solar energy and acid rain presentation
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SOLAR
ENERGY
THE HUMAN FUTURE
DEFINITION
What Is Solar Energy?
Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It does not belong to anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of
the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting
and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect.
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.
Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar
thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make
considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the
world now faces.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels
and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar
techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable,
inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term
benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous,
inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance
sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and
keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the
additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning
investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".
HISTORY
History Of Solar Energy
Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. For example, ancient
cultures used energy from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it. They also kept their homes warm through passive solar energy
designs. Buildings were designed so that walls and floors collected solar heat during the day that was released at night to keep them warm. If you have ever stood in the sun to get warm then you
too have utilized solar thermal energy.
The discovery of photovoltaic happened in 1839 when the French physicist Edmond Becquerel first
showed photovoltaic activity. Edmond had found that electrical current in
certain materials could be increased when exposed to light. 66 years later, in 1905, we gained an understanding of Edmonds' work when the famous
physicist Albert Einstein clearly described the photoelectric effect, the
principle on which photovoltaic are based. In 1921 Einstein received the
Nobel Prize for his theories on the photoelectric effect.
SUN AND
ENERGY
Sun And It’s EnergyThe word solar stems from the Roman word for the god of
the sun, Sol. Therefore, the word solar refers to the Sun and “solar power” is power from the Sun.When we say something is solar powered, we mean that the energy it uses for power came directly from solar energy or sunlight energy. The sun provides Earth with 2 major forms of energy, heat and light. Some solar powered systems utilize the heat energy for heating while others transform the light energy into electrical energy (electricity).
SOLAR PANEL
S
A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. The
solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, many installations contain several panels. A
photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and
sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.
What Are Solar Panels?
SOLAR CELLS
A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or
photoelectric cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
What are Solar Cells?
Assemblies of solar cells are used to make solar modules which are used to capture energy from sunlight. When multiple modules are assembled together (such as prior to installation on a pole-
mounted tracker system), the resulting integrated group of modules all oriented in one plane is
referred to in the solar industry as a solar panel. The general public and some casual writers often refer to solar modules incorrectly as solar panels;
technically this is not the correct usage of terminology. The distinction between a module
and a panel is that a module cannot be disassembled into smaller re-usable components in the field, whereas a solar panel is assembled
from, and can be disassembled back into a stack of solar modules.
Working of Solar Panel
The above diagram shows the working of solar panels
How Solar Panels Work?To understand how solar panels work and provide
electricity I have broken down its working and processes in to steps for better understanding. These steps are mentioned with the in the order as it happens in given solar plant. The steps are:-•Sun light•Earth surface •Photovoltaic Cells•Weather Station •DC switch•Inverter•Transformer•AC switch•Electric meter.
These are four steps which are must to be taken place for any solar panel to work. These may include:-
•Electric meter •Weather station device •DC switch disconnection module•Transformer•AC switch disconnection module •Data acquisition module •Electricity distribution panel module.
Electric Meter
These electric meters are used for the same purpose as our normal electric meters are used for. They keep the record of energy being consumed which is produced by solar panels.
Normally electric energy is measured in watts or kilowatts. Most of solar panels come with electric meters
especially when panels are designed to produce energy on large scale.
Weather Station Device
Weather station is another useful add-on for solar panels. As name suggests it keeps the record of
weather conditions. Weathers conditions are very crucial as far as the performance or solar panels
are concern, therefore keeping weather conditions as record is important. These modules are normally located near photovoltaic cells or arrays. Weather
station normally have anemometer to keep the record for wind speed, pyranometer keeps record
for solar energy falling on solar panel arrays and of course thermometer to measure temperature. All
these inputs are then send to data acquisition module for further processing.
This module helps professional solar panel electricians to disconnection
solar panel from the rest of its system. When DC switch is off, electricians can
do maintenance task on the rest of solar panel components.
DC Switch Disconnection
Module
TransformerTransformer is an important component for any electric system; it makes sure that
electricity coming from inverter is compatible with electric voltage of house,
building office etc.
AC Switch Disconnect
ModuleThis module allows electricians to
disconnect electric supply of house or building from photovoltaic system.
With AC switch turned off maintenance of solar photovoltaic system can be
performed.
Data Acquisition Module
Data acquisition module is important module which receives inputs from weather station module and electric
meter. It is normally designed in such a way that it gathers important
information to calculate weather conditions and output of solar panels.
Electricity Distribution Panel
ModuleThis module is designed to receive energy from solar panels which is then combined
with other electricity supply company. From here this energy is passed on electric
wiring all over the building, house office etc to run electric appliances.
Uses of Solar
Energy
Uses Of Solar Energy
Today , Solar Energy is used in many ways. Some of them are given below:-•Residential Usage•Commercial Usage•Industrial Usage•Remote Application Usage
Residential UsageThe number of PV installations on buildings
connected to the electricity grid has grown in recent years. Government subsidy programs
(particularly in Germany and Japan) and green pricing policies of utilities or electricity service
providers have stimulated demand. Demand is also driven by the desire of individuals or companies to obtain their electricity from a clean, non-polluting,
renewable source. These consumers are usually willing to pay only a small premium for renewable energy. Increasingly, the incentive is an attractive financial return on the investment through the sale of solar electricity at premium feed-in tariff rates.
In solar systems connected to the electricity grid, the PV system
supplies electricity to the building, and any daytime excess may be
exported to the grid. Batteries are not required because the grid supplies any extra demand. However, to be
independent of the grid supply, battery storage is needed to provide
power at night.
Holiday or vacation homes without access to the electricity grid can use solar systems more cost-effectively than if the grid was extended to reach the location. Remote homes in sunny locations
can obtain reliable electricity to meet basic needs with a simple system comprising of a PV panel, a
rechargeable battery to store the energy captured during daylight hours, a regulator (or
charge controller), and the necessary wiring and switches. Such systems are often called solar
home systems (SHS).
Commercial Usage
On an office building, roof areas can be covered with glass PV modules, which can
be semi-transparent to provide shaded light. On a factory or warehouse, large roof
areas are the best location for solar modules. If the roof is flat, then arrays can be mounted using techniques that do not
breach the weatherproofed roof membrane. Also, skylights can be partially covered with
PV.
The vertical walls of office buildings provide several opportunities for PV incorporation,
as well as sunshades or balconies incorporating a PV system. Sunshades may have the PV system mounted externally to
the building, or have PV cells specially mounted between glass sheets comprising
the window.
Industrial Usage
For many years, solar energy has been the power supply choice for industrial
applications, especially where power is required at remote locations. Because solar
systems are highly reliable and require little maintenance, they are ideal in distant
or isolated places.
Solar energy is also frequently used for transportation signaling, such as offshore
navigation buoys, lighthouses, aircraft warning light structures, and increasingly in road traffic
warning signals. Solar is used to power environmental monitoring equipment and
corrosion protection systems for pipelines, well-heads, bridges, and other structures. For larger
electrical loads, it can be cost-effective to configure a hybrid power system that links the PV
with a small diesel generator.
Remote Application
UsageRemote buildings, such as schools, community halls, and clinics, can benefit from solar energy. In developing regions,
central power plants can provide electricity to homes via a local wired network, or act
as a battery charging station where members of the community can bring
batteries to be recharged.
PV systems can be used to pump water in remote areas as part of a portable water supply system. Specialized solar water
pumps are designed for submersible use or to float on open water. Large-scale
desalination plants can also be PV powered using an array of PV modules with battery
storage.
Benefits of Solar Energy
Benefits Of Using Solar Energy
1. Solar energy is renewable. We never have to worry about running out of sunlight or using it all up. The sun is a consistent power source meaning it's always going to be there every day.
2. Solar energy is environmentally friendly. Compared to fossil fuels which release greenhouses gases, carcinogens and carbon dioxide, solar cells don't release anything into the air.
4. Solar cells make no noise while collecting energy. There are no other renewable energy sources that are completely silent.
Future of Solar Energy
Future Of Solar Energy
According to a report, by 2050 almost one fourth of the world is expected to use the solar energy. Out of the total supply, 11 percent of the solar
energy is predicted to be used through the solar panel for the domestic purposes, offices and so
on and the other 11 percent will be used by central solar power station to provide electricity
in the populated areas.
According to a report, solar power currently is only using 0.5 percent of total electricity supply, but solar power should be used in generating the electricity to cut down the carbon emissions. It is said that the future of solar energy largely depends on its cost. The value of the solar energy is more than
the value of power energy today, but after a decade the value of the solar energy would
become equivalent to other powers of energy.
But several other sources say that by 2040, 50 percent of the world’s energy will come from solar energy. Since this is a renewable energy, there is no risk of this energy resource getting depleted, and the usage will increase by a high margin as
people will shift towards non exhaustible resources of energy.
So it is necessary to change to solar energy and build a solar dwelling. Also do what you can do
for the environment and develop the future use of solar energy.
THANK YOU..!
Efforts By:-Maheep Chhabra
VII-AD.A.V. International School, Amritsar
ACID
RAINA NATURAL DISASTER
Definitio
n
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions
(low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with
the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur
dioxide into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally
by lightning strikes and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions. The chemicals in acid rain
can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and erosion of stone
statues..
What is Acid Rain?
Causes
The above picture shows how acid rain is formed......
How Acid Rain Is Formed?
Acid rain is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Burning oil, gas and coal in
power stations releases Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere.
Burning oil and petrol in motor vehicles puts nitrogen oxides (NOX)
into the atmosphere.These gases mix with water droplets in
the atmosphere creating weak solutions of nitric and sulphuric acids.
When precipitation occurs these solutions fall as acid rain.
Effects
Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and
streams and contributes to the damage of trees at high elevations (for example, red
spruce trees above 2,000 feet) and many sensitive
forest soils. In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building materials and
paints, including irreplaceable buildings,
statues, and sculptures that are part of our nation's
cultural heritage. Prior to falling to the earth, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases and their
particulate matter derivatives—sulfates and
nitrates—contribute to visibility degradation and
harm public health.
Effects of Acid Rain
Preven
tion
Acid rain can be prevented by reducing emissions that come from the mining
industries, burning of fuels for electrical power generation, oil operations, and reducing fuel emissions from cars and
trucks. Reduce our use of products that produce chlorofluorocarbons that are
released into the atmosphere by actively conserving the use of your air
conditioning. Become energy wise by conserving energy through the use of
fluorescent lights, closing off rooms you do not use, and use washers, dryers, and dishwashers only when full. Last but not
lease please recycles packaging and other disposable products.
How to Prevent Acid Rain?
Request
It is our humble request that please do not use cheap house cleaning products that contain harmful chemicals, please walk or use a bicycle to travel to nearby places
instead of using a motorbike and please use public buses to travel instead of using a car but still if you want to
use a car please use a eco-friendly pollution free and fuel efficient cars .
Thank
YouEfforts by:-Maheep Chhabra
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