some of your best ideas are mine: unconscious antiplagiarism
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Some of your best ideas are mine:unconscious antiplagiarismNicholas Lange, Timothy J. Perfect and Ian Dennis
Standard Paradigm
• Brown & Murphy (1989):– Semantic category examplar generation– Recall after a delay followed by generate-new
phase– Higher plagiariasm than intrusion rates– Plagiarism rates above chance
Brown, A. S., & Murphy, D. R. (1989). Cryptomnesia: Delineating inadvertent plagiarism. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(3), 432–442.
Standard Paradigm
Generation
Standard Paradigm
Plagiarism
Recall
Standard Paradigm
Generate New
Standard Paradigm
PlagiarismCryptomnesia
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Calvini, G. (1999). Contexts of Cryptomnesia. Social Cognition, 17(3), 273–297.
Standard Paradigm
Standard Paradigm
If source misattribution bias is self-serving
• 47 participants• Mixed Model design
– Task: recall own, recall partner, recall both (between subjects)
– Delay: one day, seven days (within subjects)
Extended paradigm and delay
Extended paradigm and delay
1 day delay 1 week delay 1 day delay 1 week delaySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
n w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput
Extended paradigm and delay
1 day delay 1 week delay 1 day delay 1 week delaySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
n w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput * *
Delay
Extended paradigm and delay
1 day delay 1 week delay 1 day delay 1 week delaySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35 PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
n w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput * *
Task
Extended paradigm and delay
1 day delay 1 week delay 1 day delay 1 week delaySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
n w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput
*
*
Extended paradigm and delay
• Plagiarism rates increase with delay• More ideas are given away than plagiarised• Effects not as pronounced with joint-source
recall
Source misattribution bias is not exclusively self-servingIn fact it appears to be more self-defeating
Extended paradigm and delay
• Background– Macrae, Bodenhausen and Calvini (1999)
– Higher rates of plagiarism with female/female vs
female/male pairs
Extended paradigm and source similarity
♀ ♂♀ ♀>
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Calvini, G. (1999). Contexts of Cryptomnesia. Social Cognition, 17(3), 273–297.
• 47 participants• Mixed Model design
– Task: recall own, recall partner, recall both (between subjects)
– Source Similarity: high, low (within subjects)– Delay: 1 week
Extended paradigm and source similarity
Extended paradigm and source similarity
Low Similarity High Similarity Low Similarity High SimilaritySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40 PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
ns w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput
Extended paradigm and source similarity
Low Similarity High Similarity Low Similarity High SimilaritySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40 PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
ns w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput
* ns
Source Similarity
Extended paradigm and source similarity
Low Similarity High Similarity Low Similarity High SimilaritySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40 PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
ns w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput
* *
Task
Extended paradigm and source similarity
Low Similarity High Similarity Low Similarity High SimilaritySingle Source Recall Joint Source Recall
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
PlagiarisedGiven Away
Prop
ortio
ns w
rong
-sou
rce
erro
rs o
f ou
tput
*
* *
nssimilarity
task
• More ideas are given away than plagiarised• Wrong-source error rates increase with high
similarity• Recall partner task drives similarity effect
– vs. Macrae, Bodenhausen & Calvini (forced recall? between vs within factor?)
• Joint source recall does not show an effect of source similarity
Extended paradigm and source similarity
• …and unconscious anti-plagiarism• -> wrong-source errors / source
misattributions• Increase with delay and source similarity• also with increased typicality of items,
increased similarity of items and instruction to output liberally
Unconscious plagiarism?
Extended paradigm and delayGeneration phase First recall session
A B
Set of generated examples per category
1d dela
y
Rec
all
Bot
hR
ecal
l Ow
n
Target in recall
Participant used in example
Additional
6d delay
Rec
all
Par
tner
Second recall sessiont
B
A B
A
BA
B
A B
A
BA
Rec
all
Par
tner
Extended paradigm and source similarity
Generation phase Recall phase
♀
♂
Set offemalemale
generated examples per category
7d dela
y
Rec
all
Par
tner
Rec
all
Bot
hR
ecal
l O
wn
♂♀
Target in recall
Participant used in example
t
♀
♂ ♀
♂♀ ♀
♂♀ ♀
Extended paradigm and delay
1 day delay 1 week delay 1 day delay 1 week delayRecall Own Recall Partner
0.00
0.10
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0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Correct Wrong-Source Errors Intrusion
Prop
ortio
n of
mea
sure
s at o
utpu
t
Single Source Recall
Extended paradigm and delayRecall Both
1 day delay 1 week delay 1 day delay 1 week delayRecall Own Recall Partner
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
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0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00Correct Wrong-Source Errors Intrusion
Prop
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n of
mea
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s at o
utpu
t
Extended paradigm and source similarity
- Effect of task on:- Correct recall, RO > RP- Wrong-Source Errors, RO < RP- Intrusions, RO < RP
- Effect of similarity on:- Correct recall, High < Low- Wrong-Source Errors, High > Low- Intrusion, High = Low
Extended paradigm and source similarity
- Effect of task on:- Correct recall, RO > RP- Wrong-Source Errors, RO < RP- Intrusions, RO < RP
- Effect of similarity on:- Correct recall, High = Low- Wrong-Source Errors, High = Low- Intrusion, High = Low
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