social change lecture #06
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8/12/2019 Social Change Lecture #06.
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SOCIAL CHANGE:
SESSIONS 17-20
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Social Change:
Nature:
Change is the law of nature/life & with the passage
of time every society must change.
It refers to any modification in the social
organization of a society in any of its social
institutions or patterns of social roles.
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Social Change:
Nature:
Generally social change refers to a significant
change in social behavior or a change in somelarger social system rather than to minor changes
within a small group.
The reorganization of society in terms of time &
place.
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Social Change:
Nature:
In other words we can say that:
The transformation of culture & social institutionsover time.
Definition: According to the Dictionary of Sociology
(Fair Child)
Variationsor modifications in any aspect of social
process, pattern or form.
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Social Change:
Distinction Between Social Change, Cultural
Change & Progress: Social change: (According to Sociologist)
Changesin the social structure & social relation-
ships.
Cultural change: (According to Anthropologist)
Changesin the culture of a society.
Progress: (According to Intellectuals)
Asocial or cultural change in a desirable direction
is called progress.5
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Social Change:
Social Change & Development:
The changes in society can be both positive &
negative.
If the change (by most of the people/nation) are
balanced, desired & pre-planned, it is to be hopedthat such changes will establish positive correlation
with the countrysdevelopment.
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Social Change: Process Of Social Change:
The process of social change has four major
characteristics:
1) Social Change Is Universal But Variable:
Few dimensions of human experience remain the
same over time.But Although
Every society is affected by social change, all do not
change at the same rate. 7
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
1) Social Change Is Universal But Variable:
Hunting & gathering societies changed little over
thousands of years.
Furthermore
All cultural elements not change at the same
rate.(the concept of cultural lag)
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
1) Social Change Is Universal But Variable:
o Example:
The rapid development of medical devices to
prolong the life of seriously ill people (elements of
material culture) has outpaced our ability to
clearly define death(an element of nonmaterial
culture)
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
2) Social Change Is Both Intentional/Planned & Un-
Planned:
Especially in industrial societies, many dimensions
of social change are deliberately encouraged.
Scientists continually seek more effective forms of
energy & medical technology.
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
2) Social Change Is Both Intentional/Planned & Un-
Planned:
o Example:
The role of automobile (motor vehicles) in the
United States early in 20thcentury.
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
3) Social Change Is Often Controversial:
Any transformation of society is likely to be
supported by some & opposed by others.
Anyone is likely to find some good & some bad in
any example of social change.
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
3) Social Change Is Often Controversial:
In The Case Of Automobile,(Motor Vehicles)
Most American appreciate the mobility that auto-
mobile provide.
Auto exhaust is a major cause of air pollution.
More than 50,000 deaths that occur in car
accidents each year in the United States alone.
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
3) Social Change Is Often Controversial:
o Example:
The Industrial Revolution, was welcomed by
capitalists who saw advanced technology &
factories as a means of earning greater profits. But
many worker fearful of losing their jobs to
machines, had good reason to oppose progress.
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
4) Social Change Differ In Duration & Consequences:
Once introduced, some social changes are of
passing importance but others endure for
generations.
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Social Change:
Process Of Social Change:
4) Social Change Differ In Duration & Consequences:
o Example:
Like the automobile & television, the computer has
both positive & negative effects.
Providing new kinds of jobs while eliminating old
ones.
Allowing easier processing of information while
reducing personal privacy.16
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
Social changes can come from many sources.
Some of these sources originate outside of the
society, others develop from processes occurring
within the society.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
Those that come from out side the society are
called exogenoussources.
Those that originate within the society are called
endogenoussources.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
There are many sources of social change, among
them are:
1) Discovery:
A discovery is a shared human perception of an
aspect of reality which already exist.
A discovery becomes a factor in social change only
when it is put to use.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
1) Discovery:
The ancient Greeks knew about the power of
steam, but steam power produced no socialchanges until it was put to serious use.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
1) Discovery:
o Examples:
Steam Engine:- (Transportation)
Pressure Cooker:- (Cooking)
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
2) Invention:
An invention is a new combination or a new use of
existing knowledge.
It is the idea of combining elements in a useful waythat produces something which never before
existed.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
2) Invention:
Inventions may be classified as material
inventions, such as the bow & arrow, telephone, &
social inventions, such as the alphabet,
constitutional government , or the corporation.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
2) Invention:
Iron with the addition of small amounts of others
metals become steel.
In each case, old elements are used ,combined, &
improved for a new application.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
2) Invention:
o Example:
The jet engine & the piston engine use the same
principle (expansion of burning gases) but differ in
form (one uses expanding gases directly for thrust,
the other to push a piston in a cylinder)
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
3) Diffusion:
Most of the social changes in all known societies
have developed through diffusion, the spread of
culture traits from group to group.
Diffusion operates both within societies & between
societies.26
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
3) Diffusion:
Diffusion takes place whenever societies come into
contact.
Societies may seek to prevent diffusion by
forbidding contact.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
3) Diffusion:
Diffusion Is A Selective Process:
Group accepts some culture traits from a neighbor,at the same time rejecting others, we accepted
much Red Indian food but rejected Red Indian
religion.29
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Social Change:
Sources Of Social Change:
3) Diffusion:
Diffusion Is A Selective Process:
Jazz originated among black musicians of New
Orleans & become diffused to other groups withinthe society. Later it spread to other societies & hasnow been diffused throughout the civilized world.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Acceptance & Resistance To Social
Change:
Acceptance:
I. Role of mass media.
II. Role of leaders.
III. Role of education.IV.Role of technology.
V. Acculturation process.
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Social Change:
Sources Of Acceptance & Resistance To Social
Change:
Resistance:
I. More the primitive society lesser the rate of social
change.
II. Vested interests/pressure groups.
III. Trend of non-acceptance of inventions.
IV.Ideological conflicts.
V. Defective means of transportation & communi-
cation.32
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani
Society:Before General Elections 1970 :
Political Crisis/Instability:
Governors-General:- 04
(15/08/1947 - 22/03/1956)
Presidents:- 03
(23/03/1956- 20/12/1971)33
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In PakistaniSociety:
Before General Elections 1970 :
Political Crisis/Instability:
Prime Ministers:- 08
(15/08/1947-27/12/1971)
Chief Martial Law Administrators/ChiefExecutives:- 02
(07/10/1958-20/12/1971)34
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani
Society:
After General Elections 1970 -2011 :
Political Crisis/Instability:
Presidents:- 10
Vice President:- 01 Prime Ministers:-15
Chief Martial Law Administrators/Chief
Executives:- 0335
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani
Society:
The Constitution of 1973:
Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution:
Official name.
State religion.
Sovereignty belongs to Allah.
Definition of a Muslim.36
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani
Society:
The Constitution of 1973:
Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution:
A Muslim to be a President & Prime Minister.
Islamic way of life.
Promotion of social justice & eradication of social
evils.37
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani
Society: The Constitution of 1973:
Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution:
Teachings of Holy Quran & Islamiyat.
Council of Islamic Ideology.
Ahmadisdeclare a Non Muslim Minority.
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani
Society:
Steps towards Islamization in Pakistan:
Hadood Ordinance.
Zakat & Ushr Ordinance.
Establishment of Federal Shariat Courts.
Interest-Free Banking.
Establishment of Islamic University.39
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Social Change:
Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani
Society: Role/Contribution of different Institutions:
Electronic Media:-(Film, T.V)
Fast Food.
Islamic Banking.
Fashion Industry.
Political Awareness. (Urban Areas)
Nuclear State, etc.
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Assignment # 01
Q.
Make a list of all the recent (Last 20 Years) socio
cultural changes in every aspect / field (Businessenvironment, Technology, Education, Politics, etc) of
Pakistani society, which people consider desirable &
undesirable? Discuss with logical reasoning &related examples.
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