some general features of animals animals are ___________________________ that are ____________ in...
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Some General Features of Animals• Animals are ___________________________that are ____________ in form and habitat, are _______________, and have ___________________________
• Kingdom Animalia is traditionally divided into the Parazoa ___________________________
Eumetazoa ___________________________
• The eumetazoan branch is divided into Radiata and Bilateria -__________________________.• Bilateral animals have _____________ ( a head region)Bilateral animals further split into groups with and without a body cavity (_____________). (p. 660)
This is a distinction long used for classification
Types of Body Cavitiespage 660
• _______________ -no body cavity– flatworms
• ______________-pseudocoel located between mesoderm and endoderm– roundworms, rotifers
• _______________- body cavity completely contained within mesoderm– many members inc Homo sapiens
Protostome/ Deuterostome• ___________________-
– Blastopore (invagination of blastula) becomes mouth
• ____________________– Blastopore becomes anus
• Puzzles related to Animal Evolution
• Origin of sponges?– The multinucleate hypothesis, polyphyletic
origin hypothesis, and the ___________________________ all try to account for the origin of metazoans from single-celled protists.
– See picture on page 656
• Puzzles related to Animal Evolution
• A large diversity of animal body plans occurred around the __________________, with no major innovations since. Cause?...– the emergence of
____________________________________________________________________________
– debut of ___________________within developing animal embryos.
Arthropods are the most diverse of all animal groups.
• ________________________________________
• Arthopod body plan________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
…arthropods • The exoskeleton is secreted by, and fused with, the epidermis, and provides a hard surface for muscle attachment. • ______________________________________________________________________; some have adaptations such as compound eyes, a respiratory system composed of tracheae, and an excretory system composed of Malpighian tubules.
A Major Group of Arthropods: Crustaceans
• Most crustaceans have two pairs of antennae, three types of chewing appendages, and various pairs of legs. • Crustaceans are found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
Major Classes of Arthropods: Arachnids
• Arachnids have a pair of chelicerae (mouthparts), a pair of pedipalps (copulatory or pincer function), and four pairs of walking legs.
Major Classes of Arthropods: Centipedes and Millipedes
• Centipedes and millipedes are made of a head region followed by numerous similar segments. – Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment,
and millipedes have two pairs per segment.
Major Classes of Arthropods: Insects
• Class Insecta is the largest group of organisms on the planet, living in nearly every possible habitat. • Most are relatively small, and contain three body sections: head, thorax, and abdomen, with three pairs of legs attached to the thorax, and one pair of antennae. • Most insects have compound eyes.
…insects
• Many insects undergo either simple or complex metamorphosis.
• What are the stages of complete metamorphosis?
Complete Metamorphosis in Insecta
Complete Metamorphosis
• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________
• ______________________
• The Chordates• Four features characterize the chordates: (1) single, __________________;
• (2) a flexible ____________________present at some developmental stage;
• (3) _____________________connecting the pharynx and the esophagus (gill slits in human embryos-1
pair remain as eustacian tubes);
• (4)_________________________________at least during embryonic development. (p. 684)
• 34.2 Nonvertebrate chordates have a notochord but no backbone.The Nonvertebrate Chordates• Tunicates possess a _______________ and a _________________as larvae, but look at them as adults! (p. 700) • ___________________ are fishlike marine chordates with a ____________________running the entire length of the ___________________(p. 699)
• The evolution of vertebrates involved invasions of sea, land, and air.Characteristics of Vertebrates• Vertebrates -vertebral column instead of a notochord, and a distinct head. (p• The history of the vertebrates -they invaded the sea and then the land. (p. 703)
• Distinction
– __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates
• _________________________
• __________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________
• Fishes• Fish were the first vertebrates and are the most diverse and successful vertebrate group. (p. 690) • Key characteristics of fish include a _________________________________________________________________________________________________________(they need to eat a nitrogen source). (p 707 and circulation
PPT)
• __________________ eventually became dominant sea predators, partially due to a skeleton composed of __________________. Sharks were also among the first vertebrates to develop _____________________.
• What do you know about shark’s teeth?
• We will closely examine a shark after AP testing
• ______________________-- ossification provides a strong base for muscle attachment and evolved in fresh water. (p. 696)
– __________________for buoyancy
– a _________________________(also found in sharks, to be seen in lab)
– ____________________________to permit water to be pumped over the gills. (pp. 696-697)
Amphibians
• ________________
• ___________________
• _____________________
• ________________________(711-12 and circulation PPT)
• evolved from lobe-finned fishes.
• Include frogs and toads, salamanders, and caecilians (w/o limbs).
Reptiles• Key characteristics of reptiles include the _______________________________________________________________(expand ribcage).
• Turtles, lizards and snakes, tuataras, and crocodiles. (pp. 714-718)
• What are the components of the amniotic egg?
Watertight Amniotic Egg
• ________________ Membrane that surrounds embryo and maintains watery environment (portable sea)
• ________________-Gas exchange• In bird egg, this membrane is found attached to inner shell.• In mammals, becomes embryo’s part of the placenta
• _________________-Helps dispose of nitrogenous waste (garbage bag) (forms part of umbilical cord in mammals)
• ______________-Contains fat rich nutrients (develops into allantois in mammals)
Birds• Modern birds retain many reptilian characteristics, but lack teeth and have vestigial tails. They are distinguished from living reptiles by ___________________________________________________________(p. 718-720)
They have a __________________through the lungs.
• Descended from dinosaurs
• Mammals• _______________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• The Orders of Mammals• Mammals were not common until dinosaurs disappeared. Modern mammals fall into one of three categories: _______________________, egg-laying mammals; _________________, pouched mammals; and _________________________(721-27)
Evolution among the primates has focused on brain size and locomotion.Primates• ________________________and toes and _____________________are two features that allowed primates to flourish. • Modern _________________ include lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers, while ____________________ include monkeys, apes, and humans. - (Zaboomafoo from PBS)
List major vertebrate developments
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• ________________________________
• _______________________________
• _______________________________
• _______________________________
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