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taubcenter.org.il
Causes and Consequences of Inequality Herbert M. Singer Conference Series
TAUB CENTER for Social Policy Studies in Israel
מרכז טאוב לחקר המדיניות החברתית בישראל
Israeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective
Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh
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Labor productivity, 1970-2012
Data: Central Bureau of Statistics, Bank of Israel, OECD
Source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2009), Taub Center (updated)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012
GDP per work-hour in 2005 PPP-adjusted dollars
Israel
G7
G7
Israel
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market
incomes
disposable
incomes
market
incomes
disposable
incomes
67%
1992
70%
2011
44%
1992
57%
2011
47%
1992
57%
2011
37%
1992
50%
2011
30%
1992
27%
2011
14%
1992
13%
2011
Haredim (ultra-Orthodox Jews)
Arab Israelis
market
incomes
disposable
incomes
Jewish
non-Haredim
* Using same national poverty line in all cases.
Excluding East Jerusalem.
Percent of households under the poverty line*
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics
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13%
15%
17%
19%
21%
23%
25%
27%
29%
31%
33%
35%
1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
market incomes – all households
market incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs
disposable incomes – all households
disposable incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs
Percent of households under the poverty line* 1992-2011
* Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion. Data for 1992-96 and
2000-01 do not include East Jerusalem. No data available for 1994.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics
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Percent of elderly (65+) under the poverty line* 1992-2011
* Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion.
Excluding East Jerusalem.
17%
22%
27%
32%
37%
42%
47%
52%
57%
62%
market incomes – all elderly
market incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs
disposable incomes – all elderly
disposable incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs
1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics
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Income inequality Gini coefficient*
market
incomes
0.504
1992
0.490
2011
0.350
1992
0.370
2011
0.482
1992
0.446
2011
0.336
1992
0.332
2011
disposable
incomes
All
market
incomes
disposable
incomes
excluding Haredim and
Arab Israelis
* Based on individual weights
Excluding East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics
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Actual number of individuals
Standardized
number of
individuals
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Israel
LIS
Weights used for standardizing the
number of individuals in households LIS* weights versus National Insurance Institute weights
* Luxembourg Income Study
Appendix 1
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: LIS, National Insurance Institute
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0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010
* based on individual weights
Poland
Hungary
United States
Sweden
Spain
Norway
Netherlands
Italy
Greece
Germany
France
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Rep
Canada
Austria
United Kingdom Ireland
Finland
Belgium
Australia
Luxembourg
Israel Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem)
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
United States
United Kingdom
Sweden
Spain
Poland
Norway
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Italy
Ireland
Hungary
Greece
Germany France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Rep
Canada
Belgium
Australia
Austria
Disposable income inequality Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010
* based on individual weights
Israel Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem)
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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Percent reduction in income inequality* From market income Gini to disposable income Gini, mid 2000s
-22.2%
-25.3%
-27.1%
-29.8%
-30.8%
-31.2%
-33.2%
-33.4%
-33.9%
-37.1%
-37.9%
-41.0%
-41.6%
-42.4%
-42.7%
-42.8%
-44.0%
-45.1%
-47.2%
-47.5%
-47.6%
-47.8%
USA 2004
Israel 2005
Canada 2004
Spain 2004
UK 2004
Greece 2004
Australia 2003
Estonia 2004
Italy 2004
France 2005
Ireland 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Norway 2004
Austria 2004
Netherlands 2004
Poland 2004
Germany 2004
Czech Rep 2004
Finland 2004
Denmark 2004
Hungary 2005
Sweden 2005
* Ginis calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.
Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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26.7%
25.4%
28.4%
24.4%
25.4%
25.2%
28.5%
30.1%
30.8%
25.9%
28.8%
28.8%
31.4%
31.6%
33.9%
31.1%
30.3%
29.0%
31.4%
33.1%
31.9%
32.6%
Top income decile as a fraction of total income* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s
19.6%
20.2%
20.4%
21.2%
21.4%
21.7%
22.2%
22.4%
22.4%
22.5%
23.2%
23.9%
23.9%
24.3%
24.6%
24.9%
24.9%
25.1%
26.0%
26.4%
26.8%
27.5%
Denmark 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Sweden 2005
Austria 2004
Netherlands 2004
France 2005
Australia 2003
Finland 2004
Czech Rep 2004
Spain 2004
Germany 2004
Canada 2004
Poland 2004
Ireland 2004
Hungary 2005
Norway 2004
Israel 2005
Greece 2004
Italy 2004
Estonia 2004
USA 2004
UK 2004
disposable incomes
* Deciles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.
Israel includes East Jerusalem.
market incomes
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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6.3%
4.5%
5.3%
4.3%
4.5%
6.4%
5.0%
6.0%
6.8%
5.8%
6.5%
6.4%
6.7%
7.7%
7.6%
7.0%
8.0%
8.3%
9.2%
8.4%
8.3%
9.8%
Top 1 percentile as a fraction of total income* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s
3.4%
3.7%
3.7%
3.7%
4.1%
4.1%
4.2%
4.4%
4.7%
4.9%
4.9%
5.0%
5.1%
5.1%
5.3%
5.5%
5.6%
6.5%
6.8%
6.9%
7.3%
8.8%
Luxembourg 2004
Denmark 2004
Spain 2004
Austria 2004
Sweden 2005
France 2005
Australia 2003
Czech Rep 2004
Greece 2004
Estonia 2004
Netherlands 2004
Canada 2004
Poland 2004
Hungary 2005
Israel 2005
Germany 2004
Finland 2004
Ireland 2004
Italy 2004
USA 2004
UK 2004
Norway 2004
disposable incomes
* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.
Israel includes East Jerusalem.
market incomes
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 90/50 and 50/10* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s
1.68
1.69
1.65
1.71
1.75
1.71
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.85
1.93
2.07
2.23
2.27
2.16
2.21
2.03
2.16
2.08
2.07
2.72
2.75
1.60
1.63
1.65
1.72
1.75
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.95
1.97
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.03
2.04
2.13
2.16
2.18
2.32
Denmark 2004
Norway 2004
Sweden 2005
Finland 2004
Netherlands 2004
Czech Rep 2004
Austria 2004
Hungary 2005
Luxembourg 2004
Germany 2004
France 2005
Ireland 2004
Canada 2004
Spain 2004
Poland 2004
Italy 2004
Australia 2003
Greece 2004
Estonia 2004
UK 2004
USA 2004
Israel 2005
ratio of 90th percentile to 50th percentile
* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.
Israel includes East Jerusalem.
ratio of 50th percentile to 10th percentile
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 75/25* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.74
1.77
1.77
1.81
1.81
1.84
1.85
1.90
2.07
2.11
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.28
2.50
2.81
Denmark 2004
Norway 2004
Sweden 2005
Czech Rep 2004
Finland 2004
Netherlands 2004
Hungary 2005
Austria 2004
Germany 2004
Luxembourg 2004
France 2005
Poland 2004
Canada 2004
Estonia 2004
Ireland 2004
Greece 2004
Spain 2004
UK 2004
Italy 2004
Australia 2003
USA 2004
Israel 2005
* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.
Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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33.5%
28.0%
39.4%
47.5%
34.0%
25.0%
33.5%
30.5%
28.2%
37.8%
32.6%
30.5%
30.1%
32.9%
45.5%
28.2%
29.6%
29.6%
25.6%
29.5%
30.2%
25.0%
Percent of individuals under the poverty line* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s
18.3%
24.1%
14.1%
14.0%
13.5%
12.9%
12.1%
11.4%
10.3%
10.2%
10.0%
9.8%
9.7%
8.4%
7.2%
7.2%
6.9%
6.0%
5.5%
4.8%
4.1%
4.0%
Israel 2005
USA 2004
Italy 2004
Poland 2004
Spain 2004
Canada 2004
Greece 2004
UK 2004
Australia 2003
France 2005
Ireland 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Estonia 2004
Germany 2004
Hungary 2005
Netherlands 2004
Austria 2004
Czech Rep 2004
Norway 2004
Sweden 2005
Finland 2004
Denmark 2004
by disposable incomes
by market incomes
* Calculations according to Israeli Social Security method.
Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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Percent reduction in poverty rates* From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s
-28.2%
-34.5%
-48.2%
-60.2%
-62.4%
-63.6%
-63.8%
-64.2%
-67.9%
-68.0%
-69.3%
-70.5%
-73.0%
-74.6%
-74.6%
-76.5%
-78.6%
-79.8%
-83.8%
-84.1%
-84.2%
-86.3%
Israel 2005
USA 2004
Canada 2004
Spain 2004
UK 2004
Australia 2003
Greece 2004
Italy 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Estonia 2004
Ireland 2004
Poland 2004
France 2005
Netherlands 2004
Germany 2004
Austria 2004
Norway 2004
Czech Rep 2004
Sweden 2005
Denmark 2004
Hungary 2005
Finland 2004
* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social
Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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20.6%
20.3%
19.1%
18.3%
17.6%
17.3%
17.0%
17.0%
16.8%
16.7%
16.6%
16.0%
15.4%
15.4%
15.0%
14.1%
13.9%
13.5%
13.4%
13.1%
11.5%
9.9%
Germany
Italy
Greece
Sweden
Austria
Finland
Estonia
Spain
France
Hungary
Denmark
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Norway
Canada
Luxembourg
Australia
Poland
United States
Ireland
Israel
Share of 65+ year-olds in population, 2010
OECD Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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50.2%
62.2%
78.7%
78.1%
63.6%
81.9%
69.6%
75.7%
78.7%
83.2%
79.8%
79.7%
85.7%
76.4%
84.7%
50.1%
77.5%
92.3%
87.0%
67.1%
70.1%
82.7%
20.7%
19.8%
16.1%
15.8%
9.9%
8.5%
7.7%
6.4%
6.4%
5.9%
3.7%
3.3%
3.2%
3.1%
2.5%
2.4%
2.4%
1.7%
1.6%
1.4%
1.2%
0.9%
Percent of elderly under the poverty line* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s
Israel 2005
USA 2004
Spain 2004
Greece 2004
UK 2004
Italy 2004
Australia 2003
France 2005
Ireland 2004
Germany 2004
Austria 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Poland 2004
Estonia 2004
Finland 2004
Canada 2004
Sweden 2005
Netherlands 2004
Hungary 2005
Denmark 2004
Norway 2004
Czech Rep 2004
by market incomes
* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social
Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.
by disposable incomes
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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Percent reduction in elderly poverty rates* From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s
-58.7%
-68.2%
-79.5%
-79.7%
-84.4%
-89.0%
-89.6%
-91.5%
-91.9%
-93.0%
-95.2%
-95.4%
-95.9%
-96.0%
-96.2%
-96.9%
-97.1%
-97.9%
-98.1%
-98.1%
-98.3%
-98.9%
Israel 2005
USA 2004
Spain 2004
Greece 2004
UK 2004
Australia 2003
Italy 2004
France 2005
Ireland 2004
Germany 2004
Canada 2004
Austria 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Estonia 2004
Poland 2004
Sweden 2005
Finland 2004
Denmark 2004
Netherlands 2004
Hungary 2005
Norway 2004
Czech Rep 2004
* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social
Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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by market incomes
40.4%
30.2%
32.1%
42.6%
26.6%
27.9%
34.8%
26.9%
28.8%
34.6%
34.7%
24.0%
20.2%
23.2%
15.2%
22.8%
40.3%
20.2%
22.0%
18.2%
16.5%
18.1%
34.1%
25.1%
24.1%
22.4%
19.9%
18.9%
18.1%
17.1%
16.1%
15.7%
15.0%
14.8%
14.5%
13.6%
12.0%
11.8%
11.7%
10.5%
6.5%
6.1%
5.0%
4.8%
Percent of children under the poverty line* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s
Israel 2005
USA 2004
Italy 2004
Poland 2004
Canada 2004
Spain 2004
UK 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Australia 2003
Ireland 2004
France 2005
Estonia 2004
Greece 2004
Germany 2004
Netherlands 2004
Czech Rep 2004
Hungary 2005
Austria 2004
Sweden 2005
Norway 2004
Denmark 2004
Finland 2004
by disposable incomes
* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social
Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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Percent reduction in children poverty rates* From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s
-15.6%
-16.9%
-20.8%
-24.8%
-25.3%
-28.2%
-32.2%
-36.3%
-38.4%
-41.6%
-44.1%
-47.4%
-47.9%
-48.0%
-48.3%
-54.7%
-56.8%
-66.6%
-69.5%
-70.2%
-70.9%
-73.8%
Israel 2005
USA 2004
Netherlands 2004
Italy 2004
Canada 2004
Greece 2004
Spain 2004
Luxembourg 2004
Estonia 2004
Germany 2004
Australia 2003
Poland 2004
UK 2004
Austria 2004
Czech Rep 2004
Ireland 2004
France 2005
Norway 2004
Denmark 2004
Sweden 2005
Hungary 2005
Finland 2004
* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social
Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.
Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center
Data: Luxembourg Income Study
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70 80 90 100
* national average in math, science and reading exams
Israel, not including ultra-orthodox Jews = 100 (base)
Educational inequality Standard deviations in achievements in 25 OECD countries and in Israel, PISA 2009 exams
Korea
Finland
Portugal
Denmark
Norway
Spain
Canada
Hungary
Netherlands
Ireland
Slovak Rep
UK
OECD
Czech Rep
Iceland
Italy
USA
Switzerland
Sweden
Australia
Germany
Japan
Austria
New Zealand
France
Belgium
Israel
data from PISA source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2010, Taub Center (updated).
exam* year
number of
participating
countries (out of 25)
Israel’s
ranking
TIMSS 1999 14 first place
PISA 2000/02 23 first place
TIMSS 2003 14 first place
PISA 2006 25 first place
TIMSS 2007 11 first place
PISA 2009 25 first place
TIMSS 2011 11 first place
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163%
-47%
Situation on the Roads
data from the World Bank * average of 22 OECD countries
vehicles per kilometer road
Road Congestion
Israel relative to OECD average, 2008
per 1,000 people
Number of Vehicles
source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2010, Taub Center (updated).
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taubcenter.org.il
Causes and Consequences of Inequality Herbert M. Singer Conference Series
TAUB CENTER for Social Policy Studies in Israel
מרכז טאוב לחקר המדיניות החברתית בישראל
Israeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective
Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh
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