Time Division Multiplexing - TDMDuring 125 micro seconds-Each person’s talk will be sampled for 3.9 micro seconds only.During rest of the time (121.1 microsecond) we can send 31 more signals each of 8 bits. i.e.125 micro seconds is divided into 32 slots / channels & is called TDM i.e. 32 person can talk – one by one - within 125 microsecondsi.e. When we bunch 32 DS0 &transmit them at the gap of 125 Microsecond.Each channel is called as Eo. Each frame E1 carries 32 E0 / channels - each channels of 8 bits .Total data transferred per second = 32 x (8bits x 8000 samples/sec.)Band width =2,048,000 bits / second = 2.048 Mbps = E1
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Digital Signal – Time Division Multiplexing - TDM
8*32 bits/ 125 µs X 8000 (samples/sec.)= 2.048 Mbps
32:1 Multiplexer
Time Division Multiplexer
U1: Framing Alignment
Signal
U2: Traffic
U3: Traffic
U4: Traffic
U16: Signaling
U32: Traffic
DS0 (64 kbps) E1 (2.048 Mbps)
Two person can talk on a same fiber at the same time – Multiplexing- may be on diff. Frequency - FDM- May be with diff. Code. (diff. language Gujarati-Hindi-Marathi – English - CDM- May be at diff. Time – i.e. time division Multiplexing – TDM
During 125 micro seconds - the person will be talking for 3.9 micro seconds only (Ear to mouth delay is 250 mili seconds)During rest of the time we can send 31 more signals each of 8 bits.i.e.125 micro seconds is divided into 32 slots / channels ( e.g. bogies) & is called TDM i.e. 32 person can talk – one by one - within 125 microsecondsOut of 32 channels –1st i.e 0th channel is reserved for Isolation / Frame Alignment signal (FAS). It Indicates starting of next frame.16th channel is reserved for SIGNALING ( about starting of call & End of call)
Rest of the 30 channel are for Speech or Data (PAY LOAD).e.g. Fruit hawker with Fruits (Payload) in a basket (Overhead)However, as the golden rule of 125 µs remains, when we multiplex 32 channels we get 32*8 bits to be transmitted within the same time. Thus the bandwidth of an E1 signal becomes 32*8*8000/s = 2.048 Mbps and not just 64 kbps.The Multiplexer is a device, which takes one Byte (8 bits) of each of the 32 channels per 125 microsecond, one at a time, and transmits the same. Thus an E1 appear as a bit-stream with 32 words or 256 bits in every 125 µs.While DS0 is the least measurement for “line” (customer connection), E1 is the least / Primary measurement for the “trunk” (network connection).Multiplexing gives one great advantage – you can use one trunk line instead of 32, that saves lot of copper.ERLANG – Max. no. of voice that can be transmitted
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Analog to Digital Conversion (after each 125 µ Sec)
0
63
127
95
255
191
31
223
159
2100010101
000125250375 µ Sec
95
191179
101100111011111101011111000101010001010100010101 010111110101111101011111 101111111011111110111111 101100111011001110110011 10110011101100111011001110110011
1ST VOICE AT 0 Micro seconds2nd VOICE AT 125 Micro seconds3rd VOICE AT 250 Micro seconds4th VOICE AT 375 Micro seconds
Analog :- Continuous discrete signale.g. mother says child has a fever.( it does not give any idea about temp).
Digital : - Scaling the signal, -Quantifing the value.
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E1 MultiplexerTS0TS1TS2
TS15TS16TS17
TS29
TS31
TS30
TS0TS1TS2 TS0TS1 TS0TS2 TS1 TS0TS15TS16 TS15 TS2 TS1 TS0TS16 TS15 TS2 TS1 TS0TS17 TS17 TS16 TS15 TS2 TS1 TS0TS29 TS29 TS17 TS16 TS15 TS2 TS1 TS0TS30 TS30 TS29 TS17 TS16 TS15 TS2 TS1 TS0TS31
µ Sec
For 125 Microsecond frame- Each channel carries 8 bits-i.e. total 32 channelsFor our networking each DS0 is 64 kbpsIf 96 channels are to be accommodated then we need 3 E1
But at Access level / Local level –It happens that data speed of 64 kbps-allotted to one customer may be divided among more then one customer by the local network operator to earn more revenue -Ultimately each customer gets the less speed
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Unipolar and Bipolar Signals
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
UNIPOLAR SIGNAL
BIPOLAR SIGNALEvery Time return to Zero
(RZ)
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
While signal as converted from analog to digital in the first place, to reduce noise and attenuation issues, research has shown that there can be several ways of transmitting digital signals itself to make further improvement in reliable transmission.
Signals transmitted through electrical wires which are susceptible to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Wires behave like antenna and pickup the EMI signals thereby distorting the original signal transmitted through it. There are several methods of minimizing this noise.
1. Unipolar – 0 is shown as 0 & 1 is shown as +1
2. Bipolar – 0 is shown as -1 & 1 is shown as +1,& Between every 2 pulse it touches zero
In case of Bipolar signals there are two signal carrying wires, each one is equally susceptible to noise. Thereby the noise pick-up in both the wires cancel each other as the signal is the voltage difference between the two wires.
So every time it returns to Zero.- Consumes more power. – Gets heated up.
Another issue is that of synchronization, when one node tries to synchronize with respect to the other using the incoming bit stream. A PLL (Phase Local loop ) at the receiver keeps tracking the rising/ falling edges to generate a local clock. However, if the bit stream have continuous 0’s or 1’s, then the PLL losses track. To avoid this happening, signals are continuously returned to zero voltage level.
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CODING METHODS - Automatic Mark Inversion (AMI)Alternate 1’s are made (+V) and (-V), 0’s are kept as 0.-
• Only half pulse-width is used to transmit +/-V.
• Prevents droop in the line because maximum time spent at +/-V is 1/2 pulse.
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 : Transmitted data
+V
0
-V
time
Having arrived at the Bi-polar Return to Zero technique, the next obvious effort was to reduce the total number of switching at the transmitter. As number of switching proportionately increases the heat dissipation, it was essential to reduce this for faster transmission.To achieve lesser number of switching a novel coding technique was evolved. Only the 1’s were transmitted as +V/-V and 0’s were transmitted as zero-volt. Thus number of switching was reduced to the number of 1’s transmitted (on average you can expect 50% of bits are 1’s and rest are 0’s, thus switching losses is reduced to half).With AMI therefore alternate 1’s were transmitted as +V and –V, and 0’s are transmitted as 0v.
Droop – Drop in Voltage (signal attenuation),if the width of the pulse is more (say 3 number of 1 in a sequence) -in that case after the 3rd 1 , voltage value will be some what less than 1.But in this case voltage is built up for ½ the time of pulse only hence chances of drop in voltage is avoided.
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CODING METHODS - High Density Bi-polar-Three-zero (HDB3)
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 : Data
V-pulse B-pulse V-pulse B-pulse V-pulse
+V
0
-V
Time
1’s & 0’s are transmitted like AMI, until four 0’s are encountered.
• But set of four 0’s are substituted by 0’s and B (balance) & V (violation) pulses.
• If odd number of 1’s precede four 0’s - transmit three 0’s followed by V-pulse (0 0 0 V)• If even number of 1’s precede four 0’s - transmit B-pulse, two 0’s, V-pulse ( B 0 0 V)•Polarity of B & V-pulses would be depend on the last pulse.
V
B V
B V1
1
1 1
1
AMI would bring back the old problem of synchronisation, in case of a long string of 0’s the receiver PLL will lose track.i.e. receiver always looks for change i.e. 0 or 1 but if there are more then 3 consecutive zero-then receiver gets confused - Hence HDB3 To overcome this - a variant of AMI was proposed called HDB3. In this normal 1’s and 0’s are transmitted like AMI.
If after cont. odd number of 1 when 4 0’s are found in a row, the last 0 (I.e. 4th 0 in a row ) is transmitted as 1( Violating Pulse ) on them same side of last 1 pulse. The polarity of this V- pulse would be same as that of the last pulse (corresponding to the last 1) transmitted. .(Generally all 1 will be alternate but in this case , after 3 0 there is 1 but on the same side , There by there would be a violation of AMI code, hence Receiver will identify as V-pulse & will is decoded as a 0 at the receiver.If there are contineous 4 0’s,after contineous even no. of 1 - then both a Violation pulse (for 4th 0) and a Balancing pulse (for 1st 0 in the row of 4 0’s) are transmitted. These B & V pulse are on the same sideThere by there would be a violation of AMI code, hence Receiver will identify as B Pulse & V-pulse & will is decoded as a 0 at the receiver.If there are 12 Zero – i.e. Zero number of 1 i.e EVEN no of 1 - between 1st set of 4 zero & 2nd set of 4 zero, i.e B00V but with changed polarity & so on i.e +(BOOV) , - (BOOV), +(BO0V)Odd no. os 1 - - 1, 3, 5, 7,Even no. of 1 – 0, 2, 4, 6, HDB3 & AMI is done at the transmitter-precisely at tributary card level in ADM.Known as line coding & Encoding2Mb / 34Mb – HDB3 , = 45 Mb – Bipolar Triple Zero substitution – B3ZS140 Mb – Coded Mark Inversion (CMI)
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Scrambling & De-Scrambling – Optic Signal
Optic Signal has no +/- value.To Avoid continuous - more then three 0 or 1 Manchester coding technique is followed i.e.Data is Scrambled at Transmitter .Uniform distribution of 1& 0 –Avoiding continuous - more then three 0 or 1 De- scrambled at Receiver end so as to have the same format as it was before Scrambling.
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Error Checking – Parity BitError Checking• Tools that enables the RECEIVER to check if error has occurred in transmission.
• Is applied over a collection of transmitted bits called PAYLOAD.
• In case of error, the entire Payload is identified to have error,
specific error bit is not detected.
• Error codes are added on top of payload and hence form part of OVERHEAD.
Parity bit/ flag• One bit flag indicating, the number of 1’s in a payload is odd or even.
• Receiver can check the same upon receiving the payload
and detect if any bit has changed.
• Parity check would fail if two bits change (0 to 1 or vise-versa)
• To minimise the chance of two bit error, parity is applied to small payloads.
Rather than counting number of 1 , can we count number of Zeros?Yes ,but in order to have standardization, As per ITU-T, Everybody has to count number of 1’s to find Bit Error
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Error Checking – Parity BitPayload
Even parity is set, so Parity Fag (bit) is set to 0
010100100111010101110010101010100101010100001110101011110101
1+1+1+1+1+1+1+ …………………………….. +1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 = 119
010100100111010101110010101010101101010100001110101011110101 0
Payload Overhead• Parity can check for errors, but can’t tell which bit is erred
• Parity check fails in case of even number of bit errors.
•We ‘ll not come to know which bit is faulty.
•Suitable for small loads like 5000 to 10,000 bits
Error Checking
• Tools that enables the RECEIVER to check if error has occurred in transmission
• Is applied over a collection of transmitted bits called PAYLOAD
• In case of error, the entire Payload is identified to have error, specific error bit is not detected
• Error codes are added on top of payload and hence form part of OVERHEAD
Parity bit/ flag
• One bit flag indicating, the number of 1’s in a payload is odd or even.
• Receiver can check the same upon receiving the payload and detect if any bit has changed
• Parity check would fail if two bits change (0 to 1 or vise-versa)
• To minimise the chance of two bit error, parity is applied to small payloads.
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Cyclic Redundancy Code for - PDHCyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) is generated by mathematical calculation on a block of data so as to return a code which uniquely represents the content & organization of the block. It’s like a fingerprint.
Like fingerprint, CRC is used to check the integrity of data transmitted on any medium.
The Transmitting party (A) calculates CRC for 8 frames- (adds the CRC with the block of data)-& transmits immediately after those 8 Frames. This CRC is transmitted after each 8 frames.
The Receiving party (B) calculates the CRC on the block of data, as received, and cross-checks with the CRC received.
If both of them match the data received is taken to be authentic.
These CRC is for PDH only
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Cyclic Redundancy Code - CRC
01010010 01110101 01110010 10101010 01010101 00001110 10101111 01011100
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 …. Bn-1 Bn
ΣBix = Q, Reminder
0101001001110101011100101010101001010101000011101010111101011100 rrrrrrrr
B1 B2 B3 B4 B4 …. Bn-1 Bn
ΣBi + ∆x = Q’, R’
1. For Larger load, instead of bitswe consider Payload as a collection of bytes:
2. Sum total of payload bytes is divided by CRC polynomial x :
3. Reminder is transmitted along with the payload:
4. In case of Error (1 bit or more) reminder value will change, Q may remains the same :
Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) is generated by mathematical calculation on a block of data so as to return a code which uniquely represents the content & organization of the block. It’s like a fingerprint.
Like fingerprint, CRC is used to check the integrity of data transmitted on any medium.
The Transmitting party (A) calculates and adds the CRC with the block of data, which it transmits.
The Receiving party (B) calculates the CRC on the block of data, as received, and cross-checks with the CRC received.
If both of them match the data received is taken to be authentic
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32 DS0Time Multiplexed
E1
4 E1 + 4 DS0
4X 2.048 + 4 X o.o64
Bit Interleaved
E2
4 E2 + 9 DS0Bit Interleaved
E3
2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps 34.368 Mbps
E4
4 E3 + 28 DS0Bit Interleaved
139.264 Mbps
Digital Signal (DSn) Multiplexing - P D H
Obviously E1 is not good enough, as in urban locations and now even in rural areas, 30-32 DS0’s mean very little. Take a small housing complex in any small city. A 7 storied building with 2 wings, 4 flats per wing per floor would have more than 30 lines. Take 16 such buildings, you would need 16 E1’s. Do we lay 16 trunk lines for 16 E1’s. No we further multiplex.
The Multiplexing of 4 E1’s to give an E2 is called Bit Interleaving, where other than the four E1’s, four DS0 signal channels are also added and multiplexing is done bit by bit with stuffing bits added to take care of real time differences. Similarly four E2’s and another 9 DS0 signaling channels are multiplexed to give an E3.
Stuffing bits are required as different E1’s coming from different multiplexers are expected to be out of sync by a few bits.
Non availability of E2:To make the standard more efficient-as per market requirement-Not considered for Transportation
64
Digital Multiplexing - Standards - PDH
PDH comprises of E1 – E2 – E3 – E4 – E5 - Used by the CustomerE3 = 34.368 Mbps say 35 Mbps.
For North American standard the 3rd level is known as DS3 = 44.736 Mbps say 45 Mbps.
Where as SDH comprises of STM-1 , STM – 4 , STM – 16 ,STM –64 ,
PDH clock accuracy = +/- 50ppmSDH clock accuracy = 0.00 001 ppm = 0.00001 / 106 = 10-11
Another shortcoming with PDH is that while the same technology is used world-over, manufacturers follow different versions of the same. While the Europeans follow the E1, E2, E3, E4 as we have discussed before, the North American have different set of multiplexed signals: DS1, DS2, DS3, DS4. And as you can see DS2 is not equivalent of E1, neither is DS2 that of E2 or for that purpose not a single NA signal matches with the European signal.
This could be a huge concern if any Operator chooses to use equipment of different make, some European, some NA or Japanese.
65
Limitations of the mediaLimitations of the media
Bandwidth
Dis
tanc
e
Ban
dwid
th Distance
BW * d = k
Distance: d
Bandwidth: BW
Electrical Media, like Copper wires, exhibits a BW – distance relationship given by:BW * d = K (constant)
The value of constant K will change for different types of Cables, but the relationship is true for all.
It is not that the signal gets completely attenuated (that is yet another factor) the effect of high bandwidth is on the shape-factor of the pulses. As the cable act as a low pass filter, the attenuation for higher frequencies are more. Thereby in case of high bandwidth, after the stipulated distance the pulses would lose more of it’s high frequency components and become un-comprehensible. Such pulse are liable to produce higher bit errors than acceptable.
66
PDH PDH –– Limited Capacity with CopperLimited Capacity with Copper
Digital Signal Bit Rate (Mbps) Eqv. DS0 Media
DS0 .064 1 Twisted Pair
E1 2.048 30+2 Twisted Pair
E2 8.448 120+8+4 Twisted Pair
E3 34.368 Mbps 480+32+25 Twisted Pair
E4 139.264 1920+128+100 Optical Fiber
E1
E3
E4
Now consider this: PDH, which was essentially designed to use copper as the media, runs into a roadblock at the higher bandwidths. Electrical cables have this characteristic that the product of bandwidth carried in a cable and the distance to which it can be transmitted reliably is constant.
Band width x distance = ConstantWhich means if we transmit higher bandwidth, we can do so over a shorter distance only.As the Band width increases, the dist (to which it can be transmitted ) reduces Beyond which we have to regenerate the signal.Now consider this: in practical implementation we require E1’s in the local loop (1-2 km), E3’s in the LE to TAX (5-200 km) and E4’s in TAX to ILD GW (100 – 1000 km). i.e. we use lower bandwidth at short distances and higher bandwidths over long distances. While for an E3, we may use regenerators.For E4 it becomes commercially impractical to use electric media any more. The obvious choice is OFC.
67
Exercise 3: Plesionchronous SlipPDH allows +50 ppm inaccuracy in the timings of the E1 Trans-receivers.
Consider a E1 Transmitter transmits frame in 125 µs - ∆ and the Receiver receives in 125 µs + ∆ ( ∆ corresponds to the +50 ppm inaccuracy).
Thereby how many bits slip would occur over a period of 1s.
1. An E1 Trans-receiver transmits/ receives @ 2,048,000 bits per second.
2. Transmitter is transmitting for 50 µs less over 1s (50 ppm of 1s is 50 µs).
3. The Receiver receives for 50 µs more time.
4. Total slip duration is 100 µs.
5. Total slip = 2,048,000 *100 /1000,000 = 204.8 bits
Please calculate for yourself:
You may have observed that the maximum slip would be about 205 bits over 1s for a E1 line. As 8000 frames are transmitted over 1s, you would not get to see a bit mismatch in every frame. However, over 40 frames (in the extreme case as in this example) 1 bit slip might occur.
68
PDH – Add Drop System - CumbersomeAs would be evident from the illustration below, extraction/ addition of individual channel (E1) from/ to a higher level signal (say E4) is very complicated, needing dedicated Multiplexers and Demultiplexers.
140M
34
140
8
34
2
8
8
2
34
8
140
34 140M
Customer
E1
E2
E3
E4E4
In legacy Plesionchronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH), while E1’s are multiplexed to give E2, E2’s to give E3 and so on, the method used is that of Bit interleaving. This is done to take care of mismatch in timings of various E1’s. As you can see E1’s coming from various concentrators could have a large tolerance in their timing. Meaning thereby when you receive all the 32 bits of one E1 you may have received only 31 or even 33 bits of another E1. Only way out was to do bit stuffing. The problem is same when we multiplex E2’s or E3’s. So further bit stuffing is applied. In turn we keep losing the identity of individual E1’s. If we consider each E1 as an envelope with 30 lines of message from 30 voice channels, then while we bit interleave and bit stuff, the envelope losses it’s identity and 30 lines of this one E1 gets mixed with 30 others and more lines.
In the entire system if an E4 is routed from point A to B and an E1 out of this E4 is to be dropped or added at an intermittent point C, then the entire E4 needs to be de-multiplexed to give away one E1 and re-multiplexed to add an E1. This made Ring topology unviable with PDH.
69
Limitation of Plesiochronous Transmission1. Ideally suited to star topology - Point to point connection - not for
Ring network.
2. Clock information derived from Incoming data.No Central Clock.Clock Accuracy +/- 50 ppm (SDH clock accuracy = 0.000 01 ppm)
3. Dropping or adding E1’s or any trunk in between is cumbersome and costly. Ideal till the medium is Copper – Capacity constraint – 34 Mbps.
4. Limited to sub- Gigabit transmission on copper. Capacity improvement difficult & costly
5. Not easily scaleable (expandable to higher capacity)
5. In-compatibility between variants (Europe, NA, etc.)
Limitation of PDH arises from the bit interleaving which makes extracting or adding a lower order trunk between two points very cumbersome (Equipment for the same are costly). Thus it was ideal for point to point transmission, where all the DS0’s and E1’s are multiplexed at one point (normally at customer locations) and demultiplexed at the switch and vice versa. Similar multiplexing of E1’s and E2’s are done at class 5 switches and carried to a class 4 switch, where they are demultiplexed.
Adding further capacity was also difficult requiring addition of large multiplexers, thus increasing demand for bandwidth PDH became less viable.
PDH ideal for a star like configuration. Also it was ideal as long as the medium was copper. But as the demand for bandwidth increased it was evident that OFC would be the medium of choice ITU has not approved / standardized OFC as a media for PDH, because commercially not viable.
.Also for high Bandwidth Ring configuration would be more viable whereas PDH is Ideally suited to star topology -not for Ring network.
Finally PDH was limited to sub-Gigi bit per second transmission making it unrealistic for modern day needs. Thus a new standard was born.
PDH clock accuracy = +/- 50ppmSDH clock accuracy = 10-11 i.e.= 0.00 001 ppm
Why to Use PDH ?PDH technology is old & past dated but we can not ignore ,because still we use certain equipment atAccess / BTS – operating at Lower range – based on PDH Technology & Need has not arised to go at higher range (SDH) at this level. Hence continued.
70
Module Review - Exercises - 51. Sampling frequency rate for human voice is ………………… samples/ second.
2. E1 comprises …….. DS0’s and E2 comprises ……. E1 + …….. DS0’s
3. In SDH E1 trans-receivers are allowed to have clocks with ……….. ppm inaccuracy
4. In PDH E1 trans-receivers are allowed to have clocks with ……….. ppm inaccuracy
5. E1, E2, E3 are ………....…. variant of PDH and T1, T2, T3 are ……....…. variant
6. Media recommended for E1 to E3 is ……………., while it is ……………. for E4
7. PDH is ideal for ………….. to ………… transmission and …………… topology.8. How many bits / channel / 125 micro sec. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9. What is channel (DS0) bit rate (data speed). _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
10. What is time duration of each Frame _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11. How many channels (slots) / Frame _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
12. Number of bits per Frame _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _
13. Process of dividing Frame in to 32 channels is known as _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14. What is the Band width (bit rate) of E1 . __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _
Find the Odd member1) 8000 2) 32 , 4E1+ 4 (3 ) +/- 0.00001 ppm 4 ) +/- 50 ppmAdd the missing link -Find the correct member(5) European , North American (x)_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ (6) Copper , OFC (7) Point to Point , ringFind the odd man out (8) 8 (9) 64 kbps (10) 125 micro second (11) 32 Find the odd man out-Add the missing link(12) 256 (13) TDM (_XX) _ _ _ _ _ _ (14) 2 Mbps
71
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HEIRARCHY
(S D H) Module - 7
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HEIRARCHY
(S D H) Module - 7
72
Synchronous Digital HierarchyEuropean
OC-768
OC-192
OC-48
OC-12
OC-3
OC-1
Optical(OFC)
North American
39,813.12
9,953.28
2,488.32
622.08
155.52
51,84
Line Rate(Mbps)
STM-256STS-768
10 GbpsSTM-64STS-192
2 GbpsSTM-16STS-48
STM-4STS-12
STM-1 STS-3
VC 3STM-0STS-1
SDH SONET
Signal Designation
STM = Synchronous Transport ModuleSTS = Synchronous Transport ScheduleSONET = Synchronous Optical NetworkOC = Optical Carrier = Interphase
European std.s Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and it’s North American counterpart SONET proposes a transport system with highly synchronised network elements and OFC as the physical media. Thereby the concept of bit-interleaving is replaced by a Byte interleaved system. Also the bandwidths are defined upto much higher range making it suitable for modern data & broadband communication.SDH/ SONET defines to types of “packaging” – one for the electrical network called Synchronous Transmission Module/ Schedule (STM-n/ STS-n) and another for the optical network called Transport Unit (TU-n)/ Optical Carrier (OC-n).STM-n has now been defined from STM-1 (63 E1’s) to STM-64 (4032 E1’s). Proposal for STM-256 is under examination for standardising. That would take us to an amazing 40 Gbps.Technically there are small differences between SDH and SONET. Some terms differ and some details in Overhead definitions differ but that doesn’t come in the way of making these to standards compatible to each other. Technically there is no difference between SDH and SONET. Some terms differ and some details in Overhead definitions defer but that doesn’t come in the way of making these to standards compatible to each other.
Traffic intensity can be Access – User to Access point i.e. BTS - STM - 1 to STM – 4MA / BA ring – BTS to Switch - STM - 1 to STM – 16Core / NLD / NBB - Switch to switch - STM - 1 to STM – 64
73
Synchronous Transfer Module - Overheads
E1
32 - BytesInformation
+ 1 BytesPath Over Head
+
TUG – 2
ContainerC12
VirtualContainer
VC12
TributoryUnit TU- 12
– 3 nos.
+ +
+ 1 BytesPointer
TributoryUnit TU- 12
+ 2 BytesStuffing
SDH technique is like that of a courier company. It takes E1’s and puts them neatly into small boxes called Virtual Containers (VC-12) complete with details like where it come from and where it should go (Path Overhead). These VC-12’S are then packed into bigger boxes called VC-2 or VC-3. Finally they are put in a Container called TU and put on a Carrier. The Carrier have all details like Path OH, Section OH and Line OH. These OH’s not only conveys where these goods are to be delivered but also all such information like faults and alarms of the transport highway.
74
SDH Multiplexing StructureSDH Multiplexing Structure
E132 Bytes
C1234
+2
36
+1Pointer
35
+1POHVC12 TU12
TUG2
T2 C2PointerPOH
VC2 TU2
108
36X3 LegendC - ContainerVC - Virtual Container – SDH MappingTU - Tributary Unit - AligningTUG - Tributary Unit GroupAU - Administrative UnitAUG - AU GroupSTM - Synchronous Transport ModuleE1 - has 30 Bytes known as Pay Load
for which customer pays & the company earn the revenue for the same
T124 Bytes 25
+1
27
+1Pointer
26
+1POH
TUG2
C11 VC11 TU11 27X4
108
VC12 - European standard – 2 Mbps
VC3 - - 34 MbpsVC4 - - 140 Mbps
VC11 - N. American standard -1.5 MbpsVC 2 - N . American – 6 MbpsVC 3 - - 45 Mbps
Before we look at the big and the jumbo boxes, lets see how your small E1 is packed in a TU12. Stuffing / Justification :32 Eo makes E1. The 32 bytes of an E1 (in a time frame of 125 µs) is called the Payload. In PDH data of each E1 is varying in speed / size. Therefore may or may not provide exactly 32 bytes within 125 micro second slot. We may receive slightly more or less bytesi.e.E1 = 2.048Mbps +/- 50 ppm = 2,048,000bps+/-100bits . Now if we want to pack it in a container (C12) , The size of a container should be some what bigger to accommodate this variation. Hence the the container C12 is so selected that it can accommodate additional 2 bytes i.e. total 34 Bytes.i.e. when E1 is packed in a container 2 Bytes are added to it (Cushioning) & is known as C12 (A Synchronous container) These 2 bytes are known as Justification / stuffing Bytes .It may contain Data, It may not contain data ,it can be dummy / redundant. These take care of any disparity in the Real Time Clock of the E1 sources and the SDH equipment. Whenever it is + , Additional 2 bytes can accommodate it ,But when LESS ,We need some packing i.e. these two will be used as dummy bites to maintain the packet size . – It is shown as S1 & S2 & is indicated by C1-C2.If E1> 2.048Mbps then S1/ S2 will be Data .Then C1/C2 =1If E1< 2.048Mbps then S1/ S2 will be Packing .Then C1/C2 = 0From the value of C1&C2 , Receiver will come to know whether S1,S2 is to be retained or to be thrown out.Then we add One byte which carry the Path Overhead. POH carry the information about sender and destination addresses-along with other details. These details are added at starting point (Transmitter end) & checked at Receiver end. Now it is known as VC12Then we add One byte which carry the Pointer & is known as Tributary 12-TU12TU 12 = 32 (E1) +2 stuffing +1 Path over head + 1 Pointer =36 Bytes & time permitted is 125 Micro sec .
75
R R R R R R R R
32 BytesPayload
(256 bits)
R R R R R R R R
K4
R R R R R R R R
32 BytesPayload
(256 bits)
R R R R R R R R
N2
R R R R R R R R
32 BytesPayload
(256 bits)
R R R R R R R R
J2
R R R R R R R R
32 BytesPayload
(256 bits)
R R R R R R R R
VC-12 Path Overhead
Stuffing Bits
V5
Virtual Container (VC12) – Multiframe & POH
Before we look at the big and the jumbo boxes, lets see how your small E1 is packed in a VC-12.The 32 bytes of an E1 (in a time frame of 125 µs) is called the Payload. They are safely cushioned by two bytes of Stuffing bits. These take care of any disparity in the Real Time Clock of the E1 sources and the SDH equipment. Then we add a byte which carry the Path Overhead. POH amongst other things carry the source and destination addresses. This is your small box, ready to be shipped, time allowed 125 µs.The next 32 bytes of the next 125 µs gets similarly packed and thus the process goes on. Only observe that the POH of the four boxes in four consecutive time slots are named as V5, J2, N2 and K4. Why – see next slide.VC-12 Multi frame - It is combination of 4 E1 frame, each of 125 Micro sec .i.e. A Multi frame takes 500 micro sec. for transmitting. PAY LOAD – Customer is paying for – e.g. Fruits in the basket of a fruit sellerOVERHEADS – required for managing the system – no revenue earned – e.g. basket of a fruit seller.V5, J2, N2 and K4 together carry 4 byte (1- POH Byte of each frame) . 4 such VC-12’s form a VC-12 Multi frame. A Multi frame takes 0.5 micro second for transmitting.Path Over Head: A Circuit joining joining two Main station (node) that passes through number of intermediate nodes.The extra information related with the path is generated at originating point – remains throughout-& processed at Terminating Point is called as Path Over HeadIn SDH some capacity is reserved for carring / monitoring &Management information related with the path.Thisextra information like where it come from & where it should go is called POH (Path over head)It allows checking of a) The quality of overall end to end transmission.b)The existance of a path between two terminating points.c) It allows remote end (Receiver) to communicate to the transmitter end that
there is trouble with the signal received.When received by Receiver it gives a complete POH with Starting point & End point address along with other other information.
76
125 µs
500 µs
V5R R R R R R R R
32 BYTEPAYLOADFRAME 1
R R R R R R R RJ2
C1 C2 OOOO RR
32 BYTEPAYLOADFRAME 2
R R R R R R R RN2
C1 C2 OOOO RR
32 BYTEPAYLOADFRAME 3
R R R R R R R RK4
C1 C2 OOOO RS1
31 7/8 BYTEPAYLOADFRAME 4
R R R R R R R R
S2
VC-12 Multiframe & Path Overhead
V5
R R R R R R R R
32 BytesPayload
(256 bits)
R R R R R R R R
VC-12 Path Overhead
Stuffing Bits
Justification Bits
Provision for Justification bits is kept to take care of 2
Mbps + 50PPM frames
V5, J2, N2 and K4 together carry a 4 byte meaningful POH so one VC-12 is incomplete in itself. 4 such VC-12’s form a VC-12 Multiframe. A Multiframe takes 0.5 ms to be transmitted.
When received it gives a complete POH with source & destination address amongst other information.
VC-12 Multi frame - It is combination of 4 E1 frame, each of 125 Micro sec .i.e. A Multi frame takes 500 micro sec. for transmitting.
V5, J2, N2 and K4 together carry 4 byte (1- POH Byte of each frame) . 4 such VC-12’s form a VC-12 Multi frame. A Multi frame takes 0.5 micro second for transmitting.
77
LOWER ORDER PATH OVERHEAD
BIP: Bit Interleaved Parity to check parity at the remote end
REI: Remote Error Indication to indicate parity error from remote end
RDI: Remote Defect Indication to indicate other failures from remote end
RFI: Remote Failure Indication to indicate loss of signal from remote end
Signal Label: Type of payload to indicate type of payload to remote end
V5 contains the following information:
1&2 BIP2 2 bits Bit Interleaved Parity Error monitoring1st indicates whether the sum of all odd bits is Even (or Odd as per standard)2nd indicates whether the sum of all Even bits is Even .
3 - REI 1 bit Remote Error Indication Indicate BIP errorIf the bits received are Odd, It is Error then Receiver will transmit REI as 1 to transmitterIf the bits received are EVEN –ok-then Receiver will transmit REI as 0 to transmitter.NNOC will come to know about REI through Network Mgt. System (NMS)
4 - RFI 1 bit Remote Failure Indication.If the Error continues for more than Pre set time , Then receiver end will transmits Remote Failure Indication ( RFI )- value 1 - to transmitter end.-Not used at Reliance
5-6-7 Signal Label 3 bits Indicates type of Pay loadUnequipped - no load –Tributary not connected –Whether it is E1 ,Ethernet frame ,ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode) ,Bit Synchronous, ,Byte Synchronous ,Test signal, Reserved signal or Asynchronous (at R COM) indicated by 010 ( refer pg no. 86 to 91 of ITU-T G707/Y.1322 for more details)
8 RDI – 1 bit - Remote Defect Indication – Indicates error other then Parity Error e.g. Signal level mismatch or Path label mismatch
78
Lower Order Path Overhead: J2
Mum_A21_s4_1
1st Byte: CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Checkapplicable to 32 bytes *4 *16 = 2048 bytes
2nd – 16th Byte: Path Trace – predefined stringattached by transmitter and checked by receiver
Pune_A07_s11_12
M U M B A I OAGURUG-N.CRC
Each J2 is for Path Tracing Indication (Path Over head) It is having 16 bytes (Character) i.e one byte per 0ne multi frame i.e Each J2 is valid for following 16 multi frames = 16 x (125 microseconds x 4frames ) = 8000micro seconds = 8 mili seconds data .
J2 is used for lower order Path Trace. Each J2 is described in 16 Characters 1st J2 byte carry CRC value for path details described in remaining 15 characters. Rest 15 bytes carries path details of starting point to End point. Transmitter will insert / send J2 . & receiver ( Path End point / Terminating ADM ) will Check / Process /start reading it after CRC e.g.
If there is no change in path trace
79
Lower Order Path Overhead: N2
N2: Tandem Connection
Network 1(Operator A)Network 1
(Operator A)
Network 2(Operator B)Network 2
(Operator B)
N2 Bytes carry Error & Performance parameters which can be used for quality assurance when two different networks are connected to each other through a POI.
N2 is used to monitor Tandem connections. When two network Operators (e.g.BSNL & RIC) connects their networks, they would like to know the quality of signal they are exchanging. N2 offers such facilities.e.g. If we are sending Mangoes to Dubai side ,we have to mention the suitable temp. say 24 to 26 degree temp. otherwise it will get spoiled.Similarly when we are importing electronic equipment from USA ,they will mention the Power supply details because their equipment meant for 120 volt will get damaged if we operate here at 230 volts.
K4 - was reserved for future use in 1998 but after 2003 started using it for Automatic protection Switching. - APSAutomatic Path Switching will occur within 50 mili seconds. .( it can be 40 ms also or 45 ms also)
80
Offset
Pointer (V1)
VC12 VC12
125 µs 125 µs
N N N N X X I D I D I D I D I D
10 bit Pointer
VC SizeV1 V2
Synchronizing VC-12 with TU12 - POINTER
VC12
Plesiochronous Frame
125 µs
Synchronous Frame
VC12
Pointer (V2)Pointer (V3)
TU12 has 1 Byte as a Pointer . It identifies starting point of VC12 w.r.t. FrameIt gives details about Off set & becomes Tributory.Multi frame is a combination of such 4 frames. Hence it has 4 Bytes as Pointer& is known as V1 , V2, V3, & V4.V1 & V2 act as Pointer = 16 Bytes, V3 = Pointer Justification , V4 = not used.1st 4 Bites of V1 is used for indicating the status of Pointer-Known as NDF i.e. New Data Flag.1st 4 Bytes of V1 is used for indicating the status of Pointer.a) If it is a new / Fresh Payload Then valued as 1 0 0 1B) If is a conitinuation of old Payload - Then valued as 0 1 1 0Pointer value can be changed only after 40 frames .The old pointer continues till it is changed.5th & 6th bytes i.e. 2 Bytes - indicates type of Load -i.e. Standard European - TU 12 - Value 10 - Used at RelianceRest of the 10 Bytes will indicate (In Binary Form) position of Starting Point of of VC12 ( Path lable J2 ) from pointer.
81
K4
34 BYTE
V5
34 BYTE
J2
34 BYTE
N2
34 BYTE
125 µs
500 µs
V3V5
34 BYTES
V4J2
34 BYTES
V1N2
34 BYTE
V2K4
34 BYTE
VC12’s TU12’s
Position of a VC12’s within
TU12’s is known only after receiving
POINTER –i.e.both V1 & V2
Plesiochronous Frames
Synchronous Frames
Synchronizing VC – 12 with TU12
To understand Pointer –e.g. where you have two watches in your house – one a perfect clock and another one which keep getting fast or slow. Once in a while you match these with a time signal (lets say from NTP or GPS). The first one keep perfect time, so if you tally it’s time after a few days with the time signal again, you would see no difference. But the second one keeps drifting back or forward (depends on whether it is slow or fast). Now instead of trying to resetting the 2nd watch every now and then, you normally keep in your memory a time diff. which tells you how fast/ slow is this second watch. The same thing -happens with the SDH equipment, which have a perfect clock (1st) –aligned with some Primary Reference Clock, because the payload they receive , are from PDH equipment, which are allowed their own clock (2nd - inaccuracies). To take care of this SDH forms - a synchronous frame (Tributary Unit) and allows the Virtual Container to “float” freely in this frame. To keep a reference the VC is pointed by a POINTER, which is put inside the TU along with the VC.
In case of TU-12, one byte (name V1, V2, V3 in successive frames) is added on top of the 35 Bytes of VC-12. However, V1 and V2 jointly provides a 16 bit pointer, which as a standard is used for all VC’s upto VC-3 (AU-3). Each count of the Pointer means an offset of 1byte (in case of AU-4, 1 count = 3 byte)
82
Over Head Summary
V1,V2POINTER9
Sync. Status16Data comm15Engg. Order Wire14Frame Alignment - LOF13
MSOH-45RSOH-27H-POH – 9
Sevice Provider Maint.12Multi frame no.11Equipment Vendor10
K4APS8
N2Tandem Connection7
J2Path Trace -6
V5 – 8thRDI- LOS, TIM,LOP5
V5 – 5-6-7Signal Label -4
V5 – 4thRFI3
V5 – 3rdREI2
V5 - 1&2ndBip Error1
L-POHDetails
83
SDH Multiplexing StructureSDH Multiplexing Structure
E132 Bytes
C1234
+2
36
+1Pointer
35
+1POHVC12 TU12
TUG2
T2 C2PointerPOH
VC2 TU2
108
1
7
T3/E3 C3
756
36X3
108X7TUG3774
TU3
+3+6 Pointer
VC3
+9 POH
TUG3TUG3
TUG3
C4E4
AU4
+9 Pointer
VC4
+9 POH
774X3=2322+18
2340 2358AUG1 STM1
+72 SOH
2430 Bytes
LegendC - ContainerVC - Virtual ContainerTU - Tributary UnitTUG - Tributary Unit GroupAU - Administrative UnitAUG - AU GroupSTM - Synchronous Transport Module
Bit rate of STM 1 = 2430 Bytes X 8 X 000samples/sec.= 155.52 Mbps
+18 Stuffing
When AU4 is kept in a container, it is known as AUG1If AU4 has STM-1 only then AU-4 & AUG1 is the same but If n AU4 are combined & put in a box then it becomes AUG n
Section Over Head will speak about entire STM Loade.g. comparison with Train Transport –(1) When the train had left starting point(2) If there is a path failure –Which are the alternate route available? APS
e.g. For a train from CST to Pune – if de-railment occurs at Ghatkoper – Alternate routingThane will decide for Alternate path - i.e to divert the train from Kurla on Harbour line.
- Kurla –Vashi – Thana route.(3) J0 – Path Trace details- For Mumbai to Delhi Train – At Junction station - to see that it is properly diverted
for desired destination. e.g. - at Surat to see that train is not diverted to Bhushaval Route- at Ahmadabad to see that train is not diverted to Gandhidham
RouteAt other stations like Vulsad/Bharuch / Vadodara (like regenerators)-we need not check path trace
as there is no branching.
(4) Quality level of service - Express train like Shatabdi / Rajdhani Express / local train – Stoppage at which stations?.- Where Stock of mineral water bottles to be checked !- Whether all the facilities are working O.K. – e.g.Fan- At junction station (like multiplexure) –To check for the availabilty of
water at Bathrooms & wash basins – to fill the tanks if necessary.
84
The STM-1 Coach- vc-4 EXPERIMENTALThe STM-1 Coach- vc-4 EXPERIMENTALImagine the STM-1 as a coach as shown below:
VC-2
1 2 3
K=1 VC-3
K=2 VC-3
K=3 VC-3
O O O
L=1VC-2
L=2VC-2L= 3VC-2L= 4VC-2
L= 5VC-2L= 6VC-2
L= 7VC-2 VC
-12-
1VC
-12-
2VC
-12-
3
VC-1
2-m
=1VC
-12-
m=2
VC-1
2-m
=3
85
STM 1 = 63 E1 + Over heads = 126 Mbps + 29 Mbps = 155 Mbps
STM 1 - Transfer module – J K L M numbering
Pay Load
Over Heads = 29 Mbps
E1-3E1-2E1-1L=7 (TUG-2)
L= 6 (TUG-2)
L= 5 (TUG-2)
L= 4 (TUG-2)
L= 3 (TUG-2)
L= 2 (TUG-2)
21L= 1 (TUG-2)
E 3
VC 3
63 E1 =21 Tug-2 = 21 VC 2/E2 = 3Tug-3 =3VC3/E3 = 126 MbpsO O O
M=1 M=2 M=3
K = 1
Pay Load = 126 Mbps
STM – 1 = E4 = 3 E3E3 = 7 E2
E2 = 3 E3
STM – 1 = E4 = 3 E3 = 21 E2 = 63 E1
E4 is identified as J - can vary from 1 to 64E3 is identified as k - can vary from 1 to 3E2 is identified as L - can vary from 1 to 7E1 is identified as M - can vary from 1 to 3
STM – 1 = E4 + 29 Mbps Overheads= 63 E1 + 29 Mbps Overheads= 2x63 Mbps + 29 Mbps Overheads= 155 Mbps
If KLM number is 373 i.e, 3rd E3 – 7th E2 - 3rd E1 - shown by RedJ1 K321 & J 1 k300 can not go together
An STM-1 can be equated with a container carrier, which can carry various combinations of containers. It can carry 3 TU-3, or 2 TU-3 and 7 TU-2, or 63 TU-12, etc.
The drivers cabin comprise of Path Overhead, a Pointer, Regenerator Section OH and Multiplexer Section OH.
As we go up the ladder the container section just get bigger and bigger, the driver cabin remains the same.
86
Pack a STM - 1 - Exercise - 6Given a STM-1 work out the combinations of E3 and E1’s
which you can pack in it:1. 0*E3 + ….…….. E1
2. 1*E3 + ………… E1
3. 2*E3 + ………… E1
4. 3*E3 + ………… E1
5. ………… E3 + 43*E1
6. ………… E3 + 24*E1
7. ………… E3 + 3*E1
8. On the same Multiplexer section of STM-4 ring –along with J1K321
Can we carry? - J1K300. J2K321,J1K322,J1K373,J1k320,J1K330, J2K300
9. Which load we can carry On the same Multiplexer section of STM 4 ring _ _ _ _
12 4 , 321, 3 83, 411,
Different Container/packets for diff. loadVC12 = E1VC2 = E2VC3 = E3Vc4 = E4 = 63E1
87
Add Add –– Drop Drop –– Through Through --Configuring CircuitsConfiguring Circuits
A -DropE1 = J1 K111Add-DE1 = J1 K311Thru’E1 = J1 K112E3 = J1 K200
Add-dropE1 = J1 K111E3 = J1 K200E1 = J1 K112
Add-dropE3 = J2 K100add-DropE3 = J1 K200
4*VC-4
4*VC-4
add-DropE1 = J1 K112E1 = J1 K311E3 = J2 K100
Add – Drop:Add-drop is a Tributary port –Aggregate port association.
Through:Through is a Aggregate port –Aggregate port association.
Thru’E1 = J1 K112E1 = J1 K311
A circuit is configured by allocating the Payload a VC (KLM number) and making Add-drop or Trough connections at relevant ADM’s. At both the terminating ADM’s, Add-drop connection is made by associating the VC to a relevant Tributary port and Aggregate port. Through connection is made by associating the VC to two Aggregate ports (of East-West modules).
88
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9N1K3F3H4F2G1C2B3J1Path Trace-
Bit Interval Parity BIP-8Signal Label
Path Terminating Status-Performance Info.-Error report REI , RFI , RDIUser Channel - Equipment Vendor’s use
Multiframe Indicator - frame numberUser Channel- Path Elements-Service Provider-Maint.
Automatic Protection Switching - A P STandem Connection
Higher Order Path Over Head - For VC4 – 9 Bytes
A STM-1 frame structure is much the same as STM-0, but for the following:Total Number of Columns is 270, 9 for RSOH/ MSOH, 1 for POH and 280 for PayloadRSOH and MSOH have a few additional information bytes
Out of the 81 SOH bytes, 9 are for RSOH, 3 for Pointer and 15 for MSOH. These OH’s carry various section related information for Network Management, Synchronisation, Fault management, etc.
The POH comprises the following bytes:J1: Path Trace Used to transmit a Path details- like starting point & End Points-so that END POINT (Receiver)
can varify .It indicates path across the diff. nodes & final destination. J1( like J2 in LPOH) is used for carrying CRC and Path Trace (string of 15 user-defined characters).-VC4 Path Trace
B3: Path BIP-8: B2 carries 8-bits of Parity. BIP of previous frames for Error monitoringIn the whole A4-Value of each 8th bit is sumed up –CRC (add.)is calculated & is transmitted with J11st Block – Sum of value of 1st,9th,17th bits & so onsum of all bits as shown above should be Even (or Odd as per standard)If not Even –transmits 1,If Even Tranmits o2nd block – Sum of value of 2nd,10th,18th bits & so on3rd block – Sum of value of 3rd , 11th, 19th bits & so on C2: Signal Label Indicates composition of the payload. Unequipped - no load –connected –Whether it is TUG structure ,ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode) ,Bit Synchronous ,Byte Synchronous ,Test signal,
Reserved signal - (refer pg no. 86 to 91 of ITU-T G707/Y.1322)
.
89
MULTIPLEXER SECTION
OVERHEAD
AU4 POINTER
REGENERATORSECTION
OVERHEAD
PA
TH O
VE
RH
EA
D
261 BYTES9 BYTES
9 B
YTE
S
SDH - STM-1 Frame Structure -Higher Order Path Over heads
VC4 = 9 x 260 bytes + 9 (POH)=2349 2340 + 9 = 2349
POH
OFFSET
G1: Path Status- Path terminating status & Performance info.-Error report – REI, RFI, RDI
F2: Path User Channel: Communication between path elements / nodes –For Equipment Vendor’s use-like Nortel Marconi,Lucent
H4: Multi frame Indicator A Multi frame & sequence indicator for VC3/VC4 -It is generalised position indicates for Payload (ref. page 89 of ITU-T 707)
F3: Path User Channel - Communication between path elements-Service Provider uses it for maintenance.
K3: Spare - was reserved for future use in 1998 but after 2003 started using it for Automatic protection Switching. 4 bits of K3 are used for APS (along with K1 & K2 of MSOH) and rest are for future use. ( APS occurs within 50 mili seconds)
N1: Network Operator Byte-Inter operator – inter Carrier – Reliance & BSNLN1,(like N2 in LPOH), It is used to monitor Tandem connections. When two network Operators
(e.g.BSNL & RIC) connects their networks, they would like to know the quality of signal they are exchanging. N2 offers such facilities.
90
Over Head Summary
H1 , H2V1,V2POINTER9
Sync. Status16Data comm15Engg. Order Wire14Frame Alignment - LOF13
F3
H4
F2
K3
N1
J1
G1
C2
G1
G1
B3
H-POH – 9 Bytes
Sevice Provider Maint.12Multi frame no.11Equipment Vendor, lucent,Nortel10
K4APS8
N2Tandem Connection7
J2Path Trace -6
V5 – 8thRDI- LOS, TIM,LOP5
V5 – 5-6-7Signal Label -4
V5 – 4thRFI3
V5 – 3rdREI2
V5 - 1&2ndBip Error1
L-POH -Details
91
AU - 3 POINTER
It identifies starting point of Payload -Position of J1 - w.r.t. Frame-From the pointer. The pointer is placed by PLM when it collects the data from several tributary & loads it in a Aggregate frame.Pointer will indicate data VC4 starts from which byte behind that PointerAU4 pointer- 9 Bytes - but 2 are used i.e.H1 &H2 as shown above.H1 & H2 act as Pointer = 16 Bytes, 1st 4 Bites of H1 is used for indicating the New Data - Known as NDFi.e. New Data Flag-a) If it is a new / Fresh Payload Then valued as 1 0 0 1b) If is a continuation of old Payload - Then valued as 0 1 1 0Pointer value can be changed only after 40 frames .The old pointer continues till it is changed.5th & 6th bytes i.e. 2 Bytes - indicates type of Load - i.e. Standard adoptedEuropean - Value 10 - Used at Reliance.Rest of the 10 Bytes will indicate (In Binary Form) Starting Point of of VC4 ( Pay load ) from the pointer. H3 is used for +/- justification. VC4 can be found only if we know Pointer-may be with / without +/- justification. Hence justification is required at this stage.H4 is used as a counter for extraction of V1,V2, V3,-----Pointer always jumps in multiple of 3 because maxm. Value it can have is 783 only
92
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 270123456789
PAYLOAD SPANNING OVER 2 FRAMES
Path Overhead
First Frame
Second Frame
123456789
VC – 4
Pay load can be placed anywhere. Pointer will tell the location of Pointer.
93
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2701
2
34
5
6
7
89
Path Overhead
Floating VC 4
PAYLOAD POINTER
H1 H2 H3H3H3y y 1 1
99
Displacement
0111100000000110H1 H2
Pointer = 1/3 (270-9)+1/3 (99-9) = 117
DIDIDIDIDISSNNNN
0111100000000110
H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H1H1H1H1H1H1H1H1
VC4 is combination of 3 TUG-3,Henc e pointer always moves in steps of 3Pointer always moves in steps of 3 .i.e. (2430 – 81) / 3 = 783Maximum value that a pointer can have is 783Justification also in steps of +/- 3 Bytes
94
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2701
2
34
5
6
7
89
Floating VC 4
H1 H2 H3H3H3y y 1 1
99
Displacement
0111100000000110
Stuff
0010110101000110
1111100000000110Frame N
Frame N-1
Frame N+1
Positive Justification
102Frame N-1Frame N-1
Frame NFrame N
DIDIDIDIDISSNNNN
Here from pointer value of ( N-1) & N it is seen that Incremental value is changing.Pointer value is increasing. - Pointer shifting to higher value.i.e. Rate of data (VC4) delivery by PLM to Aggregate frame is Slower i.e. Aggregate frame receives less data in 125 microsecond frame .some space remains unoccupied. Vacant space to be filled up by Stuffing bytes to maintain the size.Accordingly pointer also gets shifted .i.e.From Position 117 (351/3 ) to 118 (1/3(270-9) + 1/3(102-9) = (354 / 3) = 118The Receiver will come to know this by seeing the value of Incremental bytes. This value are flipping.And that will be adjusted in frame (N+1) – It gets new value 118
Pointer change indication will be in 2nd frame through flipping of values of I or DPointer change will be reflected in 3rd frame
95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2701
2
34
5
6
7
89
Floating VC 4
H1 H2 H3H3H3y y 1 1
102
Displacement
111110000000011001010010100001100111100000000110
Frame N
Frame N-1
Frame N+1
NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION
Frame N-1 Frame N-1
Frame N Frame N
99
In case of Negative justification Data speed is highHere from the pointer value of ( N-1) & N,it is seen that Decremental value is changing.
Pointer value is decreasing. - Pointer shifting to lower value.i.e.Rate of data (VC4) delivery from PLM to Aggregate frame is Faster i.e. Aggregate frame receives more data in 125 microsecond frame .Excess data will be accomodated in H3 - to maintain the size.Accordingly pointer also gets shifted .i.e.From Position 118 to 117Old Value = (1/3(270-9) + 1/3(102-9) = (354 / 3) = 118New value = 1/3(270-9) + 1/3(99-9) = (351 / 3) = 117
The Receiver will come to know this by seeing the flipping value of Decreamentalbytes. And that will be adjusted in frame (N+1) – It gets new value 117
96
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2701
2
34
5
6
7
89
Floating VC 4
H1 H2 H3H3H3y y 1 1
99
Displacement
0010100000001001H1 H2
Pointer = 20
NEW DATA FLAG
69
New Data
In both the case Data becomes new it’s NDF value will be 1001
97
MULTIPLEXER SECTION
OVERHEAD
AU4 POINTER
REGENERATORSECTION
OVERHEAD
PA
TH O
VE
RH
EA
D
261 BYTES9 BYTES
9 B
YTE
S
SDH - STM-1 Frame Structure - Section Over Heads
VC4 = 9 x 260 bytes + 9 (POH)=2349 2340 + 9 = 2349
OFFSET
J1B3C2G1
H4F3K3N1
F2
Section Over Heads ( SOH )A section can be considered as one stage of end to end. It is defined as node to node transmission. A
path may be made up of number of sections. One section may also be a Path.
SDH reserves some extra capacity within the defined bit rate to carry information relating to section.
The extra information associated with a section ( generated at one node & processed at the next node) is called Section Over heads (SOH).
The section Over head allows control of node to node Transmission e.g Quality.
It allows two adjacent node to talk with each other& to take action in case of Section Failure.
The SOH also provides extra information channels-e.g. .ECC – Embedded used for network Management Data Communication Channel.
SOH information is further classified into RSOH & MSOH – Total 72 Bytes
It is terminated at Regenerator function - 27 Bytes - (9x3) –Raw 1 to 3 of STM – 1 Frame
MSOH - Multiplexer Section Over Head – 45 bytes-9x5 - (Raw 5 to 9 of STM-1 frame)
MS – can access both –Multiplexure & Regenerators - but not simultaneously.
• MS & RSOH will not be active simultaneously.
• RSOH – can access only Regenerators.
These OH’s carry various section related information for Network Management, Synchronisation,
Fault management, etc.
98
Management HierarchyManagement HierarchyPathEnd to end connection
Multiplexer Section (MS)A section of the path between two ADM’s
Regenerator Section (RS)A section of the path between two Regenerators or between a Regen and a ADM
A
B
C
D
A circuit is configured by allocating the Payload a VC (KLM number) and making Add-drop or Trough connections at relevant ADM’s. At both the terminating ADM’s, Add-drop connection is made by associating the VC to a relevant Tributary port and Aggregate port. Through connection is made by associating the VC to two Aggregate ports (of East-West modules).
AD – Short path , ABCD – Long Path
Section Over Head will speak about entire STM Loade.g. comparison with Train Transport –(1) When the train had left starting point(2) If there is a path failure –Which are the alternate route available? APS
e.g. For a train from CST to Pune – if de-railment occurs at Ghatkoper – Alternate routingThane will decide for Alternate path - i.e to divert the train from Kurla on Harbour line.
- Kurla –Vashi – Thana route.(3) J0 – Path Trace details- For Mumbai to Delhi Train – At Junction station - to see that it is properly diverted
for desired destination. e.g. - at Surat to see that train is not diverted to Bhushaval Route- at Ahmadabad to see that train is not diverted to Gandhidham Route
At other stations like Vulsad/Bharuch / Vadodara (like regenerators)-we need not check path trace as there is no branching.
(4) Quality level of service - Express train like Shatabdi / Rajdhani Express / local train – Stoppage at which stations?.- Where Stock of mineral water bottles to be checked !- Whether all the facilities are working O.K. – e.g.Fan- At junction station (like multiplexure) –To check for the availabilty of
water for Bathrooms & wash basins – to fill the tanks if necessary.
99
Management HierarchyManagement Hierarchy
Path –Mumbai to Jaipur
Multiplexer Section (MS)
Ahmadabad to Jaipur M-2 - M-3
Mumbai - SuratM1 – M2
Regenerator Section (RS)
Mumbai to Surat - M1 - GSurat to Ahmadabad G - M2
MumbaiSURAT
C
Ahmadabad
Jaipur
M-2
M-3
M-1
G
E1V5-N2-J2-K2-
100
Regenerative Section Over head – RSOH – 27 Bytes
MULTIPLEXER SECTION
OVERHEAD
AU4 POINTER
REGENERATORSECTION
OVERHEAD
PA
TH O
VE
RH
EA
D
PAYLOAD
-
XReserved for
National / Govt./
Emergency use
D3DCC
F1Channel for
Service provider
use
J0RS Path
Trace
-
-
A2Framing Byte 2
0
0
A2Framing Byte 2
A1Framing Byte 1
Reserved for Media-µW-00
e.g Error Checking
Reserved for Media-OFC
00
A1Framing Byte 1
-D2DCC
D1DCC
E1EOW
B1BIP
A2Framing Byte 2
A1Framing Byte 1
Section (as referred in NA)/ Regenerator Section (as referred in Europe) refers to a portion between a Multiplexer & a Regenerator or between two Regenerators. A AU-3 - RSOH - Regenerator Section Over Head comprises:A1&A2: Used for checking Frame alignment of incoming frame – Starting point of the Frame -sending data frame by frame (11110110, 00101000)Frame alignment of of STM-1 is A1 Bytes followed by one A2 ByteFrame alignment of of STM-1 is composed of 3xA1 Bytes followed by 3 A2 Byte.J0: RS Path Trace for Entire STM -1 – This byte is used to transmit repetitively , a section access point identifier, so that a section receiver can verify it’s continuity with the indented transmitter.B1: Bit Interleaved Parity 8 (BIP 8)-The BIP-8 is computed over all bits of the prevoius frame & is placed in the B1 byte of the current frame.Used for Error Monitoring.E1 Order Wire : ( Engg. Order wire ) Can be used as a hot line Voice communication within the all Ring Network Element .Enables Node to Node verbal talk.i.e BTS to BTS / MCN F1: User Channel : -Reserved for User to define – for special maintenance by Service ProviderD1-D3: Data Communication Channel –Managemnt Channel-Mux to Mux & Mux to NNOC - Used for Element Control Communication – For checking status of all NE by NNOC.Link CPU-1 to CPU- 2 will be through it. – It give idea about - neighboring Mux. (i.e. on LHS & RHS). – location of near by Gateway Mux & Router for communication control –with NNOC-can communicate alarm details also.
X – Reserved for Hot line for Govt. use – Emergency like Train blast , Riot , -Calamity like Flooding ,Earthquake ,tsunami - National Security Agency like RAW ,Army
101
Multiplexer Section Over head - MSOH-45 Bytes
MULTIPLEXER SECTION
OVERHEAD
AU4 POINTER
REGENERATORSECTION
OVERHEAD
PA
TH O
VE
RH
EA
D
PAYLOAD
-
-
-
E2EOW
D12DCC
D9DCC
D6DCC
K2APS
M1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
B2BIP
-
-
-
-
B2BIP
-S1Sync
D11DCC
D10DCC
-D8DCC
D7DCC
-D5DCC
D4DCC
-K1APS
B2BIP
Line (as referred in NA)/ Multiplxer Section (as referred in Europe) refers to a portion between two Multiplexers. A AU-3 MSOH comprises:
B2: BIP24 - Used for Error MonitoringK1&K2: APS- Automatic Protection Switching - co-ordination for APS
(Within 50 mili sec.)D4-D12: Data Communication Channel –Mux to Mux & Mux to NNOC -Used for Element Control Communication Link CPU-1 to CPU- 2 will be through it. – It give idea about - neighboring Mux. (i.e. on LHS & RHS). – location of near by Gateway Mux & Router for communication control –with NNOC.-can communicate alarm details also
S1: Synchronization Status - Used to transmit the level of synchronization. - Which type of clock is available to Data
M1 : Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication ( REI) E2: Engineering Order Wire - can be used as a hot line Voice communication within the Ring elements.N8 – 2Bytes – Tandem ConnectionsBlank boxes means –At present not in use – kept for future requirement
102
Over Head Summary
H1 , H2V1,V2POINTER9
S1Sync. Status16
D4 to D12D1-D3 – 9 BytesData comm15
E2E1 – 1 ByteEngg. Order Wire14
A1-A2 – 6 BytesFrame Alignment - LOF13
K1,K2
N8
M1
MSOH-45
F1 – 1 Byte
J0 – 1 Byte
B1 - 1 ByteRSOH-27
F3
H4
F2
K3
N1
J1
G1
C2
G1
G1
B3H-POH – 9
Sevice Provider Maint.12Multi frame no.11Equipment Vendor10
K4APS8
N2Tandem Connection7
J2Path Trace -6
V5 – 8thRDI- LOS, TIM,LOP5
V5 – 5-6-7Signal Label -4
V5 – 4thRFI3
V5 – 3rdREI2
V5 - 1&2ndBip Error1L-POHDetails
103
What is a Higher Order Path ?
Higher Order PathEnd to end connection from Source Aggregate Card to a Destination Agregate Card
Lower Order Path -
TributaryTributary
TC
MumbaiAhmadabad Delhi
VC12VC12
PLM
AC
STM-16 STM-16
GurugaonDAKC
A circuit is configured by allocating the Payload a VC (KLM number) and making Add-drop or Through connections at relevant ADM’s. At both the terminating ADM’s, Add-drop connection is made by associating the VC to a relevant Tributary port and Aggregate port. Through connection is made by associating the VC of one Aggregate port to the other.
104
Module Review – Exercises – 7A1. All payload in SDH is carried through a ……………….. Container.
2. VC-12 carry ….. Payload bytes , ……… Stuffing bytes & …… POH bytes
3. ……… consecutive VC-12 frames form a Multi Frame
4. 3 TU-12 form a …………… and ………… TUG-2 form a ……………
5. K300 means a VC-…., K213 means a VC-…...
6. A VC-4 has ……… X ……….. bytes, in which ……….. bytes are POH
7. In India we follow _ _ _ _ _ _ standard.
8. STM-1 is _ _ _ _ bytes per 125 microseconds i.e. _ _ _ _ _ _Mbps.
9.9. In PDH In PDH ––Capacity with Copper is Limited to _ _ _ Mbps.Capacity with Copper is Limited to _ _ _ Mbps.
10. Clock Accuracy of PDH system is _ _ _ ppm & SDH is _ _ ppm.
11.11. Lower order POH are inserted by _ _ _ _ _card & Higher order PLower order POH are inserted by _ _ _ _ _card & Higher order POH are OH are inserted by _ _ _ _ _ &Section Overhead are inserted by _ _ _inserted by _ _ _ _ _ &Section Overhead are inserted by _ _ _ _ _ card._ _ card.
12.12. Information carried by the network is known as _ _ _ _ _Information carried by the network is known as _ _ _ _ _
Find the odd man out.(1) Virtual (2) VC12=32 Bytes , 2 , 1 (3) 4 (4) TUG-2 , 7 ,(TUG-3 i.e.VC3)Match the pair (5) K300=VC3 , K213=VC12 (i.e.E1) , (6) 261 x 9 , 9 (7) European Add the missing link - Find the odd man out.(8) 2430,155.52 Mbps (xX) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (9) 34 (10) +/- 50 ppm , 0.00001ppm(9) Find the odd man out.(11) Tributary , PLM , Aggregate (12) Aggregate
105
Module Review - Exercises – 7 B1. Path is …….. to ……. connection, MS is connection between two ……….
2. J0 in RSOH is ………….………… for the entire ……………….
3. MSOH is …………….. bytes & RSOH is ………..Bytes
4. Sync messages are carried in ……… byte, while ………….. In M1 byte
5.5. K1/K2/K3/K4 is used for _ _ _ _ __ _ K1/K2/K3/K4 is used for _ _ _ _ __ _
6.6. E1/E2 are for E1/E2 are for EnggEngg. Order wire i.e. for _ _ _ _ _ .. Order wire i.e. for _ _ _ _ _ .
7.7. STMSTM--1 means _ _ _ E1 = _ _ _ _ Tug1 means _ _ _ E1 = _ _ _ _ Tug--2 = _ _ _ _ _ Tug2 = _ _ _ _ _ Tug--3.3.
8.8. BIP error is indicated by _ _ _ _ _ _.BIP error is indicated by _ _ _ _ _ _.
9.9. N1/N2 is used for _ _ _ _ __ __ N1/N2 is used for _ _ _ _ __ __
Match the following(5) APS (6) Voice communication (7) 63E1,21, 3 (8) REI (9) Tandem connectionsFind the odd man out.• Point to point , ADM (2)Path trace , STM (3) 45 , 27 (4)S1 , REI (Error indication)
106
ProtectionTechniques
Module 8
107
16 VC4Forward
Paths
16 VC4Protection
Paths
STM-16RING
Dedicated Protection - SNCPSub Network Connection Protocol
In Dedicated ring –Switch over at Terminating EndAutomatic Path Switching will occur within 50 mili seconds.
B
A
C
D
E
F
Two levels of protections 1) Card level 2) Path levelIt can be 1:1 or 1:nStarting point is referred as Transmitting point.End point is referred as Tail end – Receiver point – End pointPATH LEVEL ProtectionDedicated is having 1:1 ProtectionSNCP – Sub network Connection ProtocoleSPUR connection :- MSP - Multi section Protection
For path A-B-C-D Protection Path is Path A-E-F-D B&C & E&F is pass-throughPath From A to B to C to D carries 16 VC4From A to E to F to D carries 16 VC4But normally D will receive from ABCD side only – (i.e. one way valve function)Even though AEFD remains loaded –It remains standby - Normally D will not accept
any data from that side.Only in case of any failure on ABCD side it will accept from AEFD side.& entry valve
for BC side gets closed
108
STM-16DP RING
Dedicated ProtectionSub Network Connection Protocol - SNCP
Channel 1-16
Channel 1-16
Swich over occurs atTerminating ADM -RX
A
B
C
E
F
DIn Dedicated ring –Switch over at Terminating End –APS will occur within 50 mili seconds.
Only in case of any failure on ABCD side it will accept from AEFD side.& entry valve for BC side gets closed
Dedicated - -----Nortel - PPS------Marconi – SNCP--– Subnet connection Protocol
109
Uni-directional Protection Bi-directional ProtectionAt R-Com network
MS PROTECTION
Uni directional Protection –One fiber carries Tx & Rx both signal. & 2nd fiber is available as a spare for both Tx & RxIn case of failure ,only failed fiber / channel will change over to spare fiber.Switching for Tx & Rx is independent & to be done manually
Bi-directional Protection –One fiber carries Tx & Rx both signal. & 2nd fiber is available as a spare for both Tx & Rx.In case of failure , Even if one channel fails – both Tx & Rx will change over to spare fiber. At R com this technic is used . Switching for Tx & Rx is in pair & will be done automatically.
110
STM-16SP RING
Channel 1-8
Channel 9-16
Ring Capacity = (Capacity / 2) x Nodes
Channel 9-16
Multiple Section - Shared Protection Ring - S S P RING
Whatever be the mechanism of Transport, all good network need to have some Protection. The scheme RIC uses for it’s Backbone is called Shared Protection Ring.
Take a ring with 6 MCN’s. Assuming a STM-16 Ring is established, 1-8 channels (of STM-1 bandwidth) are used in the forward path. Each MCN to the next can be independently operated so we get a total of 6*8 = 96 paths. If there is a fault between MCN B & C (due to Fiber cut, Card Failure, etc.) then Traffic at B is diverted to the reverse path (channel 9-16). If a TU was to travel from A to D, in this case it turns back at B, to A. A passes it on to F, as the TU is on the reverse path. F passes on to E and E onto D. Even D passes it onto C, because it’s on the reverse path. The TU reached C, where it is diverted to the forward path (Both B & C would know that there has been a failure in the B-C forward path). Thus the TU comes onto the forward path and reaches D, where it is accepted.
1) 50% bandwidth is used.2) 50% is reserved for Protection3) Shared protection ring data exchange takes place between each node.4) No nodes are pass through.
111
STM-16SP RING
Multiple Section Shared Protection Ring - M S S P RING
Channel 1-8
Channel 9-16
Ring Capacity = (Capacity / 2) x Nodes
Channel 9-16
Shared protection will have one ring path - reserved - remaining inactive normally ,capable of caring half the capacity. It becomes active only when ever fiber breaks. It serves as a connecting link between isolated node & maintain the continuity. This method serves the purpose till 1st break only.Terminology BLSR – Bidirectional line switch ring,-two fiber – shared ProtectionMSSPR – Multiple section share protection ring.Whatever be the mechanism of Transport, all good network need to have some Protection. The scheme RIC uses for it’s Backbone is called Shared Protection Ring.
Take a ring with 6 MCN’s. Assuming a STM-16 Ring is established, 1-8 channels (of STM-1 bandwidth) are used in the forward path. Each MCN to the next can be independently operated so we get a total of 6*8 = 96 paths. If there is a fault between MCN B & C (due to Fiber cut, Card Failure, etc.) then Traffic at B is diverted to the reverse path (channel 9-16). If a TU was to travel from A to D, in this case it turns back at B, to A. A passes it on to F, as the TU is on the reverse path. F passes on to E and E onto D. Even D passes it onto C, because it’s on the reverse path. The TU reached C, where it is diverted to the forward path (Both B & C would know that there has been a failure in the B-C forward path). Thus the TU comes onto the forward path and reaches D, where it is accepted.
As you can see even if any part of the forward path fails, the Ring is completed by the reverse path. This is called Shared Protection Ring, because in normal course channel 9-16 can be shared with some low priority and high delay tolerant use.
112
Time Synchronization
Module -9
113
Clock TypesPrimary Reference Clocks (PRC)
PRC – Type 1 – Quality Level – 2 ( Hyd – Banglore – Delhi)- Atomic Clocks - Cesium Clocks – Long term accuracy – (0.000 01ppm) – 10-11
- PRC 1 – Master – Hyderabad - PRC 2 – Hot Standby – Banglore- PRC 3 – Backup – Delhi –
GPS Clocks PRC – Type 2 - (Mumbai – Kolkatta)
- makes use of GPS satellites .- Gets the clock from U S Defence- Out of 24 Satelites – 3 will be available any time for synchronization- transmitting in the microwave range (1.5GHz)- GPS 1 & 2 – Backup - Mumbai & Kolkatta
Secondary Source Unit – SSU – 40 nos.- SSU required after every 20 nodes– Maximum NE in such chain should not be more than 60- There are such Such 40 SSU sites.
Internal Clock- Own Internal Clock - Quality Level – 11
- Q L – 15 – Do not use.SRC at Pune is Rubadium based.
In case of Atomic clock other clocks areHydrogen Clocks – Very high Accuracy – very costlyRubidium clock - Short term Accuracy
SSU removesWonder ( slow variation ) i.e. below 10 Hz
& Jitter ( Fast variation ) i.e. Above 10 Hz
With SSU - K x n = <_ 60Where K = no of nodes & n = 1 for PRC type 1 (Atomic clock )
= 2 for PRC type 2 (GPS clock )Stratum 3 =4.6 ppm
All transport Equipment ( TN1x , TN 4x , TN 16x )gets data having clockPRC Type – 1 , QL – 2 , from Hyderabad Atomic clock. Other Access equipment (voice data , Video ) get the clock from these Transport Equipment.
At BTS –transport equip. TN-1C can not transmit the clock, Hence Access equipment at BTS uses GPS clock. In each area 1 or 2 BTS is provided with a GPS clock system & those BTS transmits the clock to all other BTS..All Access equipment at BTS uses this clock.
114
SSM - STM-N ring [Single External Source]
Q L 2 = Atomic clock
In the example of Figure 7-2, synchronisation is derived from the Primary Reference Clock (PRC). The PRC is the external (EXT) source with a QL=2 at TN-1X(A). The other TN-1Xs in the ring have their hierarchy set to derive synchronisation from the counter-clockwise TN-1X in preference to the clockwise TN-1X (that is, on their B ports in preference to A). The QL = 2 clock is transmitted on all STM-N ports for the TN-1X, with the exception of the return port of the synchronisation source, on which QL = 15 (“do not use for synchronisation”) is transmitted. This prevents closed synchronisation loops.
Note: Before the PRC signal was introduced, all four TN-1Xs would have used the default QL setting of 11, which indicates the use of an internal oscillator (INT).
If a fibre break occurs, the TN-1Xs after the break will send a QL = 11 in the counter-clockwise direction. The last TN-1X in the ring will switch to the higher quality clock (QL = 2) being sent from the TN-1X with the PRC in the clockwise direction. The QL = 2 clock is then available from its clockwise port, so moving in a clockwise direction around the ring each TN-1X will switch to the PRC QL = 2 clock. The ring will then be synchronised to the highest available quality clock.Q L – 2 – Quality Level – Atomic clock at Hyderabad
-3 - - Atomic Clock at Banglore – will be active if Hyd. Clock fails.- 8- -GPS – Global Positioning System clock-Mumbai,delhi, Kolkatta
115
Simple Ring - 2 Reference Sources
Synchronisation is derived from the Primary Reference Clock (PRC). The PRC is the external (EXT) source with a QL=2 at TN-1X(A). There is also a Secondary Reference Source (SRC) which is also external and has a QL = 3 at TN-1X(B). The other TN-1Xs in the ring have their hierarchy set to derive synchronisation from the counter-clockwise TN-1X in preference to the clockwise TN-1X, that is, on their B ports in preference to A. The QL = 2 clock is transmitted on all STM-N ports for the TN-1X, with the exception of the return port of the synchronisationsource, on which QL = 15 (‘do not use for synchronisation’) is transmitted. This prevents closed synchronisation loops.In the event of a failure of the primary reference source the TN-1X with the primary source switches to an internal clock with a QL = 11. This will propagate around the network until it reaches the TN-1X with the secondary reference source which will switch to the SRC and transmit a QL = 3. This will then propagate around the network in a clockwise direction with the other TN-1Xs synchronising to the secondary reference source.
Note: The hierarchy on the TN-1Xs with the external sources are set so that one synchronisesin a clockwise direction around the ring and the other in a counter-clockwise direction. This is to prevent synchronisation timing loops.
If QL – 2 fails QL-3 will be active & will transmit 3 on both side.Generally system follows high level clockIf both clock are same – Then it will follow Hierarchy table.
116
Network Management
Module - 10
117
Add Drop Multiplexure - Mux - ADM
Trib Card
Trib. Card
A
B
PLM
TRIB.AGGREGATE (Adds MSOH / RSOH)Card
TRIB.
RightEast
LeftWest
AGGREGATECard
Lower POHV5-J2-N2-K4
Higher POHB3-J1-N1-K3
CPU
PDH & Lower bit rate SDH signal can be extracted from or inserted into high speed SDH bit stream (aggregate ) by ADM
In a Ring each node is called a Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM). An ADM have grossly three parts:
1. Tributory Card : interfaces with the non-ring nodes to bring in TrafficAdds Lower order Path Over Head.
2. Pay load Manager: Some intelligence is required to take care of who has entered from where & Where he is getting down.PLM acts as a Manager for such activities .Manages multiplexing & de-multiplexing activities. Adds Higher order POH.
3. Aggregate Card: Total information carried is known as Aggregate.It interfaces with the OFC Ring. Adds as per MSOH/RSOH as per CPU
Network Elements:
4. Amplifier: It amplifies amplitude & time interval of Pulse.
5. Switch:- Connects caller party with the Called party as & when required. (Call to call basis).
4. Cross connects: It connects Payload of one ring with Payload of other ring –for longer time .Dx: Digital Cross connect –Nortel – Low capacity 140 Gbps HDx :- High capacity – 640 Gbps - Nortel Oxc – Optical cross connect
OMS – 16 84 -Marconi Cross connects enables interconnections of diff. network segments i.e. VC4 of one ring is broken up required
E1 (Payload) of that ring is put in VC4 of the other (desired) ring along with other E1. After addition of Overhead it becomes Aggregate
118
Key Concepts : Switching
Network without switching
• Requires n(n-1) / 2 transmission links• 15 independent links would be required
in this example to allow calling between users
Network with a switch
• Requires n transmission links• Only 6 independent links would be
required when a central switch is used
Switch
Switch not only reduces transmission cost but also reduces the complexity of connecting subscribers. Here subscribers have complete control on information flow to a subscriber. Similar concept is further extended to route subscribers traffic to long distance exchanges by taking calls through exchanges arranged in tandem. R2MFC – Registered & Registered Multi Frequency Channel.STP – Signal Transferring point – All switches are connected to STP SCP – Switch Control Panel –available at STP for Database-passes
data / information ( details of caller & Receiver party )as & when required by STP .
CCS7 – Common Channel Signaling version-7
In Dx connections are made for longer time.In switches connections changes from call to call.
119
Regenerators - Amplifiers
It regenerates the time & amplitude relationship of the incoming data signal that have been attenuated& distorted by dispersion.
It removes distortion in amplitude as well as in time interval.It’s function is Reshaping – Retiming - & Retransmitting
120
STM-N RING 1
Ring Elements & Terminologies Ring Elements & Terminologies
STM-N RING 2
POH
POH
POH
POH
POH
POH
POH
POH
DX - CROSS CONNECT
ADD DROP MUX
DX – Required where more then 1 ring exists. It Connects Pay load of one ring with Payload of other Ring
This is how a STM ring function. To start with lets take one of the Nodes, generating all the packets, complete with POH and other details. The container reaches the next station where looking at these information, it is passed on to the next node. There some one the boxes are downloaded and some are uploaded. The container moves on and the process in repeated at the next node(s). Much like a Railway track with several stations. As a Train passes by, some get on board and some alight at each station and the train moves on. These stations/ nodes are called Add-Drop Multiplexers and this railways is called a STM ring. Nortel classificationDx = Digital Cross connect = capacity 140GbpsHDx = high Cross connect = capacity = 640GbpsMacroni – it is known as OMS 1684 – 60 GbpsThere could be more than one STM ring and there need to be a node which can exchange containers between these rings. Much like a Railway junction. Such a node is called a Digital Cross-Connect..It connects Pay load of one ring with Payload of second ring.In Dx connections are made for longer time.In switches connections changes from call to call. Oxc = Optical cross connect – not commercialized yet
121
5
SDH Backbone Rings
Allahabad
Ambala
Kolkata
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Bhubaneshwar
Vijaywada
ChennaiBangalore
Ernakulum
Ahmedabad Bhopal
Trivendrum
Jallandhar
Coimbatore
Delhi
3A1A
4
Nagpur
1B
1C
3B
3C
6
Pune
7 2
Total of 22 DXAdd/Drop Locations
Surat
Lucknow
Madurai
Jaipur
Jamnagar
10G ADM
10G SDH Ring
2.5G SDH Ring
2.5G ADM
At the National level RIC has established 7 very high bandwidth Transport Rings, called National BackBone/ Long Distance Rings. Practically there are 11 rings as Ring 1 and 3 comprise 3 rings each (1A, 1B, 1C & 3A, 3B, 3C). These Rings are so designed that all major cities get enough bandwidth and not too many cities come on the same ring. Also having these 11 rings provide enough alternative routes in case of failure in one section. These rings traverse all the 18 circles, touch all major cities and cover about 90% of Indian population.
Established (read utilised) Bandwidth of these rings are at 10 Gbps, but that’s just tip of the iceberg compared to what we can achieve. What gives these rings such gargantuan bandwidth – OFC. How – we will see later in this module.
As stated earlier, these rings connect 22 Core MCN’s with 17 ILT’s at this moment. From these rings, at these 22 MCN’s, emerges several Metro Access Rings, which connect other small cities and towns to the NBB.
122
Network Elements1. Optical Fiber Cable Siemens, Corning
2. OTDR Tectorinx
3. Fiber Management System Agilent
4. SDH Equipment Nortel, Fibcom
5. DWDM Equipment Nortel
6. Sync Equipment Datum
7. Router Cisco – Juniper
8. Transport – TN1C-TN1X – TN 4200 Nortel
(Small mux equivalent to TN1C) N6110 – N6150 Tejas
1. Cross Connect - Dx -140 Gb/ HDx -640 Gb Nortel
OMS 1684 Marconi
10 Switch - - - - - - - - AXE - 10 Erricson
Flexent – 5ESS Lucent
The backbone transport provides for connectivity between different LDCAs, SDCAs and cities. In addition interconnect is extended for other NLD, CSP and FSP networks.
The core network comprises fully meshed, 7 primary and 14 secondary nodes. Physical architecture of the Core Network comprises of two-tier ring network – Express Ring & Collector Ring. Traffic between major metros and all major node cities is transported on the high capacity transport path – The Express Ring. Traffic from the other LDCA’s (Long Distance Charging Areas) is transported on The Collector Ring. The ring topology provides necessary protection to traffic in terms of alternate path in case of breakage of the optical fibre or equipment failure thus ensuring smooth undisrupted operation of the network.The functions of the Core-Backbone Network are as follows:
Provide connections, either on permanent basis or temporary basis for the transfer of information in a cost effective, reliable and speedy manner· Routing – which way to send the information
· Transport – how the information is carried
123
Network ElementsCisco 7507 - Core IP router 5
Cisco 3662 - Aggregation IP router 25
Cisco 3745 - Aggregation IP router 19
Cisco 3631 - Access IP router 429
Cisco 3725 - ILD IP router 3
Cisco 2610 - Access IP router 2
Cisco 2611 - Access IP router 10
Cisco 2610 LMDS 98
Cisco 2611 LMDS 239
Cisco 2610 Microwave 10
Cisco 2611 Microwave 38
Cisco 3662 - Aggregation OSI router 22
Cisco 3631 - Access OSI router 71
Cisco 2611 - Access OSI router 29
Cisco 4507 - Aggregation Switch 10
Cisco 4503 - Aggregation Switch 6
Cisco 3550 - Agg + Access Switch 38
Cisco 2950 ILD Access Switch 3Nortel Passport 8600 Switch 6
Allied Telysyn AT 745 - Microwave 39
1102Total DCN Elements being monitored
Cisco Switches
Cisco Routers
124
Payload Manager
Payload Manager
Ring Elements & Terminologies Ring Elements & Terminologies
In a Ring each node is called a Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM). An ADM have grossly three parts:Tributory Interfaces with the non-ring nodes to bring in TrafficPayload Manager Manages multiplexing & de-multiplexing activities.Aggregate Interfaces with the OFC Ring
125
Intra city Network
RTU
Bui
ldin
g A
cces
s R
ing
STM
4 /
1
Phone
Computer
Video (348k)
Payphone ADSL ISDN SHDSL
Fiber To TheBuilding (FTTB) STM - 1
ILT Switch
RTU
Nat
ional
Bac
kbone
STM
64
/ 16
Met
ro A
cces
s R
ing
STM
16
/ 4
ADM
MANMAN BAN
MCN
Netman
PBX
BTS-CT
ADM
MAN BAN
MCN
MCN
From MCN’s on the NBB National Back Bone / NLD National long distance .From MCN’s on the NBB, we get Metro Access Rings - like state highways emerging from the National highways.These MAR carry the traffic to over 1100 cities and town of the country. . Bandwidth of these MAR are in the range of 625 Mbps – 2.5 Gbps and upgradeable further with little change in the infrastructure. Nodes on MAR are known as MAN (e.g. SRM (Parel) , Andheri MIDC , Chembur ).From MAN ( Metro Access Nodes) on Metro Access Rings ,we get Building Access Rings (like Main Roads inside a City or Town.) These BAR connect various Building Access Nodes. At the BAN, we have the Central Terminals (CT’s) or the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Modcel, The CT’s connect several (14 as of today) Remote Terminal Units (RTU’s) which in turn provide Fixed Access. The BTS covers all the Mobile Stations (MS) within it’s radius of coverage, thus providing Wireless Access.Connection right up to the RTU is - through OFC (this is therefore called Fiber To The Building), thus providing enormous bandwidth. These networks are capable of providing both Narrow Band & Broadband services. Transport element on MAN & BAN is known as ADMRing capacity – FTTB – STM-1 , BAR - STM 1 to STM – 4
MAR - STM 4 to STM – 16 NBB - STM - 64
126
Reliance Backbone (DWDM) RingsDXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
DXC
Delhi
AmbalaJallandhar
Lucknow
Allahabad
Kolkotta
Bhuvaneshwar
Vijaywada
Chennai
Madurai Thanjavur
Nagercoil
Coimbatore
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Nagpur
Bhopal
Jaipur
Ahmedabad
Surat
MumbaiPune
Ring 1A
Ring 1B
Ring 1C
Ring 3A
Ring 3B
Ring 3C
Ring 2
Ring 4
Ring 7
Ring 6
SDH Backbone Rings
Ring-5
Jamnagar
Agra
Pondicheryi
Salem
OngoleAnantpur
DXCIndore
DhuleDXC
DXC Jabalpur
XMysore
HasanXXManglore
XCalicut
DXC
Trichur
Ratnagiri
DXC
Ernakulam
DXC
DXC
DXC
Ring 8Ring 7
At the National level RIC has established very high bandwidth Transport Rings, called National BackBone/ Long Distance Rings. Practically there are 12 rings as Ring 1 and 3 comprise 3 rings each (1A, 1B, 1C & 3A, 3B, 3C). These Rings are so designed that all major cities get enough bandwidth and not too many cities come on the same ring. Also having these 12 rings provide enough alternative routes in case of failure in one section. ( Self healing criteria) )These rings traverse all the 18 telecom circles -,227 LDCA,- 565 SDCA, extending wireline connectivity to 138 cities and wireless connectivity in 578 cities. touch all major cities and cover about 90% of Indian population.
Resiliency Links1) Surat – Dhule - Indore – Bhopal – Jabalpur - Kolkata2) Jaipur – Agra – Lucknow3) Ring-2 - Anantpur – Ongole4) Ring 4 – Salem – Pondichery5) Ring 8 to 7 – Manglore Hasan6) Ring 8 to 7 – Calicut - Mysore5) Ring 8 to 4 – Trichur (Kerala) - Salem
127
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B a s s e in ( V a s a i)
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B a t la g u n d u
P a r a m a k u d i
C h h a c h h ra u
H im a t n a g a r
J a l la n d h a r
S r ik a k u la m
S ah a r a n p u r
C o im b a t o re
J a m s he d p u r
C h ha t r a pu r
K h a m b h a li a
H in d u p u r a m
S a n g a re d d y
R a m a n n a p e t
A n a k a p al le
P er u n d u r a i
K o v il p a tt i
T in d i va n a m
N e d u m a n d a d
T ir u p a th u r
P a n d a v p u r a
D h a n m a n da l
A n k l e s h w a r
B a r dd h a m a n
M e d a r m e t la
A u ra n g a b a d
T h i ru v a l la
D e v a k o tt ai
G u d i y a th a m
C h an d i g a rh
M ir y a lg u d a
K o t h a g ud e m
A m a l a p u ra m
M a nc h e r ia l
A n a k a p al le
P er u n d u r a i
K o v il p a tt i
T in d i va n a m
N e d u m a n d a d
T ir u p a th u r
P a n d a v p u r a
D h a n m a n da l
A n k l e s h w a r
B a r dd h a m a n
M e d a r m e t la
A u ra n g a b a d
T h i ru v a l la
D e v a k o tt ai
G u d i y a th a m
C h an d i g a rh
M ir y a lg u d a
K o t h a g ud e m
A m a l a p u ra m
M a nc h e r ia l
Sh o r a n m p u r
C h h in d w a r a
C h a n d ra p u r
P e r a m b a lu r
T ir u pa t tu r
V il lu p u r a m
K ri s h n a g ar
A h m e d n a g a r
T e ll ic h e rr y
B ul a n d s h a hr
Dh a r m a v a r a m
Ch a ll a p al le
R a ib a re i ll y
N a r s a ra o p e t
T ir u ve l lo r e
P a tt u k o tt a i
T i ru n e l v el i
C h i k o di
P u d u k ko t ta i
B a h
Sh o r a n m p u r
C h h in d w a r a
C h a n d ra p u r
P e r a m b a lu r
T ir u pa t tu r
V il lu p u r a m
K ri s h n a g ar
A h m e d n a g a r
T e ll ic h e rr y
B ul a n d s h a hr
Dh a r m a v a r a m
Ch a ll a p al le
R a ib a re i ll y
N a r s a ra o p e t
T ir u ve l lo r e
P a tt u k o tt a i
T i ru n e l v el i
C h i k o di
P u d u k ko t ta i
B a h a d u r g a rh
T a ra n T a r a n
M a v e li k ka r a
N e la m a n g a la
M a n g al a g ir i
C h id a mb a r a m
K r is h n a g ir i
C h a n n a pa t n a
N a w a n s h a h a r
V a n iy a m b a d i
D h a r a m a p u ri
K u z h i th u ra i
S h ri R a m p u r
K u r u k s h e tr a
R a ja h m u n d ryJ a g g a yy a p e t
D ro n a c h a la m
P o n d ic h e rr y
S ri n i
a d u r g a rh
T a ra n T a r a n
M a v e li k ka r a
N e la m a n g a la
M a n g al a g ir i
C h id a mb a r a m
K r is h n a g ir i
C h a n n a pa t n a
N a w a n s h a h a r
V a n iy a m b a d i
D h a r a m a p u ri
K u z h i th u ra i
S h ri R a m p u r
K u r u k s h e tr a
R a ja h m u n d ryJ a g g a yy a p e t
D ro n a c h a la m
P o n d ic h e rr y
S ri n iv a s p u rC h ik m a g a lu r
C h it ra d u r g a
T a lip a r a m b a
K u n n a m k u l a m
D h a r a m p u r a m
T iru c h e n d u r
Ka l lk u r ic h i
R a ja p a la y a m
M u v a tt u p uz h a
N a g a p a tt in a m
T ir u c h e n g o d e
C h ik b a ll ap u r
O d d a n ch a t r am
B i ha r S h a ri f
M a d u r an t a k a m
V iz ia n a g a r a m
G an d h i N a g
v a s p u rC h ik m a g a lu r
C h it ra d u r g a
T a lip a r a m b a
K u n n a m k u l a m
D h a r a m p u r a m
T iru c h e n d u r
Ka l lk u r ic h i
R a ja p a la y a m
M u v a tt u p uz h a
N a g a p a tt in a m
T ir u c h e n g o d e
C h ik b a ll ap u r
O d d a n ch a t r am
B i ha r S h a ri f
M a d u r an t a k a m
V iz ia n a g a r a m
G an d h i N a g a r
S h a hj a h a n p u r
V ir u d h u n ag a r
I ri n ja la k u d a
G o w r ib id a n u r
B a s a va k a ly a n
C h en g a l p a tt u
M a h a b u b n a g a r
A m b e r
K a n c h e e p u r a m
T h ir u m a n g la m
B h u b a n e sh w a r
Ja g a p u r R o a d
Ja g a p u r T o wn
K h a d ak w as a l a
K a n j ir a p al ly
R a jg u r u n a g a r
A m b as a m u d ra m
I
a r
S h a hj a h a n p u r
V ir u d h u n ag a r
I ri n ja la k u d a
G o w r ib id a n u r
B a s a va k a ly a n
C h en g a l p a tt u
M a h a b u b n a g a r
A m b e r
K a n c h e e p u r a m
T h ir u m a n g la m
B h u b a n e sh w a r
Ja g a p u r R o a d
Ja g a p u r T o wn
K h a d ak w as a l a
K a n j ir a p al ly
R a jg u r u n a g a r
A m b as a m u d ra m
I ch a l ka r a n ji
S ri G a n g a n a g a r
A r u pp u k k o tt a i
V i ru d h a c h a la m
R ib a g (K u d c h i )
V a d a k k a n c h e ry
P a th a n a m th it ta
S h ir o l
M i rz a p u r -I
J a n s a th
R a m a c h a n d ra p u r a m
R a js a m a n d
M u z a f fa r N a g a
D o db a l la p u r
M a y il a d u th u r a i
H u kk e r i
C h an d a u l i
M e h m d a b a
ch a l ka r a n ji
S ri G a n g a n a g a r
A r u pp u k k o tt a i
V i ru d h a c h a la m
R ib a g (K u d c h i )
V a d a k k a n c h e ry
P a th a n a m th it ta
S h ir o l
M i rz a p u r -I
J a n s a th
R a m a c h a n d ra p u r a m
R a js a m a n d
M u z a f fa r N a g a
D o db a l la p u r
M a y il a d u th u r a i
H u kk e r i
C h an d a u l i
M e h m d a b a d
Te k k a li
B a n g a l or e
K a r un a g a p a l ly
V is a k h a p a tn a m
A h m e d a b a d
S r ik a la h a s th i
S r ip e r um p u d u r
K o v vu r
B an d a r ( M a c h ili p a tn a m )
S u re n d r a n ag a r
G a d a g -b e ti g e r
P e r in th a l m a n n
T h ir u ra i p oo n d i
T ir u v a n na m a la
G o b ic h e tt ip a la y a m
S a n k a ra n K o i
d
Te k k a li
B a n g a l or e
K a r un a g a p a l ly
V is a k h a p a tn a m
A h m e d a b a d
S r ik a la h a s th i
S r ip e r um p u d u r
K o v vu r
B an d a r ( M a c h ili p a tn a m )
S u re n d r a n ag a r
G a d a g -b e ti g e r
P e r in th a l m a n n
T h ir u ra i p oo n d i
T ir u v a n na m a la
G o b ic h e tt ip a la y a m
S a n k a ra n K o il
R a m a n a th p u r a m
Me tt u p p a la y a m
S a ty a m a n g a l a m
G i rw a (U da i p u r)
C h h a ta ( K o s ik a )
B a s s e in ( V a s a i)
T h e n i
G o o ty ( G u n t a ka l )
T h ir u v a n a n th a p u r am
F a t e h p ur - I
J a n g a re d d i gu d e m
G h a tk e s h w a r ( H y d E a st )
S h a m s h a b a d ( H y d W e s t)
N a rs a p u r (P a
l
R a m a n a th p u r a m
Me tt u p p a la y a m
S a ty a m a n g a l a m
G i rw a (U da i p u r)
C h h a ta ( K o s ik a )
B a s s e in ( V a s a i)
T h e n i
G o o ty ( G u n t a ka l )
T h ir u v a n a n th a p u r am
F a t e h p ur - I
J a n g a re d d i gu d e m
G h a tk e s h w a r ( H y d E a st )
S h a m s h a b a d ( H y d W e s t)
N a rs a p u r (P a l a k o llu )
R o o r ke e - II (H a rd w ar )
D u rg
H a ss a n
C a nn a n o r e
D a rb h a n g a
P a li
M u z a ff a rp u r
H o sk o t e
D h r o l
L im bd a
B a g o d a ra
S a y la
A m a r n a g a r
B h a d t h a r
A lin a
X ( B a rw a la )
B h a c h a u
S h i k ar p u r
M a n d a p e ta
O d h a n
Ig a tp u r i
S h i ru r
K a le
X
X
X
K u t ti p p u ra m
T ir
l a k o llu )
R o o r ke e - II (H a rd w ar )
D u rg
H a ss a n
C a nn a n o r e
D a rb h a n g a
P a li
M u z a ff a rp u r
H o sk o t e
D h r o l
L im bd a
B a g o d a ra
S a y la
A m a r n a g a r
B h a d t h a r
A lin a
X ( B a rw a la )
B h a c h a u
S h i k ar p u r
M a n d a p e ta
O d h a n
Ig a tp u r i
S h i ru r
K a le
X
X
X
K u t ti p p u ra m
T iru b u v a n am
K o l lid a m
Ku m b a k o n am
H a zi g a r
G h a ts i la
A k b ar p u r
B a g o d a r
U rw a M or e
T a m a r
H a rn a u t
D in a raD u r g a w a ti
S a in i
Y a m u n a n a g a r
G a rh
S a n ri y a
B a lu a n a
A r in i E s ta t e
H o s a A g r a h a ra
U d ev a
V e l lu r
B a ilh o n g a l
N a r g u n d
Y e l a v ig i
B a s a p u rH a r p a n
u b u v a n am
K o l lid a m
Ku m b a k o n am
H a zi g a r
G h a ts i la
A k b ar p u r
B a g o d a r
U rw a M or e
T a m a r
H a rn a u t
D in a raD u r g a w a ti
S a in i
Y a m u n a n a g a r
G a rh
S a n ri y a
B a lu a n a
A r in i E s ta t e
H o s a A g r a h a ra
U d ev a
V e l lu r
B a ilh o n g a l
N a r g u n d
Y e l a v ig i
B a s a p u rH a r p a n
a h al li
D h e k u n a
N a ya B a ra d w a r
K u d o p a li
R a ir ak h o l
S a m b a l p u r
B i la s p u r
R a ig a rh
A n u g u l
B a m h a n iU ra i da b r i
Wa r o ra
B a d n a g a rA s h taT h a n d a l a
Z a la k i
Sangavi
MhasveChik hali
Khamgaon Murtijapur
Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
HyderabadMumbai
Ahmedabad
Jaipur
Nagpur
Bhopal
Vishakhapatnam
Vijayawada
Ernakulum
Krishna
Allahabad
Lucknow
Pune
SuratJamnagar
Bangalore
Reliance Optical Network - NBB
80000 Km OFC
Out of 48/24/12 fibers in a cable
•only 2/4 fibers are used-rest remains unused i.e. Dark Fibers.
•FMS monitors the health of these Dark Fibers.20 Gbps bandwidth used230 Tbps Capacity!
This is our Reliance India Roadmap. It’s a mega network of 80.000 km of OFC highway connecting 12 rings,227 LDCA, 565 SDCA, covering 18 telecom circles, extending wireline connectivity to 138 cities and wireless connectivity in 578 cities. Business conducted in these cities constitutes 80% of India’s GDP. It is necessary to monitor the health of such a huge network . This is done by monitoring the health of Dark Fibers by means of Fiber Monitoring System.To the user it means how much competitive rates she/ he pays for a Local or STD call or on internet how fast is the download of an interesting article or favorite song. The core rings connect 22 Core MCN’s with 17 ILT’s at this moment. These are our Life-lines. The subtended rings interconnect some of these MCN’s and function like the Bypasses.Like how healthy you are in indicated by how well your heart is functioning and how good is your blood circulation, similarly the health of a telecom network can be measured by how is the reliability of these transport network is & how much bandwidth these transport network can handle .Like multiple lanes of Highways, Transport network provide bandwidth which decides how
much traffic (read how many calls) can be carried. To the user it translates into how much she/ he pays for a short distance or long distance call or how fast is the download of an interesting article or favorite song. This module we will see how we live up to that challenge.
128
Reliance Optical Network - International
International Submarine Cable (Flag Telecom)• 22 Countries, 44 PoP’s, 180 Carriers connected world over• 42,000 km route length• India - Presently: 15 STM-1’s, Mar. ’05: 39 STM-1’s•Forms a complete ring
SA NY LN, PR, FR
AL JD, TH, MU HK
SG TY
FLAG Telecom develops and operates advanced fibre-optic global cable systems over which it offers a growing range of value-added network services. It operates a global network and provides customers with connectivity to most of the major business centres around the world.
FLAG Europe-Asia is the world's longest privately funded undersea fibre-optic cable system stretching more than 28,000km from the UK to Japan with landing sites in 13 countries
FLAG Atlantic-1 is the world's first multi-terabit transoceanic dual cable system providing a fully protected city-to-city service between London, Paris and New York.
FLAG North Asian Loop has been designed to support the strong growth in intra-Asia Internet traffic and provides intra-regional, city-to-city connectivity between Hong Kong, Seoul, Tokyo and Taipei.
129
Network Detail – RIC Nodes / PlantsInter city – NLD - NBB
Backbone Network : 55,000 km. ( Inter city )Total Network : 80,000 km MCN : 260 out of which 198 are Maintenance Point
( MSC = 90 + 6 , ILT Switches = 22 )IS : 206Preside Server : At Mumbai & Hyderabad
Intra - city Interconnection Network : 25,000 km. ( Intra city)BTS : 7713MANS : 45 BANS : 670Wireless : 565 CitiesWireline : 184 Cities
No. of Ducts in National Backbone: 4/6 HDPE ducts
Laying of ducts –(20 meters from road center ) take care of all future rearrangements (eg. Road widening, bridge replacement, etc)
Cable marker stones placed along the route at every 200 m
Warning tape placed below 0.5m from the finished grade
Tracer wire for ease of detection of fibre placed above duct
Buried at 1.65m below the ground along the route (Protection against Rodent)
Standardised location of manholes and handholes
Man holes are spaced 4 km apart .
Hand holes are spaced 1 km apart .
Cable slacks have been kept in every manhole (15 meters) and handhole(10 meters) from maintenance point of view
130
Transport Network – An Analogy
AIR ( Pt. to Pt.- Express Ring) )
RAIL ( Collects from Many Pts.-Collector Ring)
Main Intercity Access Points
Metro Transport Network
MumbaiCity
Delhi City
Surat
Baroda
Ahmdabad
Udaypur
Jaipur
High Speed , High Capacity transport between Cities, Slow Low capacity carriers in the Metro Network
If collector ring forms a closed loop –then it is called as collector closure-to have protection, closing of path is required & is known as collector closure.
131
The Core Backbone Network
A
HM
DJ DX – Digital Cross-connect
LH – Optical Amplifier
OM4200 – SDH ADM
AXE10 – ILT (Integrated local tandem) Switch
OM4100, TN1X/1C – SDH ADM
Express Ring (DWDM)
Collector Ring (SDH)
Access Ring (SDH)
Mumbai
Surat
Ahmadabad Delhi
Hydrabad
SholapurPUNELonawalaKarjat
Agra
Bhopal
Nagpur
Baroda
HimatnagarUdaipur Ajmer Jaipur Gurugaon
The backbone transport provides for connectivity between different LDCAs, SDCAs and cities. In addition interconnect is extended for other NLD, CSP and FSP networks.
The core network comprises fully meshed, 7 primary and 14 secondary nodes. Physical architecture of the Core Network comprises of two-tier ring network –Express Ring & Collector Ring. Traffic between major metros and all major node cities is transported on the high capacity transport path – The Express Ring. Traffic from the other LDCA’s (Long Distance Charging Areas) is transported on The Collector Ring. The ring topology provides necessary protection to traffic in terms of alternate path in case of breakage of the optical fibre or equipment failure thus ensuring smooth undisrupted operation of the network.
The functions of the Core-Backbone Network are as follows:
•Provide connections, either on permanent basis or temporary basis for the transfer of information in a cost effective, reliable and speedy manner
• Routing – which way to send the information
• Transport – how the information is carried
132
Collector Ring 1-1
Ahmedabad
Chiloda
Himatnagar
Ratanpur
Risavdev
Udaipur
Mavli
Vadiyar
Nathdwara
Padasali
Bhim
Beawar
Ajmer
Kishengarh
Dud
u
New Delhi
Moh
anpu
ra
Kot
putli
Gur
gaon
Farid
abad
Palw
al Kos
i
Mat
hura
Agra
Dholpur
Morena
Gwalior
Mohana
Shivpuri
Lukwasa
Guna
Janjali
Kurawar Mandi
Seho
re
Ast
a
Dew
as
Indore
Rat
lam
Bad
anw
ar
Than
dala
(Jha
bhua
)
Lim
khed
a
God
hra
Mah
uda
Ujja
in
Dah
od
Patan
Mehsana
Vis
naga
r
Vija
pur
Palanpur
Sidhpur
Pali
Jodh
pur
Nag
aur
Nok
ha M
andi
Bik
aner
Sri
Dun
garp
ur
Ratangarh
Sikar
JhunJhunun
Narnaul
Rajgarh
Akle
ra
Jhal
awar
Bund
i
Kota
Jaha
zpur
Bhi
lwar
a
Chi
ttaur
garh
Neemuch
MandsaurModasa
Jaipur
Cho
mu
Alw
ar Rew
ari
Rajsamand
Kalol
Bhopal
DharMhow
Baw
al
Hat
hras
Router
Router
Router
RouterRouter
Jaora
Router
RING 1-1: DCN Design
OSI Area: 0001
OSI Area: 0004
OSI Area: 0003
OSI Area: 0009
OSI Area: 0002
Jaipur City NE’s:OSI Area: 0007
Delhi City NE’s:OSI Area: 0005, 0006,0020,0021,0022,0023
Ahmedabad NE’s:OSI Area: 0008, 0024
Bhopal City NE’s:OSI Area: 0025
Aligarh
Ghaziabad
Bulandshahar
ER11S01Primary: DelhiBackup: Jaipur
ER11S02Primary: Jaipur
Backup: Ahmedabad
ER11S03Primary: Ahmedabad
Backup: Bhopal
ER11S04Primary: Delhi
Backup: Bhopal
ER11S09Primary: Bhopal
Backup: Ahmedabad
DELHI CITY NEsER11S05ER11S06ER11S07ER11S08
AHMEDABAD CITY NEsER11S11ER11S12
JAIPUR CITY NEsER11S10
DX
DX
DX
DX
2
1
1
Idar
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Biaora
21111111111 2
`
Pitampur
1
Deesa
Soyl
a
16 2
1
4 5 4 Meerut
3
Ring 1-1 S4
Ring 6S12
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
TN16XE
DX OPTera Connect DX
TN4XE
TN1X / TN-1C
281
411
441
331
361
661
471
711
631
581
551
521
471
361 331 281
251 171
111171
251
111
221
117
581 551 521
441 411
118
281
331
361
411
441
471
521
551 581631 111
171
221
251
281 331 111
171
142
221 251
241
242
66
222485
484
483482
481478477476475
474473
644
643
642
641638 637
636 635634
633
2172
???
Whole network is divided into diff. area & is given the area number by NNOC , Just like Pin code given by postal dept.In each area there will be number of Multiplexer / mux (60 to 100 maximum).Each mux is also given a particular number ( Mac no. ) Just like we give name/number to each house/Bldg..Every area has a Router. The Mux nearer to the Router is known as Gate way Mux.Each Area has connectivity with 2 to 3 router & accordingly there can be 2 to 3 one Gateway Mux. Every Mux has to deal with the the nearest Gate way mux to give information or to collect instructions from the NNOC.Interface among the NNOC – Router & Gate way mux is through EthernetFor Network Management control –If NNOC wants some information or wants to pass on some instructions to particular Mux , then will pass on the message to particular Gateway mux through router giving area code & mux no.- Every Mux (except Gateway mux) can not talk outside their area.If they want to talk ,they can do so through Gateway mux only.NNOC controls the network through Preside Server.•Can talk inside the area only.• Total no. of area can be 60 to 100.
133
Module Review Exercise -81. TN1X is an STM-… ADM, while TN4Xe is STM-… & TN16Xe is STM-… ADM
2. Rings are interconnected at the ………..…… MCN’s through …………………….
3. - - - - - - - - connects Access to Switch, - - - - - - -- connects Switch to Switch
4. ILD connection is through the ……….. Nw,
5. Access rings are ………… & ………..
6. The collective information carried through a ring is called …………………..
7. Technology used by collector ring is _ _ _ & by Express ring is _ _ _
8. Dedicated protection system (SNCP) is used for _ _ _ ring,& Shared protection system (MSSP Ring) is used for _ __ _ _ _ring.
9. SSU are located after every _ _ _ _node & maximum node permitted are _ _ _
10. The clock at Hyd.,Banglore & Delhi is known as _ _ _ clock PRC type _ __ _ .
11. The clock at Mumbai & Kolkata is known as _ _ _ clock PRC type _ __ _ _.
Find the odd man out (1) STM-1 , STM-4 , STM-16 (2) Core , Dx (3) Collector ring , Express ringAdd the missing link - Match the following (4) Flag , (5) MAR , BAR (Z) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (6) Aggregate (7) SDH , DWDMFind the odd man out(8) Collector , Express (9) 20 , 60 (10) Atomic , 1 (11) GPS , 2
A cross-connect connects between ………..…. of ring1 to ………………. of ring2
134
Operation&
ManagementModule - 11
135
Maintenance: Layered Alarm Surveillance
SDH Description OH ByteLOS Loss of signalTSE Test sequence error (bit error)LSS Loss of sequence synchronizationAIS Alarm indication signalRegenerator sectionOOF Out of frame A1, A2LOF Loss of frame A1, A2B1 Regenerator section error monitoring B1RS-TIM RS trace identifier mismatch J0Multiplex sectionMS-AIS Multiplex section AIS K2MS-RDI Mux section remote defect indication K2MS-REI Mux section remote error indication M1B2 (24 bits) Mux section error monitoring B2Administrative unitAU-LOP Loss of AU pointer H1, H2AU-NDF New data flag AU pointerAU-AIS Administrative unit AIS AU includingH1, H2AU-PJE AU pointer justification event H1, H2High order pathHP-UNEQ HO path unequipped C2HP-RDI HO remote defect indication G1HP-REI HO remote error indication G1HP-TIM HO path trace identifier mismatch J1HP-PLM HO path payload label mismatch C2B3 HO path error monitoring B3
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Maintenance : Layered Alarm SurveillanceRegenerator Section Multiplexer Section Higher Order Path Lower Order Path
LOS/ LOF 1 AIS(J0) RS-TIM(B1) BIP Err.(K2) MS-AIS 1(B2) MS-BIP Err.(M1) MS-REI(K2) MS-RDI
AU-AIS 1 AISAU-LOP
(C2) HP-UNEQ 1(J1) JP-TIM AIS(B3) HP-BIP Err.(G1) HP-REI(G1) HP-RDI
TU-AIS 1 AISTU-LOP
(H4) LOM(C2) HP-PLM(V5) LP-UNEQ 1(J2) LP-TIM AIS(V5) LP-BIP Err.(V5) LP-REI(V5) LP-RDI(V5) LP-PLM AIS
PLM = Pay load mismatchLOP = Loss of PointerLOS Loss of signalLSS Loss of sequence synchronizationAIS Alarm indication signal , All onesRegenerator sectionLOF Loss of frame A1, A2RS-TIM RS - trace identifier mismatch J0Multiplex sectionMS-AIS Multiplex section AIS K2MS-RDI Mux section remote defect indication K2MS-REI Mux section remote error indication M1B2 (24 bits) Mux section error monitoring B2Administrative unitAU-LOP Loss of AU pointer H1, H2AU-NDF New data flag AU pointerAU-AIS Administrative unit AIS AU includingH1, H2High order pathHP-UNEQ HO path unequipped C2HP-RDI HO remote defect indication G1HP-REI HO remote error indication G1HP-TIM HO path trace identifier mismatch J1HP-PLM HO path payload label mismatch C2B3 HO Path error monitoring B3PLM – Pay load mismatch – RDI G1
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REMOTE / Far End LOOPBACKS - Outward
TC
TC
A1A2
PLM
TRIB. AGGREGATE
FAR END Loop BackOutgoing port is Blocked.-Incoming data received at Receiving port from outside external Mux (node) is sent back to same MUX through that outgoing port.-This will check the continuity of path from outgoing port to External MUX to incoming port-During this time PLM continues to Receive also.STM-1 Aggregate Unit/STM-1 Tributary Unit
Remote loopbacksWhen enabled, the STM-1 input data (after the STM-1 interface and prior to the section overhead termination) is routed to the STM-1 output (after the section overhead insertion and prior to the STM-1 interface), the normal STM-1 output being disabled. This loopbacks the data from the receiver to the transmitter. The STM-1 input data from the receiver is still processed by the rest of the unit.Local loopbacksWhen enabled, the STM-1 output data (after the section overhead insertion and prior tothe STM-1 interface) is routed to the STM-1 input (after the STM-1 interface and prior to the section overhead termination), the normal input from the receiver being disabled. This loopbacks the STM-1 data towards the Payload Manager.
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INTERNAL / Near End LOOPBACKS - Inward
TC
TC
A1A2
PLM
TRIB. AGGREGATE
Internal Loop backIncoming / Receiving Port is blocked. -That port is used for returning outgoing databack to PLMData going out from PLM (Outgoing data) out going port to is sent to incoming / receiving port to PLM -- to check the inside continuity of MUX-During this time outgoing also continues.34/45 Mbit/s Tributary Unit (VC-3)Remote loopbacksWhen enabled, tributary input data (after the line interface but prior to line decoding) is routed to the tributary output (after the line coding but prior to the line interface). The tributary input data is still processed by the rest of the unit unless the ‘Local’ loopback is enabled.Local loopbacksWhen enabled, tributary output data (after the line coding but prior to the line interface) is routed to the tributary input (after the line interface but prior to line decoding). The tributary output data is still applied to the line interface and output from the unit unless the ‘Remote’ loopback is enabled.
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Module Review - Exercises - 91. RSOH faults are bundled and escalated as AIS to …………..
2. Path protection can be dedicated or ……………….
3. Path protection can be applied to individual ………………
4. MS protection is for the entire ……………. over one ……………….
5. Shared protection reserves …………. BW for the shared protection path
6. A Sync Source Hierarchy indicates ………between two equally accurate sources.
7. SQL= …if clock is traceable to PRC type I , …… if traceable to internal clock
8. In a Sync chain there can be max ……….. NE , …………. SSU
Match the pair(1) MSOH (2) Shared (3) Pay load (4) STM-N , Multiplexure (MS)Add the missing link - Find the odd man out(5) 50% (6) preference (X) _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ (7) 2 , 11 (8) 60 , 10
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Type in 'MIT Open University' in Google and find a large amount of PDF documents from MIT electrical eng department and from Sloan business School
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THANK YOU
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Category :
(Mr. ) ( ) (Mr. S. Ghoshal) ( )Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by Release Date
RCLC Learning Centre, (ISO 9001-2000 Certified)
D-Block, 1st Floor, Wing 6, DAKC, Navi-Mumbai, 400709, India.
Course ID :
RCLC-GEN-042
Course Name
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Multi Mode Fiber• Multiple wave-lengths enter and propagate through the core.
•Due to difference in their angle of incidence – takes diff. path.
•Hence different wave-lengths are traversing different distances.
•Hence Different wave-lengths would take different time to travel through
the same length of the core, - results into Modal Dispersion
• Net effect is that a sharp square pulse gets distorted and spread out
There are two general categories of optical fiber in use today, multimode fiber and single-mode fiber. Multimode, the first type of fiber to be commercialized, has a larger core than single-mode fiber. It gets its name from the fact that numerous modes, or light rays, can be carried simultaneously through the waveguide. Slide shows an example of light transmitted in the first type of multimode fiber, called step-index. Step-index refers to the fact that there is a uniform index of refraction throughout the core; thus there is a step in the refractive index where the core and cladding interface. Notice that the two modes must travel different distances to arrive at their destinations. This disparity between the times that the light rays arrive is called modal dispersion. This phenomenon results in poor signal quality at the receiving end and ultimately limits the transmission distance. This is why multimode fiber is not used in wide-area applications.
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• Different frequency/ wavelength have different velocity of propagation
• A single pulse would have several wavelengths
• Each wavelength would travel at different speed
• Thereby causing Chromatic dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
The effect of different RI is that different wavelength will travel at different speed:C, Speed of light in Free Space
Speed of light (wavelength λ1) = -----------------------------------------RI of the medium for wavelength λ1
Thus even in a SMF, if the input pulse comprised different wavelength then it they will travel at different speed and thereby reach the end of the fiber at different times. Effectively there would be a small difference in time (few ps/km), if the input pulse wavelengths are separated by a few nm like in a LASER. Nevertheless this appear as dispersion, which can become significant in case of high BW signals.
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The Core Backbone Network - NBB - NLD
NM S/OSS/BSS
Delhi
Hyderabad
Mumbai
A hmedabad
Jaipur
Express RingDWDM
CentralizedNMS
Collector Ring - SDH
InterconnectSDH Rings
Hyderabad
Mumbai
Bhopal
Nagpur
Bhopal
Nagpur
Sholapur
Delhi
A hmedabad
Pune
Lonaw alaSuratBaroda
Agra
Jaipur
Udaipur
Gurugao n
D ichpalli
B etul
The backbone transport provides for connectivity between different LDCAs, SDCAs and cities. In addition interconnect is extended for other NLD, CSP and FSP networks.
The core network comprises fully meshed, 7 primary and 14 secondary nodes. Physical architecture of the Core Network comprises of two-tier ring network –Express Ring & Collector Ring. Traffic between major metros and all major node cities is transported on the high capacity transport path – The Express Ring. Traffic from the other LDCA’s (Long Distance Charging Areas) is transported on The Collector Ring. The ring topology provides necessary protection to traffic in terms of alternate path in case of breakage of the optical fibre or equipment failure thus ensuring smooth undisrupted operation of the network.
The functions of the Core-Backbone Network are as follows:
•Provide connections, either on permanent basis or temporary basis for the transfer of information in a cost effective, reliable and speedy manner
• Routing – which way to send the information
• Transport – how the information is carried
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