seawater desalination and the environment september - 15 th, 2010 september 14 th - 15 th, 2010 new...
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Seawater Desalination and the EnvironmentSeawater Desalination and the Environment
SeptemberSeptember 14th -- 15 15thth, 2010, 2010
New Exhibition Center, MunichNew Exhibition Center, Munich
Sustainable CSP desalination in the Mediterranean Countries: the main results of the
MED-CSD project
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00
1
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-2
Overview
• Electricity and water supply scenarios in MENA• Why CSP and desalination?• CSP and desalination technology overview• Selected plant configurations• Technical performance model• Financial model• Conclusions
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-3
Water supply scenario in MENA
It is essential to start a paradigm change now!
Potential Water deficit
(Source: AQUA-CSP)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-4
Water deficit scenario by country
Dramatic water deficit in Egypt (ca. 1 Nile River!)
CountryWater deficit
[Bm3/y]
Egypt 51.35
Libya 5.82
Syria 5.22
Jordan 0.66
Israel 0.39
(Source: OME)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-5
Gross electricity demand by country
Country Gross electricity demand [TWh/y]
Turkey 660.60
Egypt 586.55
Algeria 304.69
Morocco 150.80
Syria 134.17
(Source: OME)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-6
Looking for sustainable solutions… why CSP?
• High solar irradiation is the cause of water scarcity Idea: use solar radiation to produce sustainable electricity and
water
• Option of thermal energy storage (TES)high operation flexibility, dispatchability
• Hybrid operation, no “shadow”-power-plant requiredSecurity of supply
• Waste heat from the turbine and produced electricity can be used to drive thermal or mechanical desalination
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-7
Overview on CSP technologies
Parabolic trough (Solar Millennium) Linear Fresnel (Novatec)
Solar Tower (Abengoa) Dish (DLR)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-8
Comparison of CSP technologies
(Source: DLR)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-9
Options for heat storage
Molten Salt (ACS Cobra) Concrete (Züblin, DLR)
Steam accumulator (Abengoa Solar) PCM (DLR) Water Tank (Kuckelhorn)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-10
Comparison of heat storage technologies
(Source: DLR)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-11
Overview on desalination technologies
Multi Effect Distillation (Entropie) Reverse Osmosis (DME)
(INVEN)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-12
CSP-MED configurationSolar field
Thermal Energy storage
Power block
Cooling and Desalination unit
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-13
CSP-RO configuration
Cooling unit
Desalination unit
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-14
Preliminary considerations
(Source: DLR)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-15
Site selection
Source: DLR, kernenergien
10 locations, 4 configurations, 2 DNI models 80 cases!
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-16
Technical model
• Site and configuration definition, input data collection• Yearly simulation with INSEL v8 and result analysis
Ambient temperature
Direct normal irradiation
Wind velocity
Water demand
Electricity demand
Output file
Plant configuration
Site coordinates
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-17
Summer/winter comparison:• In summer the day is
longer and the storage can be charged by day, allowing bridging the night almost without fossil fuel consumption
• In winter the day is shorter and the low sun elevation causes large efficiency losses. The storage can not be completely charged
Result overview - summer case
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
4392 4404 4416 4428 4440 4452 4464 4476 4488
Hour of the year [-]
DN
I [W
/m2 ];
Qst
o [
MW
h];
Md
[m
3 /h]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Net
ele
ctri
city
pro
du
ctio
n [
MW
]
DNI
Qstor
Md
Pel_net
Result overview - winter case
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
Hour of the year [-]
DN
I [W
/m2 ];
Qst
o [
MW
h];
Md
[m
3 /h]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Net
ele
ctri
city
pro
du
ctio
n [
MW
]
DNI
Qstor
Md
Pel_net
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-18
Main results of the technical model
• Hybrid rate varies between ca 25% and 50% in function of available solar resources and in minor measure of plant configuration
• Seawater salinity affects the internal electrical consumption of the RO influence on the size of solar field and turbine
• The cooling system in the RO case is a dry-cooling; the design ambient temperature plays a very important role
• The MED has a quite stable behaviour, due to the presence of the hot water tank
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-19
Financial models
2 financing options (Source: EIB)
Corporate (or promoter) finance• Financing partners provide
funding to the promoter (a company, a consortium of companies or an institution)
• The cash flows are discounted with the WACC
Project finance• The project is realized and
financed via a standalone project company
• The equity cash flows are dis- counted with the required rate of return on equity (private investor's point of view)
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-20
Main results of the financial model
Source: EDF, kernenergien
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-21
Main results of the financial model
• Assuming the private investor's point of view (the “realistic” point of view), none of the analysed configuration is economically feasible (NPV<0)Adequate feed-in tariff or a grant is necessary
• In Italy, where existing Feed-in-Tariffs are assumed in the model, just a small grant is required
• Private investors require high revenues in risky countries like Palestine and Egypt (up to 20 %) This is an obstacle for the project profitability also in locations
with an excellent solar irradiation like Safaga (EGY2).
• The sensitivity analysis shows that TPC and amount of produced electricity leads to a higher impact on the NPV than a variation of fuel prices or O&M costs
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-22
Main results of the financial model - 2
• With the given assumptions, the Linear Fresnel Reflector is the more profitable technology. However, the LFR is not as mature as the parabolic trough (2 MW Linear Fresnel installed, 30 MW under construction).
• The RO presents lower investment cost in comparison to the MED (however this difference is softened by the membrane replacement cost of the RO) and in the selected locations the LFR-RO configuration is the cheapest option
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-23
Outlook
• Water management and water saving measures should be taken as soon as possible. However, new water resources have to be tapped in order to meet the increasing water demand in the MENA countries
• Concentrating solar multi-purpose plants could generate solar electricity for domestic use and export, drinking water from desalination and shade for agriculture and other human activities
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-24
Outlook - 2
• CSP and desalination are proven technologies, the financial feasibility depends on available resources and economic boundary conditions. Tailor-made feed-in tariffs can open the market for the development of CSP-DES plants, thus producing scale effects and driving the investment cost down
• First pilot and demonstration plants will show the attractiveness of this sustainable solution
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-25
Thank you!
Massimo MoserDLR
DME S-006-2010 – Lecture 00Seawater Desalination
00-26
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