skeletal terms foramen / fenestra = opening; hole. fossa = depression; indentation. process =...
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Skeletal TermsForamen / Fenestra = opening; hole.
Fossa = depression; indentation.
Process = prominence (bump).
Protuberance = prominence (bump).
Tuberosity = prominence (bump).
Crest = raised ridge.
Condyle = part that articulates with another element.
Suture = visible line indicating where two bones abut or fuse.
Skeletal TermsForamen / Fenestra = opening; hole.
Fossa = depression; indentation.
Process = prominence (bump).
Protuberance = prominence (bump).
Tuberosity = prominence (bump).
Spine = prominence (bump).
Crest = raised ridge.
Types of BoneEndochondral = bone replaces a
cartilage precursor.Intramembranous boneDermal = bone forms in the connective
tissue of the dermis.Sesamoid = bone forms in the
connective tissue of a ligament.Perichondral / Periosteal bone =
bone forms in connective tissue surrounding cartilage or bone.
Endochondral Bone Growth
Intramembranous Bone Growth
The Skeleton
Endoskeleton = forms within the body from mesoderm and sometimes neural crest (deep to the integument); bone or cartilage
Exoskeleton = forms within the integument from mesoderm and mesoderm & neural crest (dermal bony scales, dermal bone); bone
Human Skull BonesNasals
Frontal
Parietals
Maxillas
Mandible (Dentaries)
Lacrimals
Zygomatics (Jugal)
Vomer
Palatines
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporals
Occipital
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Hyoid
Human Skull
mandible (dentary)
lacrimal
zygomatic(jugal)
nasal
maxilla(includes
premaxilla)
frontalparietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
Human Skull Stutures
coronal suture
saggital suture
squamosalsuture
lamboidalsuture
Human Skull-Temporal Bone
Ethmoid
middle ear bonesin here
mandibularfossa oftemporal(condylarprocess ofmandible)
Human Middle Ear
Human Skull-Mandiblecoronoidprocess
condylarprocess
massetericfossa
mandibularnotch
angle ofmandible
(angular process)
chin(mental process)
mentalforamen
mandibularforamen
Human Skull
hyoidbone
Three Parts of the CraniumChondrocranium = cartilage or
endochondral bone, underlies (or surrounds) the brain. (endoskeleton)
Splanchnocranium = cartilage or endochondral bone, “jaw” and gill arch skeleton. (endoskeleton)
Dermatocranium = ossification of connective tissue in dermis, superficial to rest of cranium. (exoskeleton)
Osteichthyan Skull
Chondrocranium Development
Nasal capsule(Olfactory capsule)
Optic capsule
Otic capsuleParachordal Cart.
Occipital Cart.
Trabecular Cart.
Ethmoid Plate
Basal Plate
Trabecular Plate(Sphenoidal Plate)
Develop from neural crest & mesodermal mesenchyme.
Chondrocranium Regions Ethmoid – between nasal/olfactory capsules,
“nose” region
Sphenoid – underlies brain, “eye” region and posteriorly
Otic - otic capsules, “ear” region
Occipital - around the foramen magnum
humancranial cavitysuperior view(chondrocraniumshaded)
Splanchnocranium Development Splanchnocranium from neural crest.
Dermatocranium Development Dermatocranium from mesenchyme cells of
the dermis, primarily mesoderm.
Dematocranium Nasals
Frontal
Parietals
Maxillas
Mandible/Dentaries
Lacrimals
Zygomatics/Jugals
Vomer
Palatines
Pterygoid proc. of Sphenoids
Squamous & Zygomatic parts of Temporals
Postparietal/Interparietal portion of Occipital
Chondrocranium Ethmoid
Central part of Sphenoid
Petrosal (Otic) portion of Temporal
Supraoccipital, Exoccipitals and Basioccipital of Occipital
Splanchnocranium Greater wing of Sphenoid
Styloid process of Temporal
Malleus, incus, & Stapes
Hyoid
Thyroid, Cricoid, and Arytenoid cartilages
Human Compound BonesMaxillas = maxillas + premaxillas
Palatines = dermopalatines + autopalatines
Temporal bones = squamosals + prootics + opisthotics (petrosals) + styloid processes
Occipital bone = supraoccipital + basioccipital + exoccipitals + fused post parietals (interparietal)
Sphenoid bone = basisphenoid + presphenoid + orbitosphenoid + alisphenoid + pterygoids
Human Chondrocranium
Human Splanchnocranium
Human Skull Development
Human Skull Development
nasal
rightfrontal
maxilla(includes
premaxilla)
sphenoid
leftfrontal
rightfrontal
fontanelle
Human Secondary PalatePalatal shelves form it (maxillas & palatines);
separates nasal & oral cavities
Cleft palate = when fusion of the secondary palate does not occur.
Cleft lip = when fusion of the maxillas (maxilla & premaxilla) doesn’t occur.
ChondrocraniumDoes not cover brain dorsally…
except in Chondrichthyans.
Single cartilaginous unit in Chondrichthys, Petromyzontida, and Myxini.
ethmoid sphenoid otic occipital
Osteichthyan Chondrocranium
Canis (dog) Skull
Splanchnocranium
Pharyngeal arch supports.
Hagfishes & Lampreys = ONLY involved in gill arch support.
Gnathostomes = anterior splanchnocranium forms jaws & jaw supports.
Gnathostome jaws are serially homologous with gill arch supports.
Jawless Vertebrate
mouth
pharyngeal openings
cranium
Jawless Vertebrate
mouth
pharyngeal openings
Jawed Vertebrate
mouth
upperjaw
pharyngeal openings
lowerjaw
spiracle
Splanchnocranium
Palatoquadrate = upper jaw (arch #1 epibranchial)
Meckel’s Cartilage = lower jaw (arch #1 ceratobranchial)
Hyomandibula = upper jaw support (arch #2 epibranchial)
Hyoid = tongue and lower jaw muscle attachment (arch #2 ceratobranchial)
Squalus Skull
Chondrocranium
PalatoquadrateMeckel’scartilage
Hyomandibula
Squalus Head Skeleton
Chondrocranium
palato-quadrate
Meckel’scartilage
hyomandibula
ventral hyoid elements
Osteichthyan SplachnocraniumPalatoquadrate – ossifies as
autopalatine, epipterygoid (alisphenoid or
greater wing of sphenoid), & quadrate (incus) Meckel’s cartilage - posterior ossifies
as articular (malleus)
Hyomandibula ossifies (stapes, columella)
hyomandibula
Meckel’s cartilage
palatoquadratehyomandibula
articular
auto-palatine
epi-pterygoid
quadrate
Osteichthyan Splanchnocranium
auto-palatine
quadrate hyo-mandibula
articular
In non-mammalian gnathostomes the jaw joint is between the splanchnocranial quadrate (upper jaw) and articular (lower jaw).
In all osteichthyans teeth (if present) are borne on dermatocranial bones,
premaxilla & maxilla (upper jaw)
dentary (lower jaw)
In mammals the jaw joint is between the dermatocranial squamosal (upper jaw) and dentary (lower jaw).
Jaw Elements
Dinosaur/Tetrapod “Jaws”
angular
dentary
surangular
quadrate-articularjoint
pmxmaxilla
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
Dermatocranium (Osteichthys)
Chondrocranium, Splanchnocranium
Jaws (Gnathostomata)
palatoquadrate, Meckel’s cart.
dorsalchondro-cranium
Only Osteichthys. Superficial.
Ancestrally many bones.
Number of bones reduced in many groups.
Dermatocranium
Bowfin, Amia calva, Skull
Teleost Upper Jaws
mobile maxilla mobile maxilla & premaxilla
Tetrapod Skull
frontalparietal
post-parietal
nasal
quadratojugal
squamosal
maxillapmx
lacrimal
jugal(zygomatic)
post-orbital
pre-frontal
post-frontal
dentary angular
sur-angular
italic underlined = absent in any form in human
Alligator Skull
Sq
QJ L
PrFPO
J mx pmxsur
dentan
nasals
frontalparietal
Palatal Series
vomer
palatines
pterygoids
para-sphenoid
Amniote Orbital SeriesGroup Pre-
frontalLacrimal Jugal Post-
orbitalPost-
frontal
turtles present absent present present absent
lizards & snakes present present present present present
birds present absent present absent absent
crocodylians present present present present absent
mammals absent present present absent absent
lacrimal
jugal
post-orbital
pre-frontal
post-frontal
Amniote Temporal SeriesGroup Squamosal Quadratojugal
turtles present present
lizards & snakes present present in tuataras (absent in all others)
birds present present
crocodylians present present
mammals Present(squamous part of
temporal)
absent
quadrato-jugal
squamosal
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
premaxilla, maxilla, dentary, angular, surangular(Osteichthys)
*surangularlost
*mobilemaxilla
jawspalatoquadrate, Meckel’s cartilage, hyomandibula (Gnathostomata)
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
nasal, parietal, postparietal, 4 opercular bones, vomer, dermopalatine, pterygoid (Osteichthys)
operc. lost (Tetrapoda)
*
frontals, squamosal, quadratojugal
*quadratojugal lost
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
lacrimal, undifferentiated infraorbitals (Osteichthys)
jugal, postorbital, prefrontal, postfrontal
(Tetrapoda)
*postorb., prefr., & postfr. lost
*
Amniote Skull OpeningsSpace for muscle passage or flexure.No skull fenestras – turtles
One skull fenestra bounded by postorbital, jugal, squamosal – mammals
Two skull fenestras one bounded by postorbital, parietal, squamosal
one bounded by postorbital, jugal, squamosal lizards & snakes and archosaurs (modified in most)
Amniote Skull Openings
1 opening 2 openings
no openings
Amniote Skull Openings
no openings(turtles)
1 opening 1 opening(mammals)
Amniote Skull Openings
Montre
mat
a
Met
ather
ia
Euther
ia
Testu
dines
Lepid
osauria
Croco
dylia
Aves
1 opening2openings
mandibular &antorbitalfenestras
NaresActinopterygiian nares
Water flows in anterior naris, over olfactory epithelium, & out posterior naris.
NaresTetrapod nares
Air enters external naris flows over olfactory epithelium and exits into oral cavity through internal naris (choana).
Human Nasolacrimal Duct
The Tetrapod Middle EarTetrapod upper jaw fused to skull.
Hyomandibula not supporting jaws.
Stapes = tetrapod hyomandibula; small, slender middle ear bone, conducts sound to otic capsule
Stapes/Columella
innerear
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
internal nares;stapes (modifiedhyomandibula)
(Tetrapoda)
**secondary palate in crocodilians & many turtles
* **
*secondary palate
Mammalian Compound Bones Palatines = dermopalatines + autopalatines Temporal bones = squamosals + otic
bones + styloid processes (in some the styloid processes are separate)
Occipital bone = supraoccipital + basioccipital + exoccipitals + fused post parietals (interparietal) (in many the interparietal is separate)
Sphenoid bone = sphenoid bones (in some sep.) + alisphenoid (epipterygoid) + pterygoids (in some the pterygoids are sep.)
Secondary Palate (2º palate) = Premaxilla, maxilla, & dermopalatines separate nasal and oral cavities.
Temporo-mandibular jaw joint
New jaw articulation dentary/squamosal.
Tympanic annulus, Malleus, & Incus
Angular, articular, and quadrate become middle ear bones.
Mammalian Skull
Jaws & Jaw Joint
Meckel’s cartilage
PalatoquadrateHyomandibula
articular
quadrate
Meckel’s cartilage
Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
articular
quadrate
dentary angular
squamosal
maxilapmxjugal
Non-mammalian tetrapods
Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
articular
quadrate
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmxjugal
angular
Fossil mammal-like “reptile”
jugal
Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
articular
quadrate
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmx
angular
jugal
Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
malleusincus
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmx
tympanicannulus
mammal
jugal
Jaws & Jaw Joint
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmx
tympanicbulla
mammal
Jaw Articulation
Human Middle Ear
Amniota
Montre
mat
a
Met
ather
ia
Euther
ia
Testu
dines
Lepid
osauria
Croco
dylia
Aves
temporal bone, sphenoid bone,occipital bone, “new” jaw joint, incus & malleus, 2ary palate
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