sec 3 northern_ireland

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Multi-Ethnic Multi-Ethnic CountriesCountries

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CONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND

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In this chapter, you will learn about

• Introduction to Northern Ireland

• The causes of conflict in Northern Ireland

• The consequences of conflict in Northern

Ireland

• The challenges in resolving ethnic conflict

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In 1993 • 1 million Protestants, mostly of

Scottish and English origin

• 600 000 Catholics, mostly descendents of local Irish inhabitants of the island

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HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..

• United Kingdom and Republic of United Kingdom and Republic of IrelandIreland

• UK : BRITAIN UK : BRITAIN England, Scotland, England, Scotland, WalesWales and N.I. and N.I.

• Let’s tour Britain & LondonLet’s tour Britain & London

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the country in conflict

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HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..

• Before 12Before 12thth century century

• In the 12In the 12thth century century

• 16901690

• 18001800

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1212THTH CENTURY CENTURY

•Before 12Before 12thth century century–N.I. & Republic of Ireland N.I. & Republic of Ireland = IRELAND= IRELAND

• In the 12In the 12thth century century– Ireland conquered and Ireland conquered and colonised by Englandcolonised by England

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1717thth CENTURY CENTURY

• 17TH century : England ruled Ireland– English landlords in Ireland – brought in Protestant Scottish and

English settlers– To increase Protestant population there– Newcomers – settled in northern part of

Ireland– Pushed out many local Irish Catholic

farmers– Those Irish Catholics who stayed behind

given least fertile lands– Northern part of Ireland thus became

mainly Protestant

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1717thth CENTURY CENTURY

• The Scots like to wear kilts

• What they wear beneath that is anybody’s guess!

censored

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1690 (171690 (17thth CENTURY) CENTURY)

• King James II of England, a Catholic• Forced to flee to north of Ireland. Why?• Because he failed to force Catholicism

on the Protestants in England• There, he tried to defeat the locals• New King of England, William of Orange

PROTESTANTPROTESTANT arrived in north of Ireland and defeated King James

• Battle of Boyne• King William remains a hero to

Protestants to this day

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BATTLE OF BOYNEBATTLE OF BOYNE

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King William of Orange,( Protestant king) defeated

King James (Catholic king) in the Battle of Boyne

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1919thth CENTURY CENTURY

• For years, Catholic Irish fought against Protestant Scottish and English settlers without success

• 1800 : Ireland became part of UK• Hostilities between Catholics and

Protestants did not end• Late 1800s : some local Irish demanded • HOME RULEHOME RULE (like our concept of self-(like our concept of self-

government)government)• Fighting often broke out

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2020thth CENTURY CENTURY

• 1921 : Ireland divided into two separate parts

• Based on majority religion of each part• Northern part PROTESTANTPROTESTANT became

known as NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND – remained part of UK

• Southern part CATHOLICCATHOLIC became known as IRISH FREE STATEIRISH FREE STATE

• Both had own Parliaments• But continued to recognise English

monarchy and laws regarding foreign affairs

• 1949 : Irish Free State cut ties with Britain• Became the REPUBLIC OF IRELANDREPUBLIC OF IRELAND

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UNITED KINGDOM

Britain Northern Ireland

England Scotland Wales

Republic Of Ireland

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THE N.I. GOVERNMENTTHE N.I. GOVERNMENTbefore 1972before 1972

• Before 1972

Own Parliament

at Stormont Castle near Belfast

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• Since 1972

– Ruled directly by the British Parliament in London

– British PM chooses a Secretary of State MINISTER for N.I.

– N.I. Government in charge of finance, commerce, health and education

– Britain in charge of foreign affairs and defense

– Majority of ministers in N.I. Are Protestants

THE N.I. GOVERNMENTTHE N.I. GOVERNMENTSince 1972Since 1972

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CAUSES OF CONFLICT

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Causes of the Conflict between the Protestants and the

Catholics

1. Divided Loyalties2. Unequal Allocation of Housing3. Unequal Employment

Opportunities4. Lack of Voting Rights5. Lack of Opportunities For Social

Interaction

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• In N.I. most Protestants regard In N.I. most Protestants regard themselves as Britishthemselves as British

• Want the country continued as Want the country continued as part of UKpart of UK

• Many afraid of union with the Many afraid of union with the Republic of Ireland, a Catholic Republic of Ireland, a Catholic countrycountry

• A Catholic government would not A Catholic government would not be tolerant of Protestant beliefsbe tolerant of Protestant beliefs

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

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• Catholics in N.I. See themselves as Catholics in N.I. See themselves as IrishIrish

• Want to be united with IrelandWant to be united with Ireland• Resent past history of English Resent past history of English

conquestconquest• Many Catholics massacred or Many Catholics massacred or

treated harshlytreated harshly• Remembered long struggle for Remembered long struggle for

Home RuleHome Rule

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

On the other hand

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• Protestants – celebrate Protestants – celebrate annually of battle of Boyne as a annually of battle of Boyne as a mark of protestant dominancemark of protestant dominance

• Usually march through Catholic Usually march through Catholic residential areasresidential areas

• This sense of loyalty to This sense of loyalty to different countries make them different countries make them intolerant of each otherintolerant of each other

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

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Protestants celebrating Orange Parade Dayat Catholic neighborhood yearly on 12 July in

remembrance of King William’s victory over King James. Sometimes riots occur during the celebration.

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A Protestant youth passes a burning bus during a

riot in North Belfast, Northern Ireland

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• Grievance : Provision of public housing Grievance : Provision of public housing by city councils to Protestants. by city councils to Protestants. HOUSING PARTLY PAID BY GOVTHOUSING PARTLY PAID BY GOVT

• Councils comprise largely ProtestantsCouncils comprise largely Protestants

• Catholics often delayed in getting Catholics often delayed in getting public housing. public housing.

• 1968 : 71% of local houses in 1968 : 71% of local houses in Dungannon given to Protestants but Dungannon given to Protestants but 53% of the people there were Catholics53% of the people there were Catholics

2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION 2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION OF HOUSINGOF HOUSING

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• Catholics frustrated – shortage of Catholics frustrated – shortage of houses means they have to wait many houses means they have to wait many years before getting own houseyears before getting own house

• Thus find provision of housing unfairThus find provision of housing unfair

2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION 2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION OF HOUSINGOF HOUSING

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Catholics had to wait longer for public housing in Dungannon

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• Competition for jobs

• Catholics – feel that they do not have an equal chance of getting the jobs they want, even if they’re as qualified as the Protestants

3.UNEQUAL EMPLOYMENT 3.UNEQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

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• 1971 : Population survey

• Catholics males 2 ½ times more likely to be jobless than Protestants males

• No of Catholic engineers and civil servants – not proportionate to their numbers in N.I.

• Fewer Catholics in senior positions in public and private sectors

3. UNEQUAL 3. UNEQUAL EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT

OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

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UNEMPL0YMENT RATE BY RELIGION AND SEX IN 2002 – 2003, NORTHERN IRELAND

01

23

45

67

89

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PROTESTANT CATHOLIC

MALE FEMALE

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• Before 1969 : Voting rights a problem• Each household – 2 votes• Companies

• entitled to more votes • depended on size

• Many companies owned by richer Protestants – thus had more votes

• Voting districts often drawn to include a larger proportion of Protestants

• Catholics were of course unhappy about this and protested against this

4. LACK OF VOTING 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTSRIGHTS

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• Since 1968 : Everyone entitled to one vote• Must be a British subject and

above 18 years old• Had to be born in N.I. • Or lived in UK for 7 years

• Voting districts redrawn to ensure fairness

4. LACK OF VOTING 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTSRIGHTS

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• Voting rights no longer a problem today

• But conflicts persist because other issues such as housing and employment not addressed

4. LACK OF VOTING 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTSRIGHTS

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Since 1969, any British citizen above 18 is entitled to one man one vote

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5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION DUE TO……SOCIAL INTERACTION DUE TO……

• Fully-funded public schools cater to Fully-funded public schools cater to Protestants onlyProtestants only

• Private schools cater to Catholics onlyPrivate schools cater to Catholics only• Mixed schools are not as popularMixed schools are not as popular• Result : Protestant and Catholic Result : Protestant and Catholic

children rarely get to meet and know children rarely get to meet and know each othereach other

• Generations grow up to distrust each Generations grow up to distrust each otherother

• Lack of social interaction makes them Lack of social interaction makes them hostile to each otherhostile to each other

EDUCATION SYSTEM

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5. LACK OF 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIS FOR OPPORTUNITIS FOR

SOCIAL INTERACTIONSOCIAL INTERACTIONPROTESTANT PROTESTANT

CHILDRENCHILDREN

PUBLIC SCHOOLSPUBLIC SCHOOLS

• Taught British history

• Play British sports – rugby, hockey, cricket

• Very loyal to Britain

(Loyalists)

CATHOLIC CHILDRENCATHOLIC CHILDREN

PRIVATE SCHOOLSPRIVATE SCHOOLS

• Taught Irish history

• Play Irish sports – hurling

• Taught Irish language & culture

• Regard Britain as a foreign country

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• Today, integrated schools cater for Today, integrated schools cater for Protestants and Catholics Protestants and Catholics

• Not very popular – only taken up by Not very popular – only taken up by 5% of the school-going population5% of the school-going population

• Private schools that cater for Private schools that cater for Catholics Catholics PARTLY FUNDED BY PARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

5. LACK OF 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION SOCIAL INTERACTION

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Protestant and Catholic kids learn that they have nothing to fear from each other and

much to gain by attending the same school together under the Friendship Project

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• Catholics and Protestants have been living in separate residential areas

• Belfast – 1991 – 63% of the population lived in areas that were either Catholics or Protestants

• In 2001 – figure rose to 66%

• Less social interaction between the two groups

SEPARATE RESIDENTIAL AREAS

5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR 5. LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION DUE TO……SOCIAL INTERACTION DUE TO……

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The Shankill Road area is mainly working-class and exclusively Protestant. It is

divided from the Catholic Falls Road area by a peace line

peace line

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A Protestant Neighbourhood

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A Catholic Neighbourhood

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With lack of tolerance and

a lot of prejudice, The Catholics

and The Protestants

continue their conflict with violence

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The Troubles -

from peaceful

civil rights march

…to outbreaks

of violence

OBJECTIVESOF CRM

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Peaceful Protest Marches vs Violence

Civil Rights movements started in 1960s :• demanded equal rights• protested against unfair treatment of the Catholics• made peaceful demands for basic rights such as housing, jobs, education and voting• Civil Rights Movement in 1968 was a beginning of the period called the ‘Troubles’

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• How did the Protestants react to these marches?

• Protestants reacted with hostility and violence

• Saw the movement as an attempt to weaken the government

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• Feb 1967 – The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association was formed (NICRA)

• Formed by well educated middle-class Catholics who wanted to end discrimination against them

• NICRA adopts non-violent methods to protest against discrimination against Catholic

• The Civil Rights Movement (CRM) organised by NICRA marked the period known as ‘The Troubles’

THE TROUBLES - From peaceful protest Marches to Violence

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THE TROUBLES - From peaceful protest Marches to Violence

• During these peaceful marches, fighting broke out between the Catholics, Protestants and the police

• Aug 1969 – British government sent in British Army to keep order in NI

• Catholics welcomed them as their protectors at first

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Youth arrested in the Lenadoon area of Belfast after rioting which immediately marked the

introduction of internment

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THE TROUBLES - From peaceful protest Marches to Violence

• Aug 1971 – the NI government introduced the ‘internment laws’. This means the British Army has the power to

- arrest - interrogate - detain without trial anyone suspected

of being involved in acts to weaken the government

• As army began searching Catholic's homes and arresting suspects, the Catholics soon lost faith in the British Army

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British Army snatch squad in William Street on a Sunday afternoon in Summer 1971. Those caught

are brought back to be held behind army lines.

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The peaceful civil right movements turned ugly…

….in 1972

…BLOODY SUNDAY

…lead to violence

…IRA came into the picture

….MORE VIOLENCE

55SundaySundayB

lood

y

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In 1972, Bloody Sunday

• A peaceful civil rights march was shot at by the British soldiers

• 13 civilians were shot dead and many more were wounded

• This incident is called the ‘Bloody Sunday’ incident

• It marked the beginning of violent conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants

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The heavily armed British Army against unarmed peaceful

protesters

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A British Army sniper hiding at a vantage point.Eye witnesses claimed some snipers fired at the

protesters in the crowd below

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Father Daly, later Bishop of Derry, gave the last rites to many of the dead and severely injured on Bloody Sunday. He also helped some men who tried to carry the mortally wounded 17-year-old John Duddy to safety. “I think he died while we

were carrying him,” Father Daly said.

DEAD

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Seventeen-year-old Michael Kelly lies on the ground after being shot. After this picture was taken 20-year-old Michael McDaid, partially visible in the top

left, was also shot and killed.

DEAD

DEAD

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The coffins of those 13 killed on 'Bloody Sunday' were laid out in St Mary's Chapel in

the Creggan before the funerals. 7 killed were unarmed teenagers. Youngest dead was 17 while the oldest was a 59-year old

man

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What happened after Bloody Sunday?

• More violence between Protestants and Catholics

• Catholic homes were petrol-bombed• Catholic families forced to flee,

homes looted/robbed by mobs• Catholic shops and pubs were burnt

and bombed• Local police who witnessed the

violence did not offer help • British Army raided Catholic homes,

using force and damaging property

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CATHOLICSTURNED TO IRA

FOR HELP

FROM WHOM COULD THE DESPERATE CATHOLICS

GET HELP?

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WHO IS IRA?-THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY-

• an illegal terrorist organisation in UK, members mainly Northern Irish Catholics

• emerged since 1969

• aim is to use violence to drive out the British Army and the representatives of the British government

• wants to convert NI into an Irish state

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• The IRA attacked British soldiers and police

• Bombed businesses and shops owned by Protestants, killed innocent Protestants too

• More than 3,500 people were killed from 1969-1993

• IRA was responsible for two-thirds of the death

WHAT DID IRA DO?

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NO ONE KNOWS WHO THE IRA MEMBERS ARE. THEY GO ROUND WITH SKI MASK

OVER THEIR FACES. USE OF VIOLENCE IS COMMON

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CEASEFIRE???

• On 28 July 2005 the IRA announced an end to its armed campaign, stating that it would work to achieve its aims using "purely political and democratic programmes through exclusively peaceful means”

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WILL THE VIOLENCE IN NI END?

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CONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND-IMPACTS &

CONSEQUENCES-

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The violence in Northern Ireland has left deep wounds within

the country.Many innocent people have died.

Affected NI negatively

OVERVIEW

SOCIALLY

ECONOMICALLY

POLITICALLY

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SOCIALSEGREGRATION

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1) SOCIAL SEGREGRATION

• Protestants and Catholics have been segregated/separated because of the tension and violence

• They school, live and work separately

• Possible for young people to grow up not having met someone from the other community

• Result in lack of understanding between Protestants and Catholics

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I would mix but I don’t get a chance…If you mix…you don’t

only expect trouble from the other side – Catholics – but you

also expect some from your own people that live in the

same street as you. Because they may hit you for

playing with a Catholic. Maybe you’d get hit by other

Catholics. It’s the same for the other person if he mixes with them. I’d like to mix, but I find it easier if you don’t mix and

keep to yourself. A Protestant teenage boy

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Protestant children playing at Protestant neighbourhood.

No social interaction with Catholic children.

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Catholic children play behind the peace walls with Catholic children.

No social interaction with Protestant children

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The Belfast ‘peace walls’ is one of the many walls built to segregate Protestants and Catholics neighbourhoods. British troops erected the first one in 1969. Residents

added more.

peace wall segregates the two communities

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• The conflict discouraged domestic and foreign investments in NI.

• Foreign investors have to close down when violence increased operating costs – repairing etc.

• The constant threat of bombings and high-cost drove away manufacturers

• The violence also kept away tourists from visiting NI

2) DECLINING ECONOMY

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Foreign-owned factories burn down when protesters throw petrol bombs

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A factory owner lost a truck to violence in the streets

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3) POLITICAL REFORM

• The NI government passed anti-discrimination measures

• The NI government agreed to abolish the unfair voting system

• They also reviewed the schemes for allocating government-owned houses

82A MURAL PRODUCED BY PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC YOUTHS ACROSS N1

IS THERE HOPE FOR A PEACEFUL NORTHERN IRELAND?

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TIME FOR PEACE1970s-1990s

- British government made attempts to bring peace

- Protestants, Catholics, IRA and representatives from British government met to resolve conflict

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Good Friday Agreement

1998

The Good Friday Peace

Agreement was signed by British and Irish governments.

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The journey for PEACE was not a smooth one – THE OMAGH

BOMBING• Twenty-nine people

were killed and hundreds injured by the explosion in Omagh, County Tyrone, on 15 August 1998.

• The bomb was planted by the Real IRA

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The Order Parade always provide hostilities between Protestants and Catholics. It usually leads to violent

clashes

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CAUSES FOR CONFLICT

SRI LANKASRI LANKARacial DifferencesSinhalese vs Tamils

Conflict overConflict overCitizenship rights

‘Sinhala Only’ PolicyUniversity Admission

Resettlement of Population

NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELANDReligious & Political

DifferencesProtestants vs

Catholics

Conflict overConflict overDivided Loyalties

The Education System

EmploymentHousing Allocation

Voting Rights

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CONSEQUENCES & IMPACTS

• Social Consequence- Tamils driven out of

their homeland

• Economic Consequences

- Declining economy - fall in foreign

investments - fall in tourist visits - unemployment

• Political Consequences- Armed Conflict- Foreign Intervention

• Social Consequence- Social Segregation- Social Segregation- Peaceful Protests to

Violence• Economic

Consequences- Declining economy - fall in foreign

investments - fall in tourist visits - unemployment• Political

Consequences- Political Reform - Foreign intervention

SRI LANKA N IRELAND

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CONCLUSION

SRI LANKA AND N IRELAND

• Important for people of different races and religions to live in harmony

• Conflict destroys lives, homes and property

• Everyone suffers• Need to be sensitive to one another’s

needs• Failure to understand and respect other’s

rights will harm the country in many ways

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CONCLUSION

• Weakens development of the country

• Provides excuse for stronger neighbours to interfere

• Conflicts in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland cannot be resolved overnight

• Consequences of fighting and destruction still exist

• Will continue to exist until a solution is arrived at

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Lessons Learnt : Singapore

WE ARE A MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETY• should be sensitive to one

another’s needs• understanding and respect• peace and unity are the best

defense against foreign interference / intervention

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“If we are to teach real peace in this world, and if we are to

carry on a real war against war,

we shall have to begin with the children.”- Mahatma Ghandi -

Teaching slides prepared by Mdm AzizahPictures sourced from internet