sept, 2005csi 41181 part 2.2 protocols and protocol layering robert probert, site, university of...

SEPT, 2005 CSI 4118 1

Part 2.2

Protocols and

Protocol Layering

Robert Probert, SITE, University of Ottawa

SEPT, 2005 CSI 4118 2

Protocol

Agreement about communication Specifies

Format of messages Meaning of messages Rules for exchange Procedure for handling problems

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Need for Protocols

Hardware is low level Many problems can occur

Bits corrupted or destroyed Entire packet lost Packet duplicated Packets delivered out of order

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Need for Protocols (continued)

Need mechanisms to distinguish among Multiple computers on a network Multiple applications on a computer Multiple copies of a single application on a

computer

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Set of Protocols

Work together Each protocol solves part of communication

problem Known as

Protocol suite Protocol family

Designed in layers

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Plan for Protocol Design

Intended for protocol designers Divides protocols into layers Each layer devoted to one subproblem Example: ISO 7-layer reference model

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Illustration of the 7-Layer Model

Defined early Now somewhat dated Does not include internet layer!

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ISO Layers

Layer 1: Physical Underlying hardware

Layer 2: Data Link (media access) Hardware frame definitions

Layer 3: Network Packet forwarding

Layer 4: Transport Reliability

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ISO Layers (continued)

Layer 5: Session Login and passwords

Layer 6: Presentation Data representation

Layer 7: Application Individual application program

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Layers and Protocol Software

Protocol software follows layering model One software module per layer Modules cooperate Incoming or outgoing data passes from one

module to another Entire set of modules known as stack

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Illustration of Stacks

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Layers and Packet Headers

Each layer Prepends header to outgoing packet Removes header from incoming packet

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Scientific Layering Principle

Software implementing layer N at the destination receives exactly the message sent by software implementing layer N at the source

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Illustration of Layering Principle

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Protocol Techniques

For bit corruption Parity Checksum CRC

For out-of-order delivery Sequence numbers

Duplication Sequence numbers

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Protocol Techniques (continued)

For lost packets Positive acknowledgement and retransmission

For replay (excessive delay) Unique message ID

For data overrun Flow control

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Flow Control

Needed because Sending computer system faster than

receiving computer Sending application faster than receiving

application Related to buffering Two forms

Stop-and-go Sliding window

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Stop-And-Go Flow Control

Sending Side Transmits one packet Waits for signal from receiver

Receiving side Receives and consumes packets Transmits signal to sender

Inefficient

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Sliding Window Flow Control

Receiving side Establishes multiple buffers and informs sender

Sending side Transmits packets for all available buffers Only waits if no signal arrives before transmission

Receiving side Sends signals as packets arrive

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Illustration of SlidingWindow on Sending Side

Window tells how many packets can be sent Window moves as acknowledgements arrive

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Performance

Stop-and-go Slow Useful only in special cases

Sliding window Fast Needed in high-speed network

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Comparison of Flow Control

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Why Sliding Window?

Simultaneously Increase throughput Control flow

Speedup

Tw = min(B, TG Wwhere B is underlying hardware bandwidth TW is sliding window throughput TG is stop-and-go throughput W is the window size

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Congestion

Fundamental problem in networks Caused by traffic, not hardware failure Analogous to congestion on a highway Principle cause of delay

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Illustration of ArchitectureThat Can Experience Congestion

Multiple sources Bottleneck

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Congestion and Loss

Modern network hardware works well; most packet loss results from congestion, not from hardware failure