sinus center director, massachusetts eye and ear associate
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Otolaryngology 2021
Stacey T. Gray, M.D. Sinus Center Director, Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School
Disclosures/ Conflicts of Interest None
Learning Objectives 1. To describe presenting signs and symptoms of
“can’t miss” diagnoses 2. To review key components of current
management of common and “can’t miss” Otolaryngology problems
3. To apply this knowledge to case vignettes
The Ear
What is your dx and treatment plan? Case 1
67 yo diabetic M with 4 weeks of left otalgia, otorrhea, muffled hearing.
Case 2 43 yo F with 2 days of sudden right hearing loss. No otalgia. Had URI last week.
Case 3 7 yo F with 2 days of right otalgia, fever, muffled hearing, mild facial paresis.
Disorders of the External Canal
Necrotizing Otitis Externa (aka Skull Base Osteomyelitis, Malignant OE, “Diabetic Ear”)
Diagnosis: Diabetic or immunocompromised Granulation tissue in ear canal Cranial neuropathies (eg.CN7)
Work up: Culture Biopsy High resolution CT temporal bone
AlEnazi AS et al. Impact of using the term “Diabetic Ear” J Family Community Med 2019.
Necrotizing Otitis Externa: Treatment • Meticulous glucose control • Aural toilet (frequent cleaning of the EAC) • Topical antipseudomonal antibiotics • Systemic antibiotics – oral or IV, may require two
anti-pseudomonal agents – Response followed with high resolution temporal
bone CT – Typically 8 weeks of therapy
Carfrae MJ, Kesser BW. Malignant otitis externa. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;41(3):537-49, viii-ix.
Herpes Zoster Oticus Otitis externa and cellulitis with vesicles Varicella Ramsay Hunt Syndrome:
Vesicular rash, Facial paralysis, Sensorineural hearing loss, Vertigo
Treatment – antivirals and steroids Worse prognosis than Bell’s palsy for facial nerve recovery
Disorders of the Middle Ear
Acute Otitis Media • Ear pain – dull, throbbing, “blocked” • No pain with movement of pinna • Hearing is decreased • TM is inflamed – not translucent • TREATMENT
– Amoxicillin – Augmentin or Cephalosporin for failure
Acute Otitis Media with TM Perforation • Diagnosis:
– Severe ear pain – Drainage from ear – Decreased hearing
• Treatment: – Oral antibiotics – Topical antibiotics – Water precautions – Most will heal
Serous Otitis Media (Otitis Media with Effusion)
• Ear pain is gone • Ear still feels blocked • This is the natural progression
after acute otitis media • TM is dull with fluid in the
middle ear space • Conductive hearing loss-
confirm this with tuning fork
Serous Otitis Media: Treatment •Observation •Autoinsufflation – marginal benefit1
•Nasal steroid spray – no definite benefit2 •No clear benefit of abx in pediatric trials3
•When to refer to ENT? –If no resolution after 2 months ? tympanostomy tube placement –If no concurrent/ preceding URI as cause ?nasopharyngoscopy
1. Perera R, et a.. Autoinflation for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;5: 2. Gluth MB, et al. Management of eustachian tube dysfunction with nasal steroid spray: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 May;137(5):449-55. 3. Venekamp RP1, Burton MJ, van Dongen TM, van der Heijden GJ, van Zon A, Schilder AG. Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 12;(6):CD009163.
Chronic Otitis Media
INACTIVE COM ACTIVE COM CHOLESTEATOMA
Dry TM Perforation: Management 3 Options: 1. Observation
– Annual exam – Water precautions
2. Hearing aid – Usually only if hearing significantly impaired
or bilateral hearing loss 3. Surgical repair (tympanoplasty)
Facial Paralysis: Bell’s Palsy • Rapid onset (usually over 72 hours) • All branches affected • Often preceded by URI, otalgia, facial
numbness • Usually resolves within 3 weeks
Facial Paralysis Diffrential • Ear Infection – OM, COM • Herpes Zoster Oticus (Ramsay Hunt) • Lyme Disease • Malignancy – parotid, facial nerve, skull base • Benign facial nerve tumors • Autoimmune disease
Bell’s Palsy Treatment • Corticosteroids show significant benefit
– e.g. prednisone 60mg daily x 7 days then taper by 10mg daily
– 17% steroid tx group vs. 28% placebo group had incomplete recovery at 6 months 1
• Antivirals (Valacyclovir) – Reduction in incomplete recovery outcome with
steroids + antivirals compared to steroids alone (RR 0.64) 2
1. Madhok VB, Gagyor I, Daly F, Somasundara D, Sullivan M, Gammie F, Sullivan F Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 18;7:CD001942. 2. Gagyor I, Madhok VB, Daly F, Somasundara D, Sullivan M, Gammie F, Sullivan F. Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 9;(11):CD001869.
Facial Paralysis: When to refer to Otolaryngology 1. Complete dense facial paralysis seen within first 14
daysConsider facial nerve decompression via craniotomy if access to a neurotologic ENT surgeon
2. Otogenic source suspected (associated hearing loss, abnomal otoscopic examination)
3. Atypical presentation of Bell’s palsy (not all branches affected,slowly progressive)
4. Incomplete recovery after Bell’s palsy
Ear Emergency: Complications of acute or chronic otitis media
• Mastoiditis • Facial paralysis -This is not Bell’s palsy • Meningitis • Intracranial abscess Treatment:
– Systemic and/or topical antibiotics – Drainage of the infection via wide myringotomy – Additional surgical management may include
mastoidectomy or intracranial abscess drainage
Ear Emergencies: Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
• Acute onset hearing loss • Often associated with tinnitus • Normal otoscopic exam
Rauch SD. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. New Engl J Med 2008.
Ear Emergency: Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
• Urgent referral for audiology and ENT • Early institution (< 4 weeks after onset) of steroids may
improve hearing recovery • PO and intratympanic steroids have equal efficacy1 , possible benefit of combined PO and IT tx • Most cases are idiopathic
– MRI for tumor typically done – Consider lyme, syphilis testing
Rauch SD, Halpin CF, Antonelli PJ, Babu S, Carey JP, Gantz BJ, Goebel JA, Hammerschlag PE, Harris JP, Isaacson B, Lee D, Linstrom CJ, Parnes LS, Shi H, Slattery WH, Telian SA, Vrabec JT, Reda DJ. Oral vs intratympanic corticosteroid therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a randomized trial.JAMA. 2011 May 25;305(20):2071-9
What is your dx and treatment plan? Case 1
67 yo diabetic M with 4 weeks of left otalgia, otorrhea, muffled hearing.
Case 2 43 yo F with 2 days of sudden right hearing loss. No otalgia. Had URI last week.
Case 3 7 yo F with 2 days of right otalgia, fever, muffled hearing, mild facial paresis.
What is your dx and treatment plan? Case 1
Dx: Skull base osteomylitis (Malignant otitis externa) Tx: Admission for PICC line, 6 weeks IV and PO antibiotics
Case 2 Dx: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss Tx: High dose steroids, urgent audiogram and ENT referral
Case 3 Dx: AOM c/b Facial Paresis Tx: Urgent referral for myringotomy and tube, oral abx, ear drops
The Nose
Nose Case Vignettes
Case 1 56 yo M p/w 6 months of clear rhinorrhea, mainly right sided
What is your diagnosis and treatment plan?
Case 2 45 yo F with h/o bone marrow transplant for AML p/w 1 day of right eye pain and numbness in the right cheek
RHINOSINUSITIS ACUTE – lasting up to 4 weeks with total resolution of
symptoms
SUBACUTE – persisting more than 4 weeks, but less than 12 weeks, with total resolution of symptoms
RECURRENT ACUTE – 4 or more episodes per year, with resolution of symptoms between attacks
CHRONIC – Signs and symptoms lasting longer than 12 weeks
DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE BACTERIAL RHINOSINUSITIS
• History • Anterior Rhinoscopy • Fiberoptic nasal endoscopy • CT scan – not usually necessary
– Perform if there is a concern for an intracranial or orbital complication
Rosenfeld, et al. Oto HNS 2015
ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS
• Antibiotics are not always necessary • No antibiotics does not mean “no
treatment” – Nasal steroid sprays – Saline spray/irrigation – OTC cold medication for decongestion – Close follow up
ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS THE ROLE OF THE OTOLARYNGOLOGIST
• Recurrent acute rhinosinusitis – Concern for frequent use of
antibiotics • Failure to respond to appropriate
medical therapy • Complications of sinusitis • Abnormal CT scan
CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS Inflammation of the mucosa of
the nose and paranasal sinuses of at least 12 consecutive weeks duration.
• Chronic Rhinosinusitis with polyps
• Chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps
Source: Benninger M. Ferguson BJ, Hadley JA, et al. Adult Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Definitions, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;129(suppl 3):S1-32.
Rosenfeld, et al. Oto HNS 2015
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS
• Improvement in nasal hygiene – saline irrigation • Topical steroid spray • Consider antibiotics (macrolides) • Consider taper of oral steroids • Consider allergy/asthma/immunologic testing • Consider surgical intervention if medical therapy has
failed • Biologic therapy for surgical failures
CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS SURGICAL INTERVENTION
• Not all CRS is the same • Surgery is not intended to be
curative – Intent is to improve QOL – Polyps always recur
• It improves aeration and widens sinus ostia
• Can improve topical therapy delivery
RHINOSINUSITIS EMERGENCIES Orbital Complications: • Cellulitis • Abscess • Cavernous sinus thrombosis Signs and symptoms: • Pain with eye movement, Diplopia • Unilateral eye swelling • Conjunctival injection
RHINOSINUSITS EMERGENCIES
INTRACRANIAL COMPLICATIONS • Meningitis • Abscess • Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS
• Immunocompromised – Transplant – Poorly controlled diabetes
• Fever is not always present • Sinus symptoms (can be mild) • New facial/orbital/palatal
swelling, eschar, pain, or numbness
INVASIVE FUNGAL SINUSITIS
INVASIVE FUNGAL SINUSITIS • Emergency Consult • Endoscopic exam and biopsy • CT/MRI (can be
underwhelming) • Requires surgical debridement • IV antifungals • High mortality even with rapid
diagnosis
UNILATERAL SINUS SYMPTOMS
• Unilateral blockage or drainage – Structural problem – Nasal polyps – Sinonasal tumor –
inverted papilloma, malignancy
UNILATERAL SINUS SYMPTOMS CSF rhinorrhea • Clear, watery, salty • Usually unilateral • More prominent with
bending forward • Associated with
intracranial hypertension
Nose Case Vignettes
Case 1 56 yo M p/w 6 months of clear rhinorrhea, mainly right sided
What is your diagnosis and treatment plan?
Case 2 45 yo F with a history of bone marrow transplant for AML p/w 1 day of right eye pain and numbness in the right cheek
Nose Case Vignettes Case 1
56 yo M p/w 6 months of clear rhinorrhea, mainly right sided Diagnosis: anterior skull base CSF leak Treatment: refer urgently to ENT, surgical repair
Case 2 45 yo F h/o bone marrow transplant for AML p/w 1 day of right eye pain and numbness in right cheek Diagnosis: invasive fungal sinusitis Treatment: emergent surgical debridement and antifungal Rx
The Throat
Throat Case Vignettes
Case 1 25 yo F p/w severe sore throat, fever, muffled voice for 2 days
What is your diagnosis and treatment plan?
Case 2 65 yo F p/w hoarseness, throat clearing and globus sensation for 6 months
PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS • Unilateral sore
throat • Deviation of uvula • TRISMUS • Ipsilateral otalgia
PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
• TREATMENT • Immediate referral • Aspiration or I&D • Antibiotics
SUPRAGLOTTITIS • Severe sore throat. • Muffled voice. • Fever. • Normal OP exam • No trismus. • Drooling. • “Tripod” position
• Airway emergency
SUPRAGLOTTITIS • TREATMENT
• Immediate ENT referral • Establish airway
– Intubation vs. tracheotomy • Antibiotics • Steroids
SORE THROAT • OTHER CAUSES
• Unilateral sore throat • More insidious onset • Ispilateral otalgia • No fever • Lymphadenopathy
TONSILLAR CANCER • TYPES OF MALIGNANCY
– Squamous cell carcinoma – most common (70%) – Lymphoma
• Risk factors for SCCa – Tobacco – Alcohol – Association with HPV (in patients without alcohol or
tobacco history)
SORE THROAT • When to refer to an Otolaryngologist
– Severe sore throat with no abnormality on exam.
• Laryngoscopy needs to be performed. – Concern for an abscess. – Concern for malignancy. – Refractory to treatment. – Insidious onset.
HOARSENESS • Laryngitis
– Usually viral – Worse with straining voice – Vocal rest – Hydration – Resolves with time – If recurrent – can be fungal
(steroid inhaler)
HOARSENESS • When to refer to the Otolaryngologist
– Laryngoscopy – only option for visualization
– Persistent hoarseness – does not resolve after usual time period for URI
– Recurrent episodes of hoarseness – Concerning associated symptoms – Interferes with quality of life
HOARSENESS Vocal Fold Mass • Squamous cell carcinoma
– Associated with smoking – T1/T2 associated with much
higher survial rate – early detection is important
• Papilloma – Associated with HPV – Often presents in childhood
HOARSENESS • Concerning symptoms
– Pain – sore throat, ear pain – Dysphagia – Odynophagia – Aspiration
– Concern for head and neck malignancy
HOARSENESS • Vocal Fold Paralysis – breathy voice
– Injury • Intubation • Esophagoscopy, TEE
– Viral – Malignancy (affecting RLN)
• H&N malignancy, Esophageal cancer, Lung cancer, Thyroid cancer, Skull base tumor
HOARSENESS
• Heartburn infrequent • Throat clearing • Hoarseness • Globus sensation • Post nasal drip
LARYNGOPHARYNGEAL REFLUX
HOARSENESS
• Treatment –Consider medical therapy –Diet/Behavior change –Months to resolve –Botox for granuloma
LARYNGOPHARYNGEAL REFLUX
Throat Case Vignettes
Case 1 25 yo F p/w severe sore throat, fever, muffled voice for 2 days
What is your diagnosis and treatment plan?
Case 2 65 yo F p/w hoarseness, throat clearing and globus sensation for 6 months
Throat Case Vignettes Case 1
25 yo F p/w severe sore throat, fever, muffled voice for 2 days Diagnosis: peritonsillar abscess Treatment: urgent/emergent referral to ENT or ER
Case 2 65 yo F p/w hoarseness, throat clearing and globus sensation for 6 months Diagnosis: laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Treatment: diet and lifestyle modifications, PPI
Key Points 1. Recognition of sudden sensorineural hearing loss 2. Differentiating Bell’s palsy from other causes of facial
paralysis 3. Otitis media complicated by facial paralysis requires urgent
care by ENT 4. CT imaging is usually not necessary for acute rhinosinusitis 5. Acute rhinosinusitis does not always require antibiotics 6. HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Next Best Steps 1. Consult ENT urgently for suspected sensorineural
hearing loss 2. Refer to Emergency Room for suspected
complications of otitis media or rhinosinusitis 3. Consult ENT for laryngoscopy in patients with
unilateral sore throat and sore throat without a visible explanation
4. Consult ENT for persistent hoarseness
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