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1"Course'offerings'are'subject'to'revisions.''Please'check'the'on7line'Time'Schedule'for'possible'changes.'

"

!!

SOUTH"ASIAN"STUDIES!! ! COURSE'LIST!UNIVERSITY!OF!WASHINGTON! Autumn'2014'

'"

ART!HISTORY!ART!H!314! Modern!and!Contemporary!Art!of!India! 5"cr"""

TTh""""103031220" ART""003" KHULLAR""""

This"course"surveys"developments"in"the"visual"arts"in"India"from"the"late"colonial"period"through"the"postcolonial"period,"

highlighting"continuities"and"changes"in"cultural"production."In"the"first"half"of"the"course,"we"examine"the"impact"of"

colonialism"on"art"education"and"artistic"professions"in"India"leading"up"to"independence"from"the"British"in"1947."We"

investigate"anti3colonial"nationalist"claims"for"art,"with"an"emphasis"on"the"shifting"status"of"oil"painting,"the"emergence"of"

a"national"style"of"art"in"colonial"Bengal,"and"challenges"to"its"authority"from"the"1920s."In"the"second"half"of"the"course,"

we"explore"diverse"artistic"movements"and"careers"in"urban"centers"such"as"Baroda"(Vadodara),"Bombay"(Mumbai),"

Calcutta"(Kolkata),"and"New"Delhi.""We"consider"attempts"to"expand"the"notion"of"modern"art"through"folk"and"tribal"

cultural"practices"from"the"1960s"onward"as"a"means"of"forging"postcolonial"identities"and"alliances."A"central"theme"of"

the"course"will"be"cross3cultural"exchange"in"modernity"that"has"been"theorized"under"the"terms"“cosmopolitanism”"and"

“globalization.”"How"did"artists"in"India"understand"and"interpret"national"allegiances"and"international"affiliations?"What"

visual"forms"did"these"allegiances"and"affiliations"take"and"why"were"they"often"framed"in"a"relationship"of"difference"to"

art"in"Euro3American"contexts?"On"what"terms"did"artists"in"India"engage"their"counterparts"in"London,"Vienna,"Tokyo,"

Paris,"and"New"York?"

""""""""""""""ASIAN!LANGUAGES!AND!LITERATURE!

ASIAN!203! Literature!&!Culture!of!Ancient!&!Classical!India! 5"cr"""

TTh""""1303320" CMU""230" SALOMON""""""""""""""""""""

+See"time"schedule"for"quiz"sections""

This"course"introduces"the"ancient"and"classical"literature"of"India"in"its"cultural"and"historical"context."This"body"of"

literature"includes"some"of"the"most"influential"monuments"of"world"civilization."Our"readings"will"be"drawn"from"the"Rig"

Veda,"the"Ramayana,"the"Pancatantra,"poems"and"plays"by"Kalidasa"and"others,"and"classical"Tamil"sangam"poetry."All"

works"are"read"in"English"translation."This"course"may"be"taken"by"students"with"no"previous"knowledge"of"the"languages"

or"cultures"of"India.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

ASIAN!207! Special!Topics!in!Literature!and!Culture!of!Asia:!!!! Fairies,!Genies!and!Monsters:!the!Romance!in!India! 5"cr"""

MW"""""1303320" THO""119" DUBROW""""""""""""""""""""

+See"time"schedule"for"quiz"sections""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

ASIAN!STUDIES!JSIS!203! Rise!of!Asia!! 5"cr"""

MWF""""103031220" FSH""102" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

+See"time"schedule"for"quiz"sections""

Key"themes"in"the"study"of"Asia,"with"focus"on"the"present."Topics"include:"the"notion"of""Asia;""cultural"and"religious"

similarities"and"differences;"comparison"of"colonial"experiences"under"Western"and"Asian"powers;"World"War"II"and"

liberation;"postwar"patterns"of"economic"and"political"development;"social"patterns"and"issues.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

" "

2"Course'offerings'are'subject'to'revisions.''Please'check'the'on7line'Time'Schedule'for'possible'changes.'

"

COMPARATIVE!HISTORY!OF!IDEAS!CHID!498/JSIS!485! Special!Colloquia:!Yoga:!History!and!Politics! 5"cr"""

T""""""11303220" " NOVETZKE""""""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

HISTORY!HSTAS!202/JSIS!A!202! Introduction!to!South!Asian!History,!1500!W!present! 5"cr"""

TTh""""2303420" SMI""105" DHAVAN""""""""""""""""""""""

This"class"will"trace"the"history"of"South"Asia"from"the"late"Mughal"period"to"the"current"time."We"will"begin"by"examining"

how"ideas"of"political"power,"social"networks,"and"cultural"identity"changed"as"indigenous"states"were"replaced"by"colonial"

rule,"study"the"effects"of"colonial"rule"in"the"nineteenth"century"on"South"Asian"communities,"and"then"focus"on"the"major"

social,"economic,"and"cultural"developments"in"the"period"after"India"and"Pakistan"became"independent."Throughout"the"

quarter"we"will"focus"on"how"changes"in"economic"and"political"policies"impacted"the"lives"of"every3day"people"in"South"

Asia"during"this"period."We"will"also"explore"the"ways"in"which"concepts"of"religion,"gender,"nationhood,"and"identity"

evolved"and"changed.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

MUSIC!MUSIC!316! Music!Cultures!of!the!World! 5"cr"""

MTWF"""103031120" MUS""126" ELLINGSON""""""""""""""""""""

+See"time"schedule"for"quiz"sections""

Approximately"25%"South"Asia"content."Music"316"explores"the"relationship"of"music"to"peoples'"ways"of"life"in"the"

various"regions"and"cultures"of"Asia."People"construct"the"world"around"them"into"diverse"cultural"patterns"and"systems;"

and"music"is"always"an"important"element"in"such"constructions."Music"may"be"many"different"things"to"different"peoples"

and"cultures"333"ranging"from"something"as"abstract"or"ideal"as"an"expressive""art""or"a"medium"of"religious"worship,"to"

something"as"practical"as"an"item"in"the"technological"toolkit"for"hunting"game,"curing"sickness,"or"storing"and"

communicating"information."Music"frequently"plays"an"important"role"in"kinship,"economic,"political,"and"legal"systems."

And"music,"like"the"rest"of"culture,"is"always"changing"and"developing"new"forms."We"will"hear"some"of"the"most"unusual"

and"beautiful"of"these"forms"as"we"consider"the"dynamics"and"significance"of"music"in"cultures"ranging"from"small"

nomadic"camps"to"immense"civilizations,"spread"across"the"world's"largest"continent."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

MUSIC!533! Preceptorial!Readings!in!Ethnomusicology! 5"cr"""

Th"""""103031220" MUS""027" ELLINGSON""""""""""""""""""""""

Significant"ethnomusicological"literature"on"the"music"cultures"of"Asia."Meets"with"MUSIC"316."Prerequisite:"graduate"

student"standing"in"ethnomusicology"and"permission"of"instructor."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

SOUTH!ASIAN!STUDIES!JSIS!485! Special!Topics!in!South!Asia:!Yoga:!History!and!Politics! 5"cr"""

T""""""11303220" " NOVETZKE""""""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

JSIS!A!202/HSTAS!202! Introduction!to!South!Asian!History,!1500!W!present! 5"cr"""

TTh""""2303420"" SMI""105" DHAVAN""""""""""""""""""""""

This"class"will"trace"the"history"of"South"Asia"from"the"late"Mughal"period"to"the"current"time."We"will"begin"by"examining"

how"ideas"of"political"power,"social"networks,"and"cultural"identity"changed"as"indigenous"states"were"replaced"by"colonial"

rule,"study"the"effects"of"colonial"rule"in"the"nineteenth"century"on"South"Asian"communities,"and"then"focus"on"the"major"

social,"economic,"and"cultural"developments"in"the"period"after"India"and"Pakistan"became"independent."Throughout"the"

quarter"we"will"focus"on"how"changes"in"economic"and"political"policies"impacted"the"lives"of"every3day"people"in"South"

Asia"during"this"period."We"will"also"explore"the"ways"in"which"concepts"of"religion,"gender,"nationhood,"and"identity"

evolved"and"changed.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

JSIS!A!508! Interdisciplinary!Study!of!South!Asia!I! 5"cr"""

T""""""1303420" THO""215" YANG""""""""""""""""""""""

Examines"key"themes"and"debates"about"the"development"of"South"Asian"cultural"and"political"formations."Examines"how"

different"scholarly"disciplines,"particularly"those"in"the"humanities,"have"approved"and"analyzed"the"past"in"South"Asia.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

" "

3"Course'offerings'are'subject'to'revisions.''Please'check'the'on7line'Time'Schedule'for'possible'changes.'

"

LANGUAGES!BENG!311! Elementary!Bengali!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"103031120" " ABEDIN""""""""""""""""""""""

This"is"the"first"quarter"of"a"three3quarter"introduction"to"Elementary"Bangla.""The"course"will"offer"a"balance"of"all"four"

skills:"speaking,"reading,"listening"and"writing.""Students"will"learn"modern"Standard"Colloquial"Bangla"and"develop"an"

awareness"of"the"culture"of"Bengal"(Bangladesh,"and"West"Bengal,"India)."Classes"consist"of"task3based"activities,"audio"

and"video"activities,"conversation,"reading,"writing,"and"applying"grammar."Contact"instructor:"abedin@uw.edu.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

BENG!321! Intermediate!Bengali!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"12303120" MGH""291" ABEDIN""""""""""""""""""""""

This"is"the"first"quarter"of"a"three3quarter"introduction"to"Intermediate"Bangla.""Develops"proficiency"in"reading,"writing,"

listening,"and"speaking"Standard"Colloquial"Bangla"at"an"intermediate"level"and"an"understanding"of"Bengali"culture."

Readings"of"short"stories"and"essays,"writing"of"short"essays"and"creative"pieces,"video"activies,"and"topic3based"

conversation.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

BENG!401! Advanced!Bengali!! 5"cr"""

MW"""""3303520" MEB""250" ABEDIN""""""""""""""""""""""

This"is"the"first"quarter"of"a"three3quarter"introduction"to"Advanced"Bangla."Further"development"of"proficiency"in"

reading,"writing,"listening,"and"speaking"Standard"Colloquial"Bangla"at"an"advanced"level"and"achieving"a"greater"

understanding"of"Bengali"society"and"culture."Readings"in"fiction,"non3fiction"literature,"development"topics,"writing"of"

essays"and"creative"pieces,"film"appreciation,"and"presentation."Focus"according"to"student’s"field"of"interest."Contact"

instructor:"abedin@uw.edu.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

BENG!499! Independent!Study!in!Bengali!! 3"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " """"""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

HINDI!311! Elementary!Hindi!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"93031020" SAV""162" PAHLAJRAI""""""""""""""""""""

+See"time"schedule"for"quiz"sections""

Modern"literary"Hindi."Reading,"writing,"and"conversation."Introduction"to"Devanagari"script.""

This"course"is"the"first"quarter"of"a"three3quarter"college3level"introduction"to"Hindi."The"style"of"the"language"taught"in"

the"class"is"Modern"Standard"Hindi"(as"written"in"the"Devanagari"writing"system),"the"form"of"the"language"taught"in"

schools"in"India"and"that"is"the"medium"of"publication"and"broadcasting"in"Hindi"world3wide."In"this"class"students"learn"to"

develop"their"skills"with"regard"to"each"of"reading,"writing,"listening"to,"and"speaking"Hindi."Considerable"attention"is"paid"

to"the"fundamentals"of"Hindi"grammar."Students"completing"the"full"first3year"sequence"(Hindi"31133123313)"will"acquire"

basic"skills"in"each"of"these"areas.""

The"method"of"instruction"in"the"class"is"different"with"regard"to"each"of"the"skills."The"class"has"a"mixture"of"formal"

lectures"and"drill"sessions"in"smaller"groups."Considerable"attention"is"devoted"to"the"acquisition"of"spoken"skills,"through"

oral"drills"of"different"kinds."

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

HINDI!321! Intermediate!Hindi!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"103031120" SAV""162" PAHLAJRAI""""""""""""""""""""""

Systematic"expansion"of"vocabulary"and"grammar."Intermediate3level"prose"and"poetry"readings."Oral"drills."This"course"is"

designed"to"help"improve"the"students’"grammatical"insight"in"Modern"spoken"standard"Hindi,"their"reading"abilities,"

aural/oral,"and"writing"skills,"and"building"their"vocabulary."Prerequisite:"HINDI"313.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

HINDI!401! Advanced!Hindi!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"103031120" SAV""155" PAUWELS""""""""""""""""""""""

Rapid"reading"of"contemporary"Hindi"prose,"poetry,"and"drama."Advanced"conversation"and"composition."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

HINDI!431! Advanced!Conversational!Hindi!! 5"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " SHAPIRO""""""""""""""""""""""

Conversational"practice"in"contemporary"Hindi."Prerequisite:"HINDI"323."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

" "

4"Course'offerings'are'subject'to'revisions.''Please'check'the'on7line'Time'Schedule'for'possible'changes.'

"

HINDI!499! Undergraduate!Research!in!Hindi! 3"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " """"""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

INDN!499! Undergraduate!Research!in!South!Asian!!!! Languages!and!Literature! 3"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " """"""""""""""""""""""

Primarily"for"South"Asian"language"and"literature"majors.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

INDN!590! Studies!in!Indology!! 3"cr"""

F""""""2303620" SAV""169" LENZ""""""""""""""""""""""

Studies"in"selected"research"topics"in"South"Asian"languages"and"literatures."Prerequisite:"graduate"standing"and"

permission"of"instructor.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

PRSAN!411! Elementary!Persian!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"93031020"" SAV""130"

MTWThF"103031120" SAV""164" SHAMS""""""""""""""""""""""

Conversation,"pronunciation,"and"graded"reading."Persian"alphabet"and"basic"sentence"constructions."Offers"rudimentary"

conversational"and"reading"ability"with"a"vocabulary"of"about"two"thousand"words."First"in"a"sequence"of"three.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

PRSAN!421! Intermediate!Persian!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"113031220" SAV""139" BADIEE""""""""""""""""""""""

Reading"of"simple"texts"with"emphasis"on"reading"and"writing,"conversation"skills,"grammar,"and"syntax."Builds"a"

vocabulary"of"standard"Persian"in"preparation"for"advanced"reading"and"comprehension"of"literary"texts."First"in"a"

sequence"of"three."Prerequisite:"PRSAN"413.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

PRSAN!490! Supervised!Study!in!Persian! 3"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " """"""""""""""""""""""

Special"work"in"literary"texts"for"graduates"and"undergraduates."Prerequisite:"PRSAN"423.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

PRSAN!499! Undergraduate!Research!in!Persian! 3"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " """"""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

SNKRT!301! Introduction!to!Sanskrit!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"93031020" SMI""115" COX""""""""""""""""""""""

Basic"grammar"and"vocabulary"of"the"classical"language."Reading"of"elementary"texts"from"the"epic"or"Puranic"literature."

First"in"a"sequence"of"three.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

SNKRT!401! Intermediate!Sanskrit!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"103031120" THO""215" SALOMON""""""""""""""""""""""

Further"study"of"classical"grammar;"introduction"to"classical"literature"and"Vedic"language"and"texts."First"in"a"sequence"of"

three."Prerequisite:"SNKRT"303.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

SNKRT!411/581! Advanced!Sanskrit!! 5"cr"""

MW"""""1303320" FTR""032" LENZ""""""""""""""""""""""

Reading"and"analysis"of"classical"texts,"chosen"according"to"students'"interests."First"in"a"sequence"of"three."Prerequisite:"

SNKRT"403.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

SNKRT!499! Undergraduate!Research!in!Sanskrit!! 3"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " """"""""""""""""""""""

Primarily"for"Sanskrit"language"and"literature"majors.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"

SNKRT!581/411! Readings!in!Buddhist!Texts!! 3"cr"""

MW"""""1303320" FTR""032" LENZ""""""""""""""""""""""

Interpretation"of"original"sources."Texts"vary"from"year"to"year."Prerequisite:"ability"to"study"sources"in"the"original"

languages,"an"introduction"to"Buddhist"thought,"and"permission"of"instructor.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

5"Course'offerings'are'subject'to'revisions.''Please'check'the'on7line'Time'Schedule'for'possible'changes.'

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URDU!311! Elementary!Urdu!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"93031020" MGH""284" AHMAD""""""""""""""""""""""

Modern"literary"Urdu."Reading,"writing,"conversation,"and"listening"comprehension."Introduction"to"Perso3Arabic"script."

First"in"a"sequence"of"three.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

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URDU!321! Intermediate!Urdu!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"113031220" MGH""284" DUBROW""""""""""""""""""""""

Systematic"expansion"of"vocabulary"and"grammar."Intermediate3"level"prose"and"poetry"readings."Expansion"of"skills"in"

reading,"writing,"speaking,"and"listening"comprehension."First"in"a"sequence"of"three."Prerequisite:"URDU"313.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

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URDU!401! Advanced!Urdu!! 5"cr"""

MTWThF"103031120" MGH""284" AHMAD""""""""""""""""""""""

Rapid"reading"of"contemporary"Urdu"prose"and"poetry."Advanced"conversation"and"composition."First"in"a"sequence"of"

three."Prerequisite:"URDU"323.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

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URDU!499! Urdu:!Independent!Study!! 3"cr"""

To"be"arranged." " AHMAD""""""""""""""""""""""

For"Urdu"language"and"literature"majors.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

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