short course for the amateur radio technician license element 2 richie allen kc5nzr kc5nzr@arrl.net...

Short Course for theAmateur Radio

Technician LicenseElement 2

Richie Allen KC5NZR

kc5nzr@arrl.net

Sponsored by:

Albuquerque Amateur Radio Club

2

Who is the Amateur Operator?

• History of the Amateur Service• Innovations• Public Service• Real Life Examples

3

Video

Amateur Radio Today

4

Course Syllabus (NYT pages 12,13)

T1 FCC Rules 9 Questions

T2 Operating Procedures 5 Questions

T3 Propagation 3 Questions

T4 Ham Radio Practices 4 Questions

T5 Electrical Principles 3 Questions

T6 Circuit Components 2 Questions

T7 Practical Circuits 2 Questions

T8 Signals and Emissions 2 Questions

T9 Antennas & Feedlines 2 Questions

T0 RF Safety 3 Questions

35 total questions on exam

5

EXAM (element 2)

•35 questions from the question pool in chapter 12 of NYT• Administered by a Volunteer Examiner (VE) team•Test fee $12 as of 1/1/2003•1:00 PM Sunday, right here•Bring: photo ID, second ID, exam fee, pencils, calculator•Your instructor is not a member of the VE team•There are other exam opportunities, but this course is designed to optimize your short term retention of the material

6

License Classes

•Technician•Technician with code•General•Extra

7

Federal Communications Commission

•Governing agency of Amateur Radio•Part 97

Principles of the amateur service•Increase number of trained radio operators•Improve international good will

Terms

•Amateur Station•Control operator•License

•License grant•License class•License term

•Grace period•Form 605

FCC

8

Wavelength, Frequency & RF

Electromagnetic Spectrum

9

Wavelength, Frequency & RF

10

Wavelength, Frequency & RF

11

12

Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2)

•6 meters 50.0 - 54.0 MHz•2 meters 144.0 - 148.0 MHz•1.25 meters 222.0 - 225.0 MHz•70 cm 420.0 - 450.0 MHz•33 cm 902.0 - 928.0 MHz•23 cm 1240.0 - 1300.0 MHz•13 cm 2300 - 2310, 2390 - 2450 MHz

VHF, UHF, Microwave (Tech bands)

13

Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2)

HF (Tech with code)

•80 meters 3675 - 3725 kHz•40 meters 7100 - 7150 kHz•15 meters 21.100 - 21.200 MHz•10 meters 28.100 - 28.500 MHz

14

Emission Privileges

Basic Emission Types

•Phone: AM, SSB, FM•RTTY: direct printing radio telegraphy•Data: Packet (APRS), ASCII•Image: FAX, SSTV, FSTV•CW: Morse Code

Another term: CSCE

15

Emission Privileges

•HF Tech cannot use FM•6 meter phone 50.1 - 54.0 MHz•2 meter image 144.1 - 148.0 MHz•2 meter CW only 144.0 - 144.1•80 meter tech CW only•7100 - 7150 tech CW only •28.1 - 28.5 MHz CW, RTTY, DATA•1.25 meters all emissions•23 cm all emissions •70 cm image 420 - 450 MHz

16

Emission Privileges

17

More FCC Regulations

•Control point•responsible party•your responsibility•control operator•ID requirements•Third party•Broadcasting•Codes, ciphers•One way transmissions

•Secondary users•Repeater coordination•Peak Envelope Power•DATA, RTTY rates

18

FCC Regulations (cont)

•Space communication•Deceptive signals•More ID requirements•Harmful interference•Beacon stations•Radio control•Emergency communication•Broadcasting•Obscene, Indecent language

19

Operating Procedures

•Before transmitting•Emergencies•Using appropriate frequency•Testing a transmitter•Morse code “CQ”, “DE”

20

Operating Procedures (cont)Amateur Repeaters

21

Operating Procedures (cont)

Amateur Repeaters

22

Operating Procedures (cont)Amateur Repeaters

23

Operating Procedures (cont)

Using a repeater

•Autopatch•Calling•Courtesy tone•Rush hour•Breaking•I/O offset•Time out timer•CTCSS/PL

I/O Offsets

•2 meter 600 kHz•1.25 meter 1.6 MHz•70 cm 5 MHz

•Purpose•Open/Closed•Courtesy

24

Operating Procedures

•Simplex•RST•CQ•QSL Card•Full Quieting

•Distress Calls•SOS•Mayday•“Break, break!”•Emergency messages•Equipment for emergency

25

Operating Procedures

ITU Phonetics

Voice communication

26

Operating Procedures

Packet Radio

27

Operating Procedures

Packet Radio

28

Operating Procedures

Digital transmissions

•RTTY•“CONNECTED”•“MONITORING”•Digipeater•Network

29

Operating Procedures

•CW & SSB on HF•Answering CQ on RTTY•Operating on commercial aircraft•Operating away from home

30

Propagation

31

PropagationIonosphere

32

Propagation

•Line of sight•Ionosphere•Ionosphere regions•UV radiation•Reflections

•Ducting•Inversion•EME•Satellites

33

PropagationIonospheric Propagation

34

Propagation

Ionospheric Propagation

35

PropagationIonospheric Propagation

•D region characteristics•Scatter•MUF•Ground Wave•Sky-wave•Skip zone•F region characteristics•Sunspots

36

Amateur Radio Practices

•Grounding and lightning•Electrical ground•Safety•Dummy antennas

37

Amateur Radio Practices

SWR Standing Wave Ratio

•Good SWR 1.5:1 or less•High SWR indicates antenna is wrong length, or there is an open or short in the feed line.

Lo Hi

50.1………………………………………………..54.0 MHz

2.5:1 -----------------------------------------------------> 5:1

Antenna is too long!

38

Amateur Radio Practices

SWR Standing Wave Ratio

Lo Hi

144.1……………………………………………148.0 MHz

5:1 <--------------------------------------------------------- 2.5:1

Antenna is too short!

•SWR meter•1:1

39

Amateur Radio Practices

Test equipment

•Voltmeter•Ammeter•RF wattmeter•Multimeter•Directional wattmeter•Fuses

40

Amateur Radio Practices

Radio Frequency Interference

•Receiver overload•Harmonic Radiation•Low pass filter•High pass filter

41

Electrical Principles

•Hz - kHz•ma - ampere•Ampere•Volt•Conductors & insulators•Open & short circuits

•Resistance & Resistors•Inductance & Inductors•Capacitance & Capacitors•Parallel & Series connections

42

Electrical Principles

Ohm’s Law

EE = Electromotive Force

measured in VOLTSVOLTS

II = Current

measured in AMPERESAMPERES

RR = Resistance

measured in OHMSOHMS

43

Electrical Principles

Ohm’s Law

EE = I x RE is expressed in VOLTSVOLTS

II = E / RI is expressed in AMPSAMPS

RR = E / IR is expressed in OHMSOHMS

44

Electrical Principles

Ohm’s Law

T5C04If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 50-ohm resistor, what is the voltage across the resistor?

E = I x R E = 2 x 50

A. 25 voltsB. 52 volts

C. 100 voltsC. 100 voltsD. 200 volts

45

Electrical Principles

Ohm’s Law

T5C05If a 100-ohm resistor is connected to 200 volts, what is the current through the resistor?

I = E / R I = 200 / 100

A. 1 ampere

B. 2 amperesB. 2 amperesC. 300 amperesD. 20,000 amperes

46

Electrical Principles

Ohm’s Law

T5C06If a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts, what is the resistance?

R = E / I R = 90 / 3

A. 3 ohms

B. 30 ohmsB. 30 ohmsC. 93 ohmsD. 270 ohms

47

Electrical Principles

Other concepts

•Power•Watt•Wavelength•Frequency•AC•DC

48

Circuit ComponentsResistors

Variable Resistor

49

Circuit ComponentsResistors

Fixed Resistor

50

Circuit ComponentsSwitches

Double Pole Single Throw

DPST

Single Pole Single Throw

SPST

51

Circuit ComponentsFuses, batteries

Fuse

Single Cell Battery

52

Circuit ComponentsMore on resistors

Fixed Resistor

53

Circuit ComponentsMore on resistors

Fixed Resistor

54

Circuit ComponentsTransistors

PNP Transistor

NPN Transistor

“Points in proudly”

“Not pointing in”

55

Circuit ComponentsAntenna & ground

Earth Ground

Antenna

56

Circuit ComponentsCapacitors

Fixed Capacitor

Variable Capacitor

57

Circuit ComponentsInductors

Fixed Inductor

Variable Inductor

58

Circuit ComponentsCapacitors

59

Circuit ComponentsCapacitors

Fixed Capacitor

60

Circuit ComponentsCapacitors

Variable Capacitor

61

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

•Antenna switch•Feed line•Power supply•Antenna tuner•Dummy load

Terms

62

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A05In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is a dummy antenna, what is block 2?

A. A terminal-node switchB. An antenna switchC. A telegraph key switchD. A high-pass filter

63

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A05In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is a dummy antenna, what is block 2?

A. A terminal-node switch

B. An antenna switchB. An antenna switchC. A telegraph key switchD. A high-pass filter

64

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A06In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an antenna switch, what is block 3?

A. A terminal-node switchB. An SWR meterC. A telegraph key switchD. A dummy antenna

65

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A06In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an antenna switch, what is block 3?

A. A terminal-node switchB. An SWR meterC. A telegraph key switch

D. A dummy antennaD. A dummy antenna

66

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A07In Figure N7-2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is an antenna switch, what is block 2?

A. A terminal-node switchB. A dipole antennaC. An SWR meterD. A high-pass filter

67

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A07In Figure N7-2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is an antenna switch, what is block 2?

A. A terminal-node switchB. A dipole antenna

C. An SWR meterC. An SWR meterD. A high-pass filter

68

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A08In Figure N7-3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an SWR meter, what is block 3?

A. An antenna switchB. An antenna tunerC. A key-click filterD. A terminal-node controller

69

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

T7A08In Figure N7-3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an SWR meter, what is block 3?

A. An antenna switch

B. An antenna tunerB. An antenna tunerC. A key-click filterD. A terminal-node controller

70

Practical CircuitsFunctional Layout

•Microphone•Modem, teleprinter, computer•TNC Terminal Node Controller

71

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

An FM receiver uses a limiterlimiter and a discriminatordiscriminator to produce an audio signal. These circuits are unique to FM receivers.

72

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B02What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a variable-frequency oscillator?

A. A packet-radio transmitterB. A crystal-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitterD. A VFO-controlled transmitter

73

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B02What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a variable-frequency oscillator?

A. A packet-radio transmitterB. A crystal-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitter

D. A VFO-controlled transmitterD. A VFO-controlled transmitter

74

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B03What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a crystal oscillator?

A. A crystal-controlled transmitterB. A VFO-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitterD. A CW transceiver

75

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B03What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a crystal oscillator?

A. A crystal-controlled transmitterA. A crystal-controlled transmitterB. A VFO-controlled transmitterC. A single-sideband transmitterD. A CW transceiver

76

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B04What type of circuit does Figure T7-2 represent if block 1 is a product detector?

A. A simple phase modulation receiverB. A simple FM receiverC. A simple CW and SSB receiverD. A double-conversion multiplier

77

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B04What type of circuit does Figure T7-2 represent if block 1 is a product detector?

A. A simple phase modulation receiverB. A simple FM receiverC. A simple CW and SSB receiverC. A simple CW and SSB receiverD. A double-conversion multiplier

78

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B05If Figure T7-2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1?

A. A high pass filterB. A ratio detectorC. A low pass filterD. A product detector

79

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B05If Figure T7-2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1?

A. A high pass filterB. A ratio detectorC. A low pass filter

D. A product detectorD. A product detector

80

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B06What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-3, if block 1 is a frequency discriminator?

A. A double-conversion receiverB. A variable-frequency oscillatorC. A superheterodyne receiverD. An FM receiver

81

Practical CircuitsBlock diagrams

T7B06What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-3, if block 1 is a frequency discriminator?

A. A double-conversion receiverB. A variable-frequency oscillatorC. A superheterodyne receiver

D. An FM receiverD. An FM receiver

82

Practical CircuitsFilters

Low Pass Filter

Reduces harmonic radiation

83

Practical CircuitsFilters

Band Pass Filter

Blocks RF above and below a certain

frequency

84

Practical CircuitsA few more circuits

•Detector•Duplexer

85

Signals and EmissionsRF emissions

RF Carrier

86

Signals and EmissionsRF emissions

Emission types, narrowest to widest:

CW RTTY SSB FM

SSB Signal 2 - 3 kHz wide

FM Signal 10 - 20 kHz wide

87

Signals and EmissionsRF emissions

88

Signals and EmissionsRF emissions

Why use SSB?

Efficiency!Efficiency!

89

Signals and EmissionsRF emissions

•CW emissions•Modulation•Over deviation•Splatter•Harmonic radiation•Testing microphones•Grounding

90

Signals and EmissionsModulation types

•Packet radio•FM phone•USB•Phone emissions•FSK•Modern data transmission•Over deviation•Chirp

91

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

Half wave dipole antenna

length = 468 / frequency (MHz)

Quarter wave vertical antenna

length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)

92

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

Half wave dipole antenna

93

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

Quarter wave

vertical antenna

94

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)

How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 440 MHz?

length (feet) = 234 / 440 MHz

.5318 feet = 234 / 440 MHz

(.5318 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz

6 inches

95

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)

How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 28.450 MHz?

length (feet) = 234 / 28.450 MHz

8.2249 feet = 234 / 28.450 MHz

8 feet

96

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)

How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 146 MHz?

length (feet) = 234 / 146 MHz

1.6 feet = 234 / 146 MHz

(1.6 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz

19 inches

97

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

If an antenna is made shorter its resonant frequency……….. INCREASES

If an antenna is made longer its resonant frequency…….. DECREASES

98

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

To decrease the resonant frequency of a dipole antenna...

LENGTHEN the antenna

To increase the resonant frequency of an antenna...

SHORTEN the antenna

99

Antennas & feedlines

Wavelength and antenna length

Multi band antennas

- Allow operation on several bands

- Caveat: may radiate unwanted harmonics

100

Antennas & feedlines

Beam antennas - Yagi

101

Antennas & feedlines

Beam antennas - Yagi

102

Antennas & feedlines

Beam antennas - Yagi

103

Antennas & feedlines

Beam antennas - Yagi

•Directional antenna•Yagi construction•Driven element•Parasitic elements

104

Antennas & feedlines

Beam antennas - Cubical Quad

Two or more parallel four sided loops, each 1 wavelength long.

105

Antennas & feedlines

Antennas

•Ground plane•Electrical noise•SWR•Feedlines•Balun

106

RF Safety

Fundamentals, terms

•Use minimum power•Most hazardous frequencies•Biological effects•Power density•Near fields•Microwave hazards•FCC requirements•MPE and the human body•Specific absorption rate

107

RF Safety

Rules & guidelines

•Rules defined: FCC Part 1, OET Bulletin 65•All sources of RF from a site must be considered•MPE average in uncontrolled area: 30 minutes•MPE average in controlled areas: 6 minutes•Portable devices•Certification of RF exposure rules: form 605•All stations must comply•Licensee is responsible for compliance

108

RF Safety

Rules & guidelines

•Body’s ability to absorb RF•Duty cycle•Impact of duty cycle on minimum safe distance

109

RF Safety

Routine station evaluation

•Power density measurement vs. other methods•Do not have to perform calculations•Hand held antennas•UHF antennas•RF burns•Mobile installations•Amplifier shielding

110

Clubs and organizations

•QST, Monthly magazine •New! Members-Only Web Access •Technical Information Service (TIS) •Ham Radio Equipment Insurance •A Voice in Washington •ARRL Field Organization

An Amateur Radio VHF/UHF Wide Coverage Repeater Linking System Serving New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Western Oklahoma, West Texas and Eastern Arizona

111

Clubs and organizations

Albuquerque Amateur Radio Club

•License classes•Operating activities•Social gatherings•Public service