session 7: csp part 2 agenda discussion of homework power tower dish/engine hybrid systems homework...
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Session 7: CSP Part 2
Agenda• Discussion of Homework• Power Tower• Dish/Engine• Hybrid Systems• Homework Assignment
CSP: Power Tower
2
Power Tower with Storage
290 C(554 F)
565 C(1049 F)
• Sun-tracking mirrors• Tower mounted receiver• Storage fluid: Molten salt• Salt/Steam heat exchanger• Conventional steam plant
Source: NREL website
3
Power Tower Characteristics• Solar Multiple = thermal power from collector field peak thermal power for power block
• For a plant in Mohave Desert• Solar Multiple = 2.7• Capacity Factor = 65% (w/o storage, CF =25%)
• Storage Provides• Dispatchability• Accommodate transient clouds• Ability to operate during peak load demand periods
4
Power Tower Pros and Cons
• Pros• Dispatchable• Cover Peak Demand• Accommodate clouds• Good efficiency
• Cons• Not modular, can’t provide power until complete• Not viable for small power output
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Power Tower History
Source: NREL website
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Solar TwoBarstow, CA
Goal: Demonstrate Molten Salt Storage
Source: NREL website
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Solar Two Performance• Receiver: Boeing’s Rocketdyne Division
• Handle Transients: 290 C to 570 C in less than 1 minute (transient clouds)
• Salt• 60% sodium nitrate, 40% potassium nitrate• Melts at 220 C (428 F)• Low viscosity (similar to water)• High wetting factor (hard to contain)
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State-of-Art: Gemasolar
• Output: 19.9 MWe, 110 GWh/year• • Storage: 15 hours, molten salt
• 140-meter high tower
• 2650 120-m2 heliostats
• Initial Operation: May 2011
• Location: Spain
• Owner: Torresol Energy
Sources: http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=40,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemasolar
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Dish/Engine CSP
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How do these relate to CSP?
Source: NASA Photo
Source: Kockums Website
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Dish/Stirling Based on these TechnologiesMacDonald Douglas Aircraftdeveloped a dish based on aircraft structural design
Kockums developed a Stirlingengine design based on an Air Independent Propulsion system for submarines
Source: Kockums Website
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
13
Dish-Stirling ApproachStirling Energy Systems, Inc.
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
14
Relative Advantages Of Dishes Vs. Other Concentrating Technologies
• Distributed Generation AND Central Power Plant Capabilities
• Minimal Water Usage• Easier To Site And
More Environmentally Friendly:– No Site Leveling Required– No Defoliation
15
Solar Dish Stirling OperationSolar Dish Stirling Operation• Dish Concentrator Focuses Sun’s Energy On Receiver• Stirling Engine Converts Thermal Energy To Electrical Energy
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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Dish Stirling Principles of Operation• Dish Concentrator Focuses Sun’s Energy On Receiver• Stirling Engine Converts Thermal Energy
To Electrical Energy
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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Dish Stirling - Twice AsEfficient As Next Best Solar
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
00 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sun Daily Energy Per Unit Area (kW hr/sq m)
ESTIMATED ANNUAL ENERGYSolar Dish Stirling 629 kWh/m2Central Receiver 327 kWh/m2Parabolic Trough 260 kWh/m2Tracking Photovoltaic 217 kWh/m2
Dai
ly G
ener
ated
Ene
rgy
Per U
nit A
rea
(kW
hr/
sq m
)
Solar Dish StirlingSolar Dish Stirling
CentralReceiverCentral
Receiver
ParabolicTrough
ParabolicTrough
Tracking PhotovoltaicTracking Photovoltaic
Source: Southern California Edison and Sandia National Laboratories
Solar-to-Bus bar Peak Efficiency-30%
PARA
SITI
C
30.0
GEN
ERAT
OR
31.4
PCU
EN
GIN
E
33.3
RECE
IVER
TEM
P.D
IF
78.
9
RECE
IVER
7
9.3
AVA
ILAB
LE IR
RAD
IAN
CE
100
INTE
RCEP
T
88.1
REFL
ECTI
VITY
91.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
100 91.1 96.7 90 99.5 42 94.8 95.5SUBSYTEM EFFICIENCY
POW
ER P
ERFO
RMAN
CE
(%)
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Dish Receiver ParasiticsSource: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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SES Dish Stirling System Characteristics
• Concentrator Glass Area..................91.01 m2 (979.72 ft2) @82 mirrors• Receiver Aperture…………………… 8 in diameter; 0.349 ft2 area• Concentration Ratio………………… 2704• Design Wind Speed-Operating……. 30 mph-Survival…..90 mph• Mirror Type…...................................Silvered glass; 0.7 mm thick• Reflectivity…………………………… >91% • Module Height………………………. 11.89 m (39 ft)• Module Width……………………….. 11.28 m (37ft)• Module weight………………………. 14,900 lbs• Sunlight-to-busbar efficiency……… 29.4 percent (at 1000 watts/m2)
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
CONNECTING PISTONS TO A CRANKSHAFT
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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Stirling Engine and Receiver
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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Kockums 4-95 Stirling Engine
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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Kockums 4-95 Stirling EngineKockums 4-95 Stirling Engine
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
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Kockums 4-95 Engine Key Parameters• Net Power Rating...................... 25kW at 1000W/m2 insolation• Electrical Power….................... 480, 60 Hz, 3 Phase• Generator........ 1800 rpm induction• Engine Type……. Kinematic Stirling• Number of Cylinders…… Four Double-Acting Pistons• Displacement……………. Each Piston at 95cc• Operating Speed……….. 1800 rpm• Working Fluid……… Hydrogen• Engine Temperature…… 7200 C (13280F)• Engine Pressure………. 20 MPa• Power Control………… Variable Pressure• Cooling……………… Water/Air Radiator• Coolant Temperature…. 500C (1220+F)• Power Conversion Weight… <1500 lbs
Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005
Installation of SES Dish at UNLV
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The History of Stirling Energy Systems1996 SES buys Dish design and hardware from MacDonald
Douglas /California Edison
1997 SES licenses Stirling engine technology from Kockums
2004 SES redesigns Dish
2005 SES installs 6 units at Sandia Nat’l Labs, Albuquerque,
N.M.
2006 SES signs PPAs for 800 MWe with 2 California utilities
2007 SES redesigns both Engine and Dish
2010 SES installs 60 units in Peoria, AZ
2011 SES files Chapter 7 Bankruptcy due to falling PV prices and global financial issues
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The Future of Dish/Engine• Stirling engine long-term reliability not proven
• Hybrid gas turbine system is being developedby several companies
• Dish can be used for concentrated PV (CPV)
Source: SunLab
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Southwest Solar TechnologyHybrid Fossil – Solar Brayton
• Largest commercial solar dish in the world
• 320 sq m of aperture area
• 250 kW thermal power
• focus diameter 0.5 m
• Tracking accuracy is within 0.1 deg
Source: SST
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SST: I-10 and Salt River
Source: SST
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Hybrid and Advanced Systems
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Hybrid Fossil Fuel System• Relatively easy to put in-line for trough and power tower• Difficult to introduce with dish/Stirling• Relatively easy to put in-line with dish/Brayton
Source:G. CohenSolargenix Energypresentation to IEEE RenewableEnergy, Las Vegas, May 16, 2006
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Hybrid Fossil Options• Topping: Needed to get higher input temperature to engine• Supplemental: Provides additional energy when needed• Stand Alone: Provides all power input if needed
Source:G. CohenSolargenix Energypresentation to IEEE RenewableEnergy, Las Vegas, May 16, 2006
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Trough Storage/Hybrid Concept
Source: Overview on Thermal Storage Systems, Ulf Herrmann et al., FLABEG SolarInternational GmbH, Workshop on Thermal Storage for Trough Plants, February 20-21,
2002.
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Air Receiver with Storage
Source: Romero, M. et al., An Update on Solar Central Receiver Systems, Projects, and Technologies. Journal of Solar Engineering, May 2002, Vol. 124, 98-104.
35
Power Tower Gas Turbine Plant
Source: Schwarzbozl, P., et al.Solar gas turbine systems: Design, cost and perspectives.Solar Energy 80 (2006) 1231-1240.
36
Power Tower Combined Cycle
Source: Schwarzbozl, P., et al.Solar gas turbine systems: Design, cost and perspectives.Solar Energy 80 (2006) 1231-1240.
37
Hybrid Power Tower Combined Cycle ConceptSolar Air Preheating
Source: Romero, M. et al., An Update on Solar Central Receiver Systems, Projects, and Technologies. Journal of Solar Engineering, May 2002, Vol. 124, 98-104.
38
Conceptual Design with Solar TurbinesRecuperated 3.5 MWe Gas Turbine
Source: Schwarzbozl, P., et al.Solar gas turbine systems: Design, cost and perspectives.Solar Energy 80 (2006) 1231-1240.
39
Reflective Tower Concept
Source: Romero, M. et al., An Update on Solar Central Receiver Systems, Projects, and Technologies. Journal of Solar Engineering, May 2002, Vol. 124, 98-104.
40
Solarization of Honeywell 75 kWeParallon Microturbine
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Homework Assignment
• Prepare for quiz over CSP• Review slides for next lecture
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