secondary schools teacher resource
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Teacher Resource
Secondary Schools Teacher Resource
An exhibition highlighting the Second World War effort of Australia’s first guerrilla commandos and
their life-long endeavour to repay a ‘debt of honour’ to the people of Timor-Leste.
Dam
ien
Par
er, c
ourt
esy
Aus
tral
ian
War
Mem
oria
l A
WM
013
792
museum.wa.gov.au
Teacher Resource
Overview 3
Student Experience 3
Curriculum Links 4
Pre-visit Activities 5
Learning Options 6 - 7Preparation
Learning Option 1: Snap Shot Responses Historical Inquiry Student Sheets
Learning Option 2: Year 10 World War II Depth Study Inquiry Historical Inquiry Student Sheets
Learning Option 3: Open-ended Questions Historical Inquiry Student Sheets
Post Visit Activities 20
Resources 22
Contents
Cover image: Private Jack Wicks from Bassendean Western Australia with his criado.
Damien Parer, courtesy Australian War Memorial AWM 013792
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 2
OverviewIn 1942, a small force of approximately 300 Australian commandos fought a successful guerrilla campaign in East Timor holding down over 10,000 Japanese troops. Composed mainly of the 2/2nd Independent Company, their success was due to their unique style of warfare, their staunch refusal to surrender to the Japanese and the remarkable support of the East Timorese people, especially the young criados who assisted the commandos. Following the withdrawal of Australian forces in early 1943, the Timorese were to pay a terrible price at the hands of the Japanese for their support of the Australians: 40 000 to 60 000 East Timorese died from the fighting or from war-caused famine and disease. The Debt of Honour – Australia’s First Commandos and East Timor exhibition examines the heroic exploits of the commandos and the significance of the support Australian soldiers received from the East Timorese.
Student Experience The Debt of Honour exhibition encourages students to examine the war time experiences of Australia’s First Commandos in East Timor in World War II. Students will interpret Australian, Timor-Leste and Japanese perspectives on wartime conflict through artefacts, company stories, personal effects and military regalia displayed. Students have the opportunity to develop a historical and empathic understanding of the significance of World War II to Australia’s international relationship with Timor-Leste by examining the sequence of events that bind our countries together, including wartime support in World War II, Indonesian occupation, United Nations Intervention, as well as the political and economic disputes faced by both countries during the 21st century.
Debt of Honour Australia’s First Commandos and East Timor
“Little known but of great significance are the men of the 2/2nd Independent Company in Timor, they alone of all the troops did not surrender.”
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill 1942
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 3
Curriculum Links The Debt of Honour exhibition provides clear links to the Australian History Curriculum with a focus on The Modern World and Australia with particular relevance to World War II:
Students investigate wartime experiences through a study of World War II in depth. This includes the study of the causes, events, outcomes and broader impact of the conflict as an episode in history, and the nature of Australia’s involvement.
Historical Knowledge & Understanding (Year 10 focus)
Historical Skills (Year 7 to 12)
An overview of the causes and course of World War II.
An examination of significant events of World War II.
The experience of Australians during World War II.
The significance of World War II to Australia’s international relationships in the twentieth century, with particular reference to the United Nations, Britain, the USA and Asia.
Outlining the purpose of the United Nations and the key places where Australia has been involved in UN peacekeeping, such as East Timor (Timor Leste).
Identify and analyse the perspectives of people from the past.
Identify the origin, purpose and context of primary and secondary sources.
Evaluate the reliability and usefulness of primary and secondary sources.
Process and synthesise information from a range of sources for use as evidence in an historical argument.
Identify and select different kinds of questions about the past to inform historical inquiry.
Develop texts, particularly descriptions and discussions that use evidence from a range of sources that are referenced.
Members of the 2/2nd Signal Section
Damien Parer, courtesy Australian War Memorial AWM 013778
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 4
Pre-Visit Activities Students visiting the Debt of Honour exhibition will benefit from having some understanding of events leading to the outbreak of World War II and knowledge of the 2/2nd Independent Company.
Select tasks from the suggestions below that are most suitable for your class: • Read the synopsis of World War II as presented by the Australian War Memorial
http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww2.asp
• Watch ABC’s Australians At War DVD (Episode 4 and 5) for a comprehensive background to Australia’s role in World War II.
• Read the outline of the 2/2nd Independent Company available on the Australian War Memorial Website http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_13313second_world_war.asp
• View the photo essay Fighting In Timor 1942 at http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/timor_photo.asp
• Visit http://doublereds.org.au/site/history/ to interact with the 2/2nd Commandos Association of Australian (Inc.) website for relevant background into the East Timor campaign and to become familiar with how this organisation continues to work with locals in East Timor.
Under cover of darkness, a covert supply drop from HMAS Vigilant. Courtesy the Allied Geographical Survey.
Reproduced from The Men Who Came Out of the Ground, Paul Cleary
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 5
Learning Options There are three different historical inquiry options to choose from to examine the Debt of Honour exhibition. Select the option that is best suited to your class and the purpose of your visit.
Snap Shot Responses Year 10 World War IIDepth Study Inquiry
Historical InquiryOpen-ended Questions
Target Audience: Year 7 to 10 students
Suggested Time Frame: 30-45 minutes
Key ExperienceStudents explore the artefacts, company stories, personal effects and military regalia displayed and respond to multi-layered questions to increase their understanding of the themes presented in the Debt of Honour exhibition.
Target Audience: Year 10 History Students
Suggested Time Frame: 60 minutes
Key ExperienceStudents respond to directed and open-ended questions relating to themes examined in the Year 10 Australian History Curriculum.
Target Audience: Year 10-12 Students
Suggested Time Frame: 60+ minutes
Key ExperienceStudents demonstrate their historical inquiry skills by exploring the exhibition and gathering evidence from primary and secondary sources displayed to respond to selected open-ended tasks.
Snap Shot Responses Preparation: • Photocopy the Snap Shots Response sheets for all students prior to attending the
Debt of Honour exhibition.
• Students move through the exhibition examining the items and stories displayed while responding to directed and reflective questions that require personal perspectives on highlighted themes.
• Responses completed can be used for follow-up back at school.
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 6
Year 10 Depth Study Inquiry Tasks Preparation: Photocopy the Year 10 World War II Depth Study Guide prior to visiting the Debt of Honour exhibition. Familiarise students with the three different Depth Study Inquiry Tasks, and encourage them to decide which task they wish to investigate while at the exhibition.
At the exhibition:
The Depth Study Inquiry process is best achieved in two parts:
Part 1: Duration: 30 minutes Students move through the Debt of Honour exhibition conducting a general
exploration of the artefacts, company stories, personal effects and military regalia displayed.
Part 2: Duration: 30 minutes Students move through the exhibition a second time responding to a previously
selected Inquiry Task. The information students gather for their Inquiry Task will need to come from multiple locations within the exhibition; evidence won’t be contained in just one display. Information gathered can be used as follow-up back at school.
Western Australian MuseumDebt of Honour: Year 10 World War II Depth Study Guide Student sheets© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au
Depth Study Inquiry Task 1: An overview of the causes and course of World War II
Which locations in the Pacific were regiments of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and allied forces deployed to defend the region against the Japanese Imperial Force?
What was Japan’s motivation for entering the war? Which countries had the Japanese Imperial Force successfully occupied prior to their landing in Timor?
What were the methods used to recruit men for the AIF? How were AIF trained men selected for the first Independent Companies including the 2/2nd commandos?
Western Australian MuseumDebt of Honour: Year 10 World War II Depth Study Guide Student sheets© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au
Depth Study Inquiry Task 2: The experiences of Australians during World War II
Describe the skills and warfare employed by the 2/2nd to attack an army of a significantly greater number of soldiers?
Explain the significance of the support received by the 2/2nd commandos from the East Timorese and criados to assist their efforts in fighting against the Japanese.
Outline the different weapons and forms of communication technology used by the 2/2nd commandos and how these contributed to their survival.
Describe how the 2/2nd commandos felt when they were informed that they could not bring their criados back to Australia with them.
Western Australian MuseumDebt of Honour: Year 10 World War II Depth Study Guide Student sheets© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au
Depth Study Inquiry Task 3: Significance of World War II to Australia’s international relationships in the 20th century
How did the Dutch Portuguese respond to the presence of Australian commandos in their country during World War II?
What was the fate of the East Timorese following the withdrawal of Australian soldiers in 1943?
What was the significance of Australia’s contribution to the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) during the violence in East Timor in 1999?
Describe the conflict of interest between Australia and East Timor regarding the Timor Gap Treaty and explain why members of the 2/2nd Independent Company were outraged by this and what they did to instigate change.
Inquiry Task 1 Inquiry Task 2 Inquiry Task 3
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 7
In 1
942,
a s
mal
l for
ce o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
300
Aus
tral
ian
com
man
dos
foug
ht a
suc
cess
ful
guer
rilla
cam
paig
n in
Eas
t Ti
mor
hol
ding
dow
n ov
er 1
0,00
0 Ja
pane
se t
roop
s. C
ompo
sed
mai
nly
of t
he 2
/2nd
Inde
pend
ent
Com
pany
, the
ir su
cces
s w
as d
ue t
o th
eir
uniq
ue s
tyle
of
war
fare
, the
ir st
aunc
h re
fusa
l to
surr
ende
r to
the
Jap
anes
e an
d th
e re
mar
kabl
e su
ppor
t of
the
Eas
t Ti
mor
ese
peop
le, e
spec
ially
the
you
ng c
riado
s w
ho a
ssis
ted
the
com
man
dos.
Th
e D
ebt
of H
onou
r –
Aus
tral
ia’s
Firs
t C
omm
ando
s an
d E
ast
Tim
or e
xhib
ition
exa
min
es t
he
hero
ic e
xplo
its o
f th
e co
mm
ando
s an
d th
e si
gnifi
canc
e of
the
sup
port
Aus
tral
ian
sold
iers
re
ceiv
ed f
rom
the
Eas
t Ti
mor
ese.
Find
out
mor
e ab
out
this
incr
edib
le s
tory
of
cour
age
and
sacr
ifice
by
com
plet
ing
the
D
ebt
of H
onou
r S
nap
Sho
t R
espo
nses
.
Stud
ent H
istor
ical
Inqu
iry P
roce
ss•Exploretheartefacts,com
panystories,personaleffectsandmilitaryregaliadisplayed
in t
he D
ebt
of H
onou
r ex
hibi
tion.
•Respondtotheinquirytasksoverleafasyoumovethroughtheexhibition.
•Informationgatheredforyourresponsescanbeusedforfollow-upbackatschool.
Hist
oric
al In
quiry
Tas
k:
Snap
Sho
t Res
pons
es
Mem
bers
of
the
ill f
ated
No
7 S
ectio
n, s
ome
of
whi
ch w
ere
exec
uted
dur
ing
the
Rat
ion
Truc
k M
assa
cre.
Thi
s ph
oto
was
tak
en in
Ten
nant
Cre
ek
on r
oute
to
Dar
win
prio
r to
the
ir ar
rival
in E
ast
Tim
or.
Orig
inal
sou
rce
unkn
own.
Fe
atur
ed in
Cyr
il A
ryis
, All
the
Bul
ls M
en, 2
006
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au1
Rai
sing
the
Inde
pend
ent C
ompa
ny
The
Bat
tles F
or T
imor
Japa
n bo
mbe
d D
arw
in o
n 19
Feb
ruar
y 19
42. H
ours
late
r on
the
sam
e da
y,
a Ja
pane
se b
atta
lion
land
ed a
t th
e E
ast
Tim
ores
e ca
pita
l, D
ili.
Rea
d th
e ac
coun
t of
the
firs
t ‘b
attle
’ bet
wee
n th
e Ja
pane
se a
nd t
he A
ustr
alia
ns
at t
he D
ili A
irfiel
d an
d ex
amin
e th
e ca
rtoo
n pu
blis
hed
that
hig
hlig
hted
the
bra
very
of
Priv
ate
Poy
nton
.
•HowdoesthecartoonportrayPoynton’sactions?
•Whodoyouthinkisthetargetaudienceforthiscartoon?W
hy?
The
sold
iers
cho
sen
for
the
2/2n
d In
depe
nden
t C
ompa
ny n
eede
d to
dem
onst
rate
par
ticul
ar
skill
s. S
elec
ted
men
wer
e tr
aine
d in
gue
rrill
a w
arfa
re in
the
rug
ged
terr
ain
of W
ilson
s P
rom
onto
ry (V
icto
ria) t
o pr
epar
e fo
r fig
htin
g be
hind
ene
my
lines
ove
rsea
s.
•Whatweretheuniqueattributesofthemen
chosenforthe2/2ndIndependentCom
pany?
•Whydoyouthinktheseattributeswere
cons
ider
ed h
ighl
y va
luab
le f
or c
omm
ando
soldiersspecialisingin‘guerrilla’warfare?
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Sna
p S
hot
Res
pons
es
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
Priv
ate
(Pte
) Jos
eph
Poy
nton
WX
1255
2 w
as a
war
ded
a D
istin
guis
hed
Con
duct
Med
al a
nd a
Dut
ch B
ronz
e C
ross
for
re
puls
ing
two
Japa
nese
att
acks
at
the
Dili
airfi
eld.
Cou
rtes
y Ja
mes
Dex
ter
publ
ishe
d in
The
Arg
us s
uppl
emen
t
2
The
Aus
tral
ian
com
man
dos
wer
e de
pend
ent
on t
he lo
cal p
opul
atio
n fo
r fo
od, h
ut
cons
truc
tion,
mili
tary
inte
llige
nce
and
mov
ing
supp
lies
acro
ss t
he t
reac
hero
us
terr
ain.
You
ng m
ales
bet
wee
n th
e ag
e of
8 a
nd 1
4 ca
lled
‘cria
dos’
(ser
vant
) hel
ped
the
men
of
the
2/2n
d to
sur
vive
and
con
tinue
figh
ting
agai
nst
the
Japa
nese
.
•IdentifyfourwaysinwhichcriadossupportedtheAustraliancommandos.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Men
of T
imor
S
ho
rt fi
lm
Osc
ar-w
inni
ng fi
lm m
aker
Dam
ien
Par
er
spen
t tw
o w
eeks
with
the
men
of
the
2/2n
d an
d re
cord
ed t
heir
daily
life
and
gue
rrill
a ra
id
tech
niqu
es. W
atch
how
the
com
man
dos
inte
ract
w
ith t
he lo
cal p
eopl
e, w
hat
thei
r liv
ing
cond
ition
s w
ere
like
and
styl
e of
war
fare
use
d.
•Howwouldyoudescribetheliving
cond
ition
s of
the
2/2
nd m
en a
s de
pict
ed
in M
en o
f Ti
mor?
•Describethreetypesofinteractionswith
thelocalpeopleshownduringthefilm?
East
Tim
or S
uppo
rt &
the
Cria
dos
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Sna
p S
hot
Res
pons
es
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
B P
lato
on o
ffice
rs a
nd t
heir
loya
l cria
dos.
Lt T
om N
isbe
t w
ith R
ufino
and
Eve
risto
with
Cap
t G
eoff
Lai
dlaw
.
Cou
rtes
y S
iste
r S
usan
Con
nolly
3
Forc
e In
Tac
t And
Stil
l Fig
htin
g
By
Nov
embe
r 19
42, t
he m
ajor
ity o
f th
e 2/
2nd
Com
man
dos
wer
e si
ck a
nd e
xhau
sted
. A
pha
sed
with
draw
al o
f tr
oops
com
men
ced.
Man
y of
the
com
man
dos
requ
este
d th
eir
cria
do b
e ev
acua
ted
with
the
m b
ut la
st m
inut
e or
ders
fro
m A
ustr
alia
sta
ted
that
crid
aos
had
to r
emai
n in
Eas
t Ti
mor
. Th
is c
ause
d gr
eat
dist
ress
and
ang
er t
o th
e so
ldie
rs w
ho f
elt
a de
ep b
etra
yal a
t ha
ving
to
leav
e be
hind
the
ir lo
yal c
ompa
nion
s.
Wat
ch t
he fl
im K
riado
and
list
en t
o th
e pe
rspe
ctiv
es o
f m
embe
rs o
f th
e 2/
2nd
and
cria
do R
ufino
to
und
erst
and
how
diffi
cult
the
Aus
tral
ian
evac
uatio
n fr
om E
ast
Tim
or w
as f
or b
oth
part
ies.
•WhatwasthefateoftheEastTimoreseaftertheAustralianforceswithdrew?
Imag
ine
you
are
a m
embe
r of
the
2/2
nd a
bout
to
evac
uate
Eas
t Ti
mor
aft
er 1
2 m
onth
s of
figh
ting
agai
nst
the
Japa
nese
and
bei
ng s
uppo
rted
by
your
cria
do a
nd t
he lo
cal p
opul
atio
n. •Howwouldyoufeelabouthavingtoleaveyourcriadobehindknowingthefatethat
awaitedthem
?
•WhatwouldyoudotohonourthedebtowedtoyourcriadoandthepeopleofEastTimor?
Win
nie
The
War
Win
ner
Whe
n th
e Ja
pane
se t
ook
cont
rol o
f D
ili, t
he
2/2n
d de
stro
yed
thei
r on
ly r
adio
con
tact
ba
ck t
o A
ustr
alia
to
avoi
d it
bein
g ca
ptur
ed
and
used
by
the
enem
y. It
too
k tw
o m
onth
s of
2/2
nd s
igna
llers
wor
king
day
and
nig
ht t
o cr
eate
a n
ew r
adio
fro
m s
cave
nged
spa
re
part
s. N
ickn
amed
‘Win
nie
The
War
Win
ner’
, it
tran
smitt
ed t
heir
first
mes
sage
to
Dar
win
th
at r
eque
sted
the
imm
edia
te s
uppl
y of
bo
ots,
qui
nine
(mal
aria
med
icat
ion)
, mon
ey
and
amm
uniti
on.
•Whydoyouthinktheitemsrequestedinthe
first
suc
cess
ful t
rans
mitt
ed m
essa
ge w
ere
a priorityforthecommandos?
•Whydoyouthinkbootswereofparticular
importance?Findoutwhatthecommandos
did
to p
rolo
ng t
he li
fesp
an o
f th
eir
boot
s w
hile
in T
imor
.
Evac
uatio
n fr
om E
ast T
imor
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Sna
p S
hot
Res
pons
es
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
Pad
dy K
enne
ally
and
R
ufino
Alv
es C
orre
ia, D
ili, 2
000
Cou
rtes
y S
iste
r S
usan
Con
nolly
4
Tim
or G
ap T
reat
y
In 1
975,
Indo
nesi
a in
vade
d E
ast
Tim
or a
nd g
over
ned
the
area
up
until
199
9 w
hen
thou
sand
s of
lo
cals
vot
ed f
or in
depe
nden
ce. S
oon
afte
r, In
done
sian
bac
ked
mili
tia r
espo
nded
with
vio
lenc
e,
killi
ng p
eopl
e an
d de
stro
ying
bui
ldin
gs. M
edia
cov
erag
e of
the
se a
troc
ities
hei
ghte
ned
inte
rnat
iona
l con
cern
whi
ch r
esul
ted
in A
ustr
alia
lead
ing
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l For
ce f
or E
ast
Tim
or
(INTE
RFE
T) t
o co
ntro
l the
wid
e sp
read
vio
lenc
e. T
he s
ituat
ion
was
soo
n br
ough
t un
der
cont
rol
and
Eas
t Ti
mor
was
late
r de
clar
ed a
n in
depe
nden
t na
tion
in 2
002.
•HowdoyouthinkAustralia’sinvolvem
entinINTERFETissymbolictorepayingEastTimor
forthesupportgiventocom
mandosbackin1942?
In 1
991,
Aus
tral
ia s
igne
d an
agr
eem
ent
with
In
done
sia
to o
btai
n oi
l and
gas
fro
m t
he T
imor
S
eabe
d. M
any
Aus
tral
ians
wer
e sh
ocke
d to
lear
n th
at t
he A
ustr
alia
n go
vern
men
t ha
d re
fuse
d to
rec
ogni
se T
imor
-Les
te’s
(for
mal
ly
Eas
t Ti
mor
) rig
hts
to in
com
e ga
ined
fro
m t
he
vent
ure.
Mem
bers
of
the
2/2n
d pu
t pr
essu
re
on t
he A
ustr
alia
n go
vern
men
t to
cha
nge
thei
r ec
onom
ic p
olic
y by
pro
duci
ng t
elev
isio
n ad
vert
isem
ents
info
rmin
g th
e A
ustr
alia
n pu
blic
of
the
gove
rnm
ent’s
fai
lure
to
supp
ort
Tim
or-L
este
.
Wat
ch t
he a
dver
tisem
ents
and
tak
e no
te
of t
he la
ngua
ge, i
mag
ery
and
tone
use
d by
m
embe
rs o
f th
e 2/
2nd
to c
omm
unic
ate
thei
r m
essa
ge t
o A
ustr
alia
ns.
•Whatwasthepositiveoutcomethatresulted
from
theseadvertisem
ents?
Rep
ayin
g So
me
of th
e D
ebt
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Sna
p S
hot
Res
pons
es
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
3 S
AS
Squ
adro
n ve
hicl
e m
ount
ed
patr
ol a
re w
elco
med
by
Eas
t Ti
mor
ese
loca
ls o
n ap
proa
ch t
o a
chur
ch in
the
vill
age
of S
uai 1
999.
Cou
rtes
y S
AS
His
toric
al F
ound
atio
n
5
Hon
ourin
g W
ar T
ime
Hel
p
The
2/2n
d C
omm
ando
Ass
ocia
tion
of A
ustr
alia
(Inc
.) w
as f
orm
ed in
194
6 to
ass
ist
in k
eepi
ng
mem
bers
in c
onta
ct w
ith e
ach
othe
r th
roug
h so
cial
eve
nts,
pub
licat
ions
, and
fun
drai
sing
ef
fort
s to
sup
port
initi
ativ
es in
Eas
t Ti
mor
.
•WhatdidtheassociationbuildinDare,EastTimor,in1969tohonourthewartimeassistance
providedbytheEastTimorese?
•Whatwasitreplacedwithin2009?
•Howdoyouthinkthisnewmem
orialbenefitedthelocalpeopleofDare?
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Sna
p S
hot
Res
pons
es
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
Mem
bers
of
the
2/2n
d C
omm
ando
Ass
ocia
tion,
the
ir w
ives
and
sur
vivi
ng c
riado
s, a
tten
ded
the
open
ing
of
the
Tim
or M
emor
ial a
t D
are,
in A
pril
1969
.
Cou
rtes
y Ja
ck C
arey
. Fea
ture
d in
Cyr
il A
yris
, All
the
Bul
l’s M
en, 2
006 6
In 1
942,
a s
mal
l for
ce o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
300
Aus
tral
ian
com
man
dos
foug
ht a
suc
cess
ful
guer
rilla
cam
paig
n in
Eas
t Ti
mor
hol
ding
dow
n ov
er 1
0,00
0 Ja
pane
se t
roop
s. C
ompo
sed
mai
nly
of t
he 2
/2nd
Inde
pend
ent
Com
pany
, the
ir su
cces
s w
as d
ue t
o th
eir
uniq
ue s
tyle
of
war
fare
, the
ir st
aunc
h re
fusa
l to
surr
ende
r to
the
Jap
anes
e an
d th
e re
mar
kabl
e su
ppor
t of
the
Eas
t Ti
mor
ese
peop
le, e
spec
ially
the
you
ng c
riado
s w
ho a
ssis
ted
the
com
man
dos.
Th
e D
ebt
of H
onou
r –
Aus
tral
ia’s
Firs
t C
omm
ando
s an
d E
ast
Tim
or e
xhib
ition
exa
min
es t
he
hero
ic e
xplo
its o
f th
e co
mm
ando
s an
d th
e si
gnifi
canc
e of
the
sup
port
Aus
tral
ian
sold
iers
re
ceiv
ed f
rom
the
Eas
t Ti
mor
ese.
Stud
ent H
istor
ical
Inqu
iry P
roce
ss•Movethroughthe
Deb
t of
Hon
our
exhi
bitio
n to
bec
ome
fam
iliar
with
the
sto
ries
an
d ar
tefa
cts
disp
laye
d.
•Nowre-visitthepartsoftheexhibitionthatproviderelevantinformationfortheInquiry
Task
you
hav
e se
lect
ed. P
leas
e no
te t
hat
the
info
rmat
ion
gath
ered
for
you
r re
spon
ses
will
nee
d to
com
e fr
om m
ultip
le lo
catio
ns w
ithin
the
exh
ibiti
on; e
vide
nce
won
’t b
e co
ntai
ned
in ju
st o
ne d
ispl
ay.
•Informationgatheredcanbeusedforfollow-upbackatschool.
Hist
oric
al In
quiry
Tas
k:
Year
10
Wor
ld W
ar II
Dep
th S
tudy
Gui
de
B P
lato
on o
ffice
rs a
nd t
heir
loya
l cria
dos.
Lt T
om N
isbe
t w
ith R
ufino
and
Eve
risto
with
Cap
t G
eoff
Lai
dlaw
.
Cou
rtes
y S
iste
r S
usan
Con
nolly
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au1
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Yea
r 10
Wor
ld W
ar II
Dep
th S
tudy
Gui
de
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
Dep
th S
tudy
Inqu
iry T
ask
1:
An
over
view
of t
he c
ause
s and
cou
rse
of W
orld
War
II
Whi
ch lo
catio
ns in
the
Pac
ific
wer
e re
gim
ents
of
the
Aus
tral
ian
Impe
rial F
orce
(AIF
) and
alli
ed
forc
es d
eplo
yed
to d
efen
d th
e re
gion
aga
inst
the
JapaneseIm
perialForce?
Wha
t w
as J
apan
’s m
otiv
atio
n fo
r en
terin
g th
e war?WhichcountrieshadtheJapaneseIm
perial
Forc
e su
cces
sful
ly o
ccup
ied
prio
r to
the
ir la
ndin
g inTimor?
Wha
t w
ere
the
met
hods
use
d to
rec
ruit
men
for
theAIF?HowwereAIFtrainedmenselectedfor
the
first
Inde
pend
ent
Com
pani
es in
clud
ing
the
2/2ndcommandos?
2
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Yea
r 10
Wor
ld W
ar II
Dep
th S
tudy
Gui
de
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
Dep
th S
tudy
Inqu
iry T
ask
2:
The
exp
erie
nces
of A
ustr
alia
ns d
urin
g W
orld
War
II
Des
crib
e th
e sk
ills
and
war
fare
em
ploy
ed b
y th
e 2/
2nd
to
atta
ck a
n ar
my
of a
sig
nific
antly
gre
ater
num
ber
of s
oldi
ers.
Exp
lain
the
sig
nific
ance
of
the
supp
ort
rece
ived
by
the
2/2n
d co
mm
ando
s fr
om t
he E
ast
Tim
ores
e an
d cr
iado
s to
ass
ist
thei
r ef
fort
s in
figh
ting
agai
nst
the
Japa
nese
.
Out
line
the
diff
eren
t w
eapo
ns a
nd f
orm
s of
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gy u
sed
by t
he 2
/2nd
com
man
dos
and
how
the
se
cont
ribut
ed t
o th
eir
surv
ival
.
Des
crib
e ho
w t
he 2
/2nd
com
man
dos
felt
whe
n th
ey w
ere
info
rmed
th
at t
hey
coul
d no
t br
ing
thei
r cr
iado
s ba
ck t
o A
ustr
alia
with
the
m.
3
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Yea
r 10
Wor
ld W
ar II
Dep
th S
tudy
Gui
de
Stu
dent
she
ets
© 2
012
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au
Dep
th S
tudy
Inqu
iry T
ask
3:
Sign
ifica
nce
of W
orld
War
II to
Aus
tral
ia’s
in
tern
atio
nal r
elat
ions
hips
in th
e 20
th c
entu
ry
How
did
the
Dut
ch P
ortu
gues
e re
spon
d to
the
pre
senc
e of
Aus
tral
ian
commandosintheircountryduringWorldWarII?
Wha
t w
as t
he s
igni
fican
ce o
f A
ustr
alia
’s c
ontr
ibut
ion
to t
he
Inte
rnat
iona
l For
ce f
or E
ast
Tim
or (I
NTE
RFE
T) d
urin
g th
e vi
olen
ce in
EastTimorin1999?
Wha
t w
as t
he f
ate
of t
he E
ast
Tim
ores
e fo
llow
ing
the
with
draw
al o
f Australiansoldiersin1943?
Des
crib
e th
e co
nflic
t of
inte
rest
bet
wee
n A
ustr
alia
and
Eas
t Ti
mor
re
gard
ing
the
Tim
or G
ap T
reat
y an
d ex
plai
n w
hy m
embe
rs o
f th
e 2/
2nd
Inde
pend
ent
Com
pany
wer
e ou
trag
ed b
y th
is a
nd w
hat
they
did
to
inst
igat
e ch
ange
.
4
In 1
942,
a s
mal
l for
ce o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
300
Aus
tral
ian
com
man
dos
foug
ht a
suc
cess
ful
guer
rilla
cam
paig
n in
Eas
t Ti
mor
hol
ding
dow
n ov
er 1
0,00
0 Ja
pane
se t
roop
s. C
ompo
sed
mai
nly
of t
he 2
/2nd
Inde
pend
ent
Com
pany
, the
ir su
cces
s w
as d
ue t
o th
eir
uniq
ue s
tyle
of
war
fare
, the
ir st
aunc
h re
fusa
l to
surr
ende
r to
the
Jap
anes
e an
d th
e re
mar
kabl
e su
ppor
t of
the
Eas
t Ti
mor
ese
peop
le, e
spec
ially
the
you
ng c
riado
s w
ho a
ssis
ted
the
com
man
dos.
Th
e D
ebt
of H
onou
r –
Aus
tral
ia’s
Firs
t C
omm
ando
s an
d E
ast
Tim
or e
xhib
ition
exa
min
es t
he
hero
ic e
xplo
its o
f th
e co
mm
ando
s an
d th
e si
gnifi
canc
e of
the
sup
port
Aus
tral
ian
rece
ived
fr
om t
he E
ast
Tim
ores
e.
Stud
ent H
istor
ical
Inqu
iry P
roce
ss•ReadthroughtheOpen-endedInquiryQuestionslistedoverleaftoensureyouare
fam
iliar
with
the
the
mes
hig
hlig
hted
in t
he D
ebt
of H
onou
r ex
hibi
tion.
•Com
menceaninitialwalkthroughoftheexhibitionasageneralexplorationof
arte
fact
s, c
ompa
ny s
torie
s, p
erso
nal e
ffec
ts a
nd m
ilita
ry r
egal
ia d
ispl
ayed
.
•NowselecttheHistoricalInquiryOpen-endedQuestionsyouwishtorespondtoand
re-v
isit
the
part
s of
the
exh
ibiti
on t
hat
prov
ide
rele
vant
info
rmat
ion
to s
uppo
rt y
our
resp
onse
s. P
leas
e no
te t
hat
the
info
rmat
ion
gath
ered
for
you
r re
spon
ses
will
nee
d to
co
me
from
mul
tiple
loca
tions
with
in t
he e
xhib
ition
; evi
denc
e w
on’t
be
cont
aine
d in
ju
st o
ne d
ispl
ay.
•Informationgatheredforyourresponsescanbeusedforfollow-upbackatschool.
Hist
oric
al In
quiry
Tas
k:
Ope
n-en
ded
Que
stio
ns
Priv
ate
Jack
Wic
ks f
rom
Bas
send
ean
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ia w
ith h
is c
riado
.
Dam
ien
Par
er, c
ourt
esy
Aus
tral
ian
War
Mem
oria
l A
WM
013
792
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au1
•Examine
the
exhi
bitio
n se
ctio
n th
at d
ocum
ents
the
cha
in o
f ev
ents
tha
t le
d to
Aus
tral
ia
spea
rhea
ding
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l For
ce f
or E
ast
Tim
or (I
NTE
RFE
T) t
o co
ntai
n th
e vi
olen
ce
in T
imor
-Les
te in
199
9. E
xpla
in h
ow t
he p
rese
nce
of A
ustr
alia
n tr
oops
was
per
ceiv
ed
as a
‘par
tial p
aym
ent’
of
the
debt
ow
ed f
rom
the
sup
port
giv
en b
y th
e E
ast
Tim
ores
e to
A
ustr
alia
n so
ldie
rs in
Wor
ld W
ar II
.
•Explain
how
the
ent
win
ed h
isto
ry o
f A
ustr
alia
and
Eas
t Ti
mor
(Tim
or-L
este
) de
mon
stra
tes
elem
ents
of
cont
inui
ty a
nd c
hang
e. W
hat
do y
ou t
hink
has
rem
aine
d th
e samebetweenthesetwocountriesandhowhavethingschangedsinceWorldWarII?
Whatdoyoupredictforthefuture?Explainyourpredictions.
•Detaild
iffer
ent
tact
ics
2/2n
d co
mm
ando
s em
ploy
ed t
o in
crea
se t
heir
chan
ces
of
surv
ival
dur
ing
thei
r tim
e in
Tim
or (e
.g.,
cam
oufla
ged
unifo
rms,
com
mun
icat
ions
, sup
ply
logi
stic
s, m
edic
al r
esou
rces
, rap
port
with
loca
l peo
ple…
etc)
, and
mak
e re
fere
nce
to
sour
ces
in t
he D
ebt
of H
onou
r ex
hibi
tion
that
hig
hlig
ht t
his.
•Examine
the
varie
ty o
f pr
opag
anda
dis
play
ed in
the
Deb
t of
Hon
our
exhi
bitio
n (r
ecru
itmen
t po
ster
s, n
ewsr
eel,
surr
ende
r no
tes,
car
toon
s, p
amph
lets
…et
c). E
xpla
in
how
the
var
iety
of
med
ia e
mpl
oyed
wou
ld h
ave
incr
ease
d su
ppor
t fo
r an
Alli
ed
vict
ory.
Com
men
t on
the
ste
reot
ypes
inhe
rent
in t
he p
ropa
gand
a us
ed. H
ow d
o yo
u th
ink
thes
e st
rate
gies
influ
ence
d th
e at
titud
es o
f in
divi
dual
s ba
ck a
t ho
me
and
of
thoseinEastTimor?
•Consider
the
layo
ut o
f th
e D
ebt
of H
onou
r ex
hibi
tion.
Iden
tify
and
desc
ribe
how
cur
ator
s an
d de
sign
ers
have
ach
ieve
d th
e fo
llow
ing:
cre
atin
g a
moo
d, t
ellin
g a
chro
nolo
gica
l st
ory,
hig
hlig
htin
g pa
rtic
ular
eve
nts
or in
divi
dual
s, a
nd d
ispl
ayin
g ar
tefa
cts.
•Examine
the
diff
eren
t pe
rspe
ctiv
es in
here
nt
in t
he D
ebt
of H
onou
r ex
hibi
tion.
How
ar
e th
e A
ustr
alia
ns a
nd t
he E
ast
Tim
ores
e portrayed?Howdoesthiscom
paretohow
theJapaneseareportrayed?Whatsources
and
evid
ence
are
em
ploy
ed t
o su
ppor
t
theseinterpretations?
•Identify
the
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y so
urce
s di
spla
yed
in t
he D
ebt
of H
onou
r ex
hibi
tion.
H
ow u
sefu
l do
you
thin
k th
ese
sour
ces
are
for
evok
ing
empa
thy
in v
isito
rs w
ho a
tten
d theexhibition?
•Revealw
hich
thr
ee t
hem
es p
rese
nted
in t
he
Deb
t of
Hon
our
exhi
bitio
n yo
u th
ink
are
the
mos
t im
port
ant
for
the
Aus
tral
ian
gene
ral
publ
ic t
o be
com
e fa
mili
ar w
ith. E
xpla
in
why
you
fee
l thi
s w
ay a
nd w
hat
evid
ence
is
ava
ilabl
e to
bac
k up
you
r cl
aim
s. H
ow
wou
ld y
ou c
omm
unic
ate
your
tho
ught
s to
thenation?
Wes
tern
Aus
tral
ian
Mus
eum
Deb
t of
Hon
our:
Open-endedQuestions
S
tude
nt s
heet
s©
201
2
mu
seu
m.w
a.g
ov.
au2
Post Visit Extension Activities
The following tasks have been created for students to further demonstrate their historical inquiry skills on the theme of Australian commandos in East Timor. Choose the tasks that are best suited to your class:
Australia and East Timor Entwined TASK: Time Line of Continuity and Change
The bonds of friendship forged between Australia and East Timor during World War II has endured through a long and entwined history between our two countries. Research the events that occurred in Australia and East Timor during each of the following years:
1942 1975 1999 2002 2005
Explain the significant links between these two countries at these times indicating the event or controversy that occurred at each time point. Forecast what impact these events could have for future alliances between Australia and Timor-Leste.
Proganda and Documentation of War TASK: Investigation Report on the Historical Accuracy of the film: Men of Timor
Oscar-winning film maker Damien Parer was appointed as the official movie photographer to the AIF in World War II. He spent over two weeks with the men of the 2/2nd in November 1942 and recorded their daily life and raid techniques. Watch Parer’s movie Men of Timor and reflect on the language used toward the Japanese and the local Timorese.
Select three themes of the Timor Campaign to compare what you know from your research with how accurately these are depicted in Damien Parer’s Men of Timor, i.e., type of warfare practiced by the 2/2nd, interaction between commandos and the East Timorese, living conditions and terrain endured…etc. Conclude with your informed opinion about whether Parer’s Men of Timor was an accurate depiction of the Australian commando experiences.
Evacuation and Desertion of Mates TASK: Empathetic Response - Written Letter
By November 1942, many of the 2/2nd commandos had became sick and exhausted. Some soldiers were incapable of fighting. Food was desperately short and the local people were starving. A phased withdrawal of troops and European civilians commenced. Many commandos requested that their criado be evacuated with them but last minute orders from Australia stated that the cridaos had to remain in East Timor. This caused great distress and anger in the soldiers, who felt it was a deep betrayal of their loyal companions.
Imagine you are a soldier of the 2/2nd. Write a letter to a friend or a family member about the evacuation experience from East Timor back to Australia. Describe the events of the evacuation, reflect on the tough living conditions and the guerrilla fighting style endured during your time in East Timor and explain how you felt when your criado was denied evacuation and what you intend to do to honour the debt that has occurred.
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 20
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 21
Soldier Profiles TASK: Soldier Profile Power Point Presentation
While all men who served in the 2/2nd fought under extreme conditions, many historical accounts highlight the innovation and tenacity of particular individuals.
Select two 2/2nd commandos and find out about their contribution to the war effort and include details such as:
• Name
• Date of Birth
• Home Town - Map
• Date they joined the AIF
• Photos
• Reveal what their military appointment was (i.e., engineer, cavalry, artillery, medical, signals, survey…etc) and what skills were reqired for their role.
• Time of service in East Timor (i.e., the date arrived to the date they were evacuated)
• Describe their innovation or bravery and the circumstances in which this was demonstrated.
• Reveal if they were awarded decorations, or if they did not receive any, which ones you think they should have received and explain why.
• Explain why you chose to investigate them and what you admire about their character.
Capt David Dexter’s A Platoon 2/2nd Independent company in Northern Territory after returning from Timor in December 1942.
Original source unknown. Featured in Cyril Aryis, All the Bulls Men, 2006
Onlinehttp://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_13313second_world_war/
http://doublereds.org.au
http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/japadvance/timor.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2/2nd_Commando_Squadron_(Australia)
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/aaw/
YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nql3fIKZ9BI
Men of Timor Newsreel by Damien Parer about the Sparrow Force commando campaign in Timor during 1942. This was the first good news in 1942 after many disastrous defeats in the Pacific.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQPv2H4qblU&feature=relmfu
Ray Aitken of the 2/2 Independent Company of Sparrow Force describing his hunt of Japan’s most decorated soldier - the Singapore Tiger - who was sent to Timor in 1942 to raise morale in the Japanese Army and eliminate Sparrow Force.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPc6X3c75kk
Interview with the late Paddy Kenneally of the 2/2nd Independent Company describing a raid by several commandos in the capital of East Timor, Dili in 1942.
DVDsA Debt of Honour – Let’s Play Productions
Timor - Tour of Duty – Film by Sasha Uzunov
BooksAyris, C, All the Bull’s men: no. 2 Australian Independent Company (2/2nd Commando Squadron). (2006).
Callinan, B, Independent Company; the 2/2 and 2/4 Australian Independent Companies in Portugese Timor 1941–1943, William Heinemann Ltd, London. (1953).
Campbell, A, The double reds of Timor, Swanbourne. (1995).
Cleary, P, The men who came out of the ground: a gripping account of Australia’s first commando campaign: Timor 1942, Hachette Australia, Sydney (2010).
Collins, P, Strike Swiftly – The Australian Commando Story, Watermark Press, Sydney. (2005).
Doig, C, A history of the 2nd Independent Company and 2/2 Commando Squadron, Self-published. (1986).
Marshal, A, Yes...There is life besides cricket! A&L Printers, Bunbury. (2002).
Wray, C, Timor 1942: Australian commandos at war with the Japanese, Hutchinson Australia, Melbourne. (1987).
White, K, Criado: a story of East Timor, Indra Publishing, Briar Hill, Vic. (2002).
Resources
Western Australian MuseumTeacher Resource: Debt of Honour© 2012 museum.wa.gov.au 22
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