seismic risk for data centers -...

Critical Facility Round TableOctober 16, 2003 San Francisco

Seismic Risk for Data Centers

David BonnevilleSenior Principal Degenkolb EngineersSan Francisco, California

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Presentation Outline

Seismic Risk

Code Requirements

Data Center Components

Issues and Solutions

Data Center Buildings

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic Risk

A Function of:

Seismic Hazard and Building Performance

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Bay Area 30-year Probabilities

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

USGS Seismic Hazard Map

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic Performance – Buildings

Northridge Earthquake

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

ST – RISK % Damage vs. MMI

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Intensity vs. Peak Ground Acceleration

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic Performance – Data Centers

Seattle Earthquake

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Equipment Damage vs. MMI FROM ATC – 13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

VI VII VIII IX X XI XIIMMI

Loss

to N

onst

ruct

ural

Item

s (%

)

Electrical Equip. Mechanical Equip. Hi-Tech & Lab Equip. Office Equip.

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Equipment Anchorage

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Code Requirements 1. Pre – 1997 UBC

Including all editions of BOCA and SBC

2. Post 1997

2a. 1997 UBC

2b. 2000 IBC, 2003 IBC

2003 NFPA 5000

2002 ASCE - 7

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Code Requirements – 1994 UBC

Lateral Force On Nonstructural Components

Where:Fp = Equivalent static horizontal design forceZ = Seismic Zone CoefficientCp = Coefficient (Generally 0.75 for equipment)Ip = Importance Factor (1.0, 1.25 or 1.5)Wp = Weight of the Item

pppp WIZCF =

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Code Requirements – 1997 UBCLateral Force On Nonstructural Components

Where:ap = Component Amplification Factor (rigid or flexible structure)

(varies from 1.0 to 2.5)Ca = Seismic Coefficient (dep. on Zone and Soil Type)Ip = Importance FactorRp = Component Response Modification Factor

(ductility of support anchorage)hx/hr = height in building where equipment is located divided

by total height of building

pr

x

p

pap Whh

RICa

Fp )31( +=

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Code Related Issues

Lateral Forces on Nonstructural Components1994 UBC vs. 1997 UBC

Near FaultShallow Anchors

1997 UBC

1994 UBC

Roof Level

Grade Level

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Shallow Anchors

Shallow Anchors are those with and embedment length to diameter ratio of less than 8.

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Installation Related Issues

No Anchorage

Inadequate Anchorage

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Data Center Components

Server Racks

Other Equipment – AC and UPS

Access Floors

Ceiling and Fire Sprinklers

Emergency Generators

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Servers

Seattle Earthquake

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic Anchorage of Servers

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Anchorage Solution

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Anchorage SolutionAnchor servers

to prevent sliding and overturning

Brace access floor to prevent lateral collapse

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Rack Design Issues

Seismic

RackStandard

Rack

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Rack DesignIssues

Anchorage of seismic rack to floor.

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Alternative Solution – Rack Isolation

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation

Single isolator

Isolator allows floor to move underneath equipment. Forces on equipment above are greatly reduced WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation

100%

Amplitude

WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Alternative Solution - Rack Isolation

141%

Amplitude

WORKSAFE TECHNOLOGIES

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Other Equipment on Raised Floor

UPS Equipment

Approach is similar to server racks.

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Heavy Equipment

AC Units

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Heavy Equipment Anchorage

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Emergency Power

Anchorage of emergency generator

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Access Floors

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Access Floors

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Bracing of Access Floors

Access floors must be braced or pedestals designed to cantilever.

Mass to include floor system and weight of equipment (normally 25% of floor LL.)

Need mechanical attachment to base slab, glue alone IS NOT acceptable.

Access floors must be braced or pedestals designed to cantilever.

Mass to include floor system and weight of equipment (normally 25% of floor LL.)

Need mechanical attachment to base slab, glue alone IS NOT acceptable.

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Bracing of Access Floors

Standard pedestals are notadequate for high seismic areas

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Heavy Duty Pedestals and Stringers

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Design Anchorage Detail: Access Floor

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Access Floor Bracing – Installation Problems

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Access Floor Bracing – Installation Problems

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Ceilings and Fire Sprinklers Northridge Earthquake 1994

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Ceilings and Fire Sprinklers

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Pipe Bracing

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Pipe Bracing NOTE: NFPA 13 editions prior to

1999 may not be adequate in high seismic areas.

NFPA-13 Detail

Acceptable Bracing

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Building

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic Design Forces with Time

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25La

tera

l For

ce (%

g)

.08.10

.14

.21

1949-76 1976-97Pre 1949 1997-Present

Low-Rise

Shear Wall

Building in Zone 4

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Relative Costs – Bricks and Mortar

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

Office Hospital DataCenter

PharmMfg.

Chip FabBuilding Type

Cos

t / S

quar

e Fo

ot

Structural Exterior Arch. Interiors MEP

22%15%

7%

6%

5%Relative Structural Cost

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

Office Hospital DataCenter

PharmMfg.

Chip FabBuilding Type

Cos

t / S

quar

e Fo

ot

Structural Exterior Arch. Interiors MEP Soft Costs FF&E

3%

Relative Structural Cost

15%

1%

3%

7%

1%

Relative Costs – Fully Equipped

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic Performance Levels

OperationalOperational

Life SafeLife Safe

Immediate Immediate OccupancyOccupancy

1997 UBC1997 UBC

Near CollapseNear Collapse

CollapseCollapse

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic UpgradeSolution with BRBF’s

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic Upgrade – BRBF’s

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Seismic UpgradeSolution with BRBF’s

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Damper Solution

4-5 Link StructureViscous Dampers

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Damper Solution 4-5 Link Structure Viscous Dampers

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Base Isolation Seismic Isolation provides major economic advantages:

Protection of occupants, contents, structure

Dramatic reduction in damage

minimal business disruption

mn

Lead-RubberSeismic Isolator

Seismically Isolated Structure

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Base Isolation

Base Isolator During Testing USGS

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Base Isolation AboveNet Building

New Isolator Under Existing Building

Critical Facility Round Table Seismic Risk for Data Centers October 16, 2003

Conclusions 1. Data Centers are subject to severe damage and loss

of operations in moderate (frequent) earthquakes.

2. Code requirements related to equipment anchorage have recently changed significantly.

3. Equipment bracing (even for critical equipment) is often nonexistent or second-rate.

4. Access floors are critical to data center performance and most are not intended for use in high seismic areas.

5. Seismic upgrades can generally be undertaken without severe disruption of the data center.

David Bonneville - Senior Principaldbonne@degenkolb.com

Degenkolb Engineers225 Bush Street, Suite 1000San Francisco, CA 94104Phone: 415.392.6952Fax: 415.981.3157www.degenkolb.com

San Francisco . Los Angeles . Portland . Oakland . San Diego . Seattle

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