smart cities and technology
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Yasmine Badawy MSIS -‐ 2015
Smart Cities & Technology HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY TO BUILD THE FUTURE
Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2
2. Economic Impact ..................................................................................................................... 2
3. Cloud Computing ..................................................................................................................... 3
a. Cloud computing model [2] ................................................................................................. 3
b. The main Characteristics of Cloud Computing: ................................................................... 4
c. Using Cloud Technologies for large-‐scale house data in smart city .................................... 6
4. Barriers to entry ...................................................................................................................... 7
5. Architecture solutions ............................................................................................................. 9
6. Citation Paper ........................................................................................................................ 11
1. Introduction Smart city is the next-‐generation city planning to achieve maximum reward and
development to the city. The major cities economy around the world is becoming
more creative and attracting talent. The main development approach of policy
makers is attracting smart people from all over the world and bringing talent to the
cities. Information system, system thinking, and analytics are attracting highly
educated people to work in those cities.
2. Economic Impact Economic Development starts with smart people. Technology works to bring
smart people to technology savvy cities. “Today, more than half the population is
living in urban environments. The related efforts to facilitate viable living conditions
are tremendous; solutions are urgently needed, and quickly advancing technologies
may just be the answer” (1)
Major cities, as centers for global economy, are the main points for this
transformation. In the near future, three interconnected factors will place more
emphasis on the role of cities in economic development:
• The world never reached this level of urbanization
• Large cities are inhabited by the world’s most educated, highly skilled,
entrepreneur mentality in almost most fields.
• Large cities with its large population and finance can absorb new
business and investments that can create a better economy
The purpose of establishing smart cities technology is to decrease costs and
increase efficiency while aiming for long term growth. Policy makers should make
sure to create quality jobs vs quantity jobs. Through technology and smart city
approach, the goal can be created.
According to IBM statistics, the number of highly educated international migrants
around the world is expected to increase more than triple, from 29.5 million workers in
the 1990s to almost 99 million in the next decade. On top of large cities, smaller cities
can merge within this technology to become hub cities. Some of the main advantages of
smart cities are: reducing costs, supporting solutions during emergencies, reducing time
in duties and errors in information.
3. Cloud Computing With all being said about the advantage of Smart City, the answer to facilitate
future smart city logistics is in an effective IT System usage based on cloud
computing.
a. Cloud computing model [2] Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-‐demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and service) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction. It is composed of five essential characteristics (on-‐
demand self-‐service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity,
measured service), three service models (Software as a Service-‐SAAS-‐ the
capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications
running on a cloud infrastructure and are accessible from various client
devices.
The most important factor from the management point of view of cloud
computing model are its essential characteristics. (Mell & Grance, 2011).
b. The main Characterist ics of Cloud Computing: • On-demand self-service. A consumer can access computing capabilities such
as server time without human interaction.
• Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and can be
accessed through phones, laptops, etc.
• Resource pooling. Customer does not have an idea of exact location of
resource, but can identify location on a broader length. Examples of resources
are network bandwidth and memory.
• Rapid elasticity. Consumer gets rapid access to capabilities with no time and
unlimited quantity
• Measured Service. A metered capability is used to control cloud system and
optimize recourses
Center for Economics and Business Research, 2010, implied a list of characteristics
which will be summarized below:
• Reduced IT capital expenditure
• Reduced spend on IT headcount
• Rapid access to faster computing capabilities
• Improved IT capacity utilization
• Rapid rollout of an demand resources
• Pay-per-use model
• Lower barriers to entry
Cloud computing shares among users elastic resources over a limitless network
due to its characteristics. The most important benefits for respondents of Ovum
Survey, conducted in 2011, concerning cloud services usage representing
multinational corporations are presented in figure below.
c. Using Cloud Technologies for large-‐scale house data in smart city A wide variety of data are collected sensors and devices to achieve value-‐
added services. These data are taken from smart houses in smart cities. Data
includes all what is vital to make major decisions in improving the city if used
efficiently. The data include, for instance, traffic conditions of roads, power
consumption of houses, health status of inhabitants and environmental
measurements. This data is analyzed with advances data processing technologies to
achieve smart city services. These smart city services are achieved by house data
sent to external cloud from every smart house in a smart city.
House data is any data collected from smart houses to achieve smart city
services. Typical house data include energy consumption, status of appliances and
environmental measures. These data are recorded with date and time,
characterizing dynamic contexts and history of a house. This data is dynamic as it is
related to AC usage for example. On the other hand, smart city services require static
information. Static information as in meta-‐data; examples are: address of house,
number of kids in a household, etc. Although this static info may change, as a mom
can deliver an extra baby, but to the most part it is dynamic as electricity rate room
temperature.
A smart city service is implemented by acknowledging the dynamic
information then retrieving the static information. The final conclusion is summing
up their values. The main goal of a smart city is to gather data of the city then
provide services based on the data.
Even though all studies prove the benefits of implying technology to achieve
smart cities and develop communities, but little money is poured into this new
technology. There are barriers to entry, which is discussed below.
4. Barriers to entry Although the need of smart city, as mentioned above, is essential, it is not
being endorsed by many. The slowness in establishing the technology related to
smart cities is due to the need of policy changes and limited capital availability and
unsystematic governments funding measurements. In addition, the inconsistency in
national and international regulations related to environmental policies does not
help to encourage initiatives. Finally, there is a lack of methodologies and metrics
for reporting and verifying the investment returns due to smart cities technologies.
Since the recession hit the economy nationally and globally badly in 2008
and 2009, there have been major changes in finance. Those changes are reflected on
public spending and risk regulations. As risk regulations affect investments within
the private sectors, few initiatives compared to neediness of smart cities are taken.
Barriers to entry are not only economic or political. The geographical
scattering of people across cities makes it harder for people involved in Smart Cities
to achieve maximum reward. In addition, the complex technology required to achieve
the essential affectivity of smart cities models is complex and complicated. All of the
above results don’t provide promising investment environment for people in the
private sector to fund and get involved in smart cities projects. Similar investment
background occurred couple of decades ago during the development of IT. Policy
makers’ involvement and less freedom to business people to make sole decisions in
emerging IT, had discouraged business people to invest in IT. Nowadays, IT in
companies is solely under the responsibility of IT employees.
The last couple of years, major industry and service sectors have been taking
part in the industrialization of IT in the form of cloud computing and open service
delivery platforms.
IBM, as an example, offers a (Pay only for the services you use) service.
IBM’s model is to make governments pay only for the services they use and to have
infrastructure that can scale whenever new functional capabilities are needed or
additional governmental entities are added. A government can pay only for the usage
a particular department used, and add later other departments.
Below: Cloud deployment flexibility: Just in time software and hardware
5. Architecture solutions Startups that provide new services and deliver new applications for a variety of
smart city areas have been emerging into the market. Companies as Cisco, IBM,
Telefonica and other Global ICT players launch their smart city platforms. In
addition, big data structures emerge which allows storing and analyzing the general
information. Those general information could be offered to third parties through
standard interfaces in an open data fashion. Smart city platforms are designed to
provide services to support a variety of applications domains as in the figure below.
To make smart cities technologies grow and standardize, private sectors needs
to take a bigger role in making this mission accomplished. Those private sectors need
to work hand by hand with the public sector. Public sectors need to set the regulations
and offer a healthy investment environment for private sector. Another option can be
a public-private partnership (PPPs). PPPs can act as Internet of Things (IoT) service
operators and handle the delivery of new open data interfaces in a corporate fashion.
6. Citation Paper 1. Vilajosana, I. , Llosa, J. , Martinez, B. , Domingo-Prieto, M. , Angles, A. , et al. (2013).
Bootstrapping smart cities through a self-sustainable model based on big data flows. IEEE
Communications Magazine, 51(6), 128-134.
2. Nowicka, K. (2014). Smart city logistics on cloud computing model. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 151, 266-281.
3. IBM Global Business Services. (2010.) Executive Report. Smarter cities for smarter growth.
How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy
4. Yamamoto, Shintaro, Matsumoto, Shinsuke, Nakamura, Masahide. (2012). Using Cloud
Technologies for Large-Scale House Data in Smart City. IEEE Communications Magazine
5. IBM Global Business Services. (2011). White Paper. IBM Smarter City Solutions on Cloud
6. BATAGAN, L. (2011). Indicators for economic and social development of future smart city.
Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 6, 27-34.
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