sp2h grammer book

By: Abby Snyder

Grammar Book

Table of contents1) nationalities2) Stem change3) Para4) IOP5) Pronoun placement6) Gustar7) Affirmative and negative words8) Supperlatives9) Reflexives10) Affirmative tú comands/ irregular/ pronoun placement11) Negative tú commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement12) Sequencing events13) Preterites14) trigger words15) -car, -gar, -zar16) deber + invinitive17) Modal verbs18) Present progressive19) adverbs

nacionalidad

Stem changers

contar

0-ue

cuetan

contamos

Cuenta

cuentas

cuento

pedir

E-I

piden

pedimos

pide

pides

pido

jugar

U-ue

juegan

jugamos

juega

juegas

juego

pensar

E-ie

piensan

pensamos

piensa

piensas

pienso

PARA

PREPOSITION

purpose

destination

IOP/DOP

Before a conjugated verb.

Attach it to an infinitive

Attach to a gerund (“ing”)

1

2

3

Pronoun placement

1) Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2) Attach the pronoun to the progressive tense3) Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command4) Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

Gustar

Gustar

Nos

me Te

Le

Les

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS

AFFIRMATIVE WORDS• Algo • Alguien• Algûn/

Alguno (a)• Siempre• También

NEGATIVE WORDS• Nada• Nadie • Ningun/Ninguno (a)• Nunca • Tampoco

Superlatives

The suffix –ísimo, –ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas are added to adjectives and adverbs.

Adjectives an adverbs ending in -C, -G, or, -Z change their spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively.

Adjectives that end in –n, or –r form by adding –císimo (a)

Reflexive verbs

conjugateAdd

reflexive pronoun

Conjugated verb in

reflexive form

me

te

le

nos

• Used when the subject also receives the actions.• You will see –se attached to the verb.

~ex:ComerseLavarse

Pronoun Placement1. Infinitive2. Gerund/ “ing”3. Before

conjugated verb4. *Affirmative

Comand

Affirmative tú commands/irregular/pronoun placement

+Tú commands~Drop the S~ Irregulars

• Di-decir• Haz-hacer• Ve-ir• Pon-poner• Sal-salir• Sé-ser• Ten-tener• Ven-venir

Negative tú commands/irregular/pronoun placement-Tú commands1. Put in Yo

form2. Change

the vowel3. Add “s”

Ar->eEr, ir->a

Pronoun Placement1. Infinitive2. Gerund/ “ing”3. Before conjugated

verb

Irregulars• Tener-no tengas• Venir-no vengas• Dar/Decir-no dé/no digas• Ir-no vayas• Ser-no seas• Hace-no hagas• Estar-no estes• Saber-no sepas

Sequencing Events

Primero Entonces Luego/Después

Por finAntes

de/Después de

Por la mañana/Tard

e/Noche

Los lunes, etc.

Preterites

AR:

-éHablé

-amoshablamos

-astehablaste

-óhabló

-aronhablaron

ER/IR:

-ícomí

-imoscomimos

-istecomister

-iócomió

-ieroncomieron

Trigger Words

-car –gar -zar

tocarToquetocastetocótocamostocaron

jugarjugejugastejugójugamosjugaron

comenzarcomencécomenzastecomenzócomenzamosComezaron

Deber + infinitive

The verb means should or ought to .

To say what people should do, use a conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb.

Deber + infinitive

debo debemos

debes

debe deben

Modal verbs When verbs are used in model verb combinations the 2nd

verb is not conjugated but rather left in the infinitive form.

You would never say “no puedo” Examples:*deber*desear*necesitar*poder*saber*soler

Present progressive

when you use pronouns with the present progressive you can put them in one of two places: Put pronouns before

the conjugated form of estar

Or attach them to the end of the present participle

Estoy esperandoEstás esperandoEsté esperandoestamos esperandoEstán esperando

Adverbs

When an adjective ends in l, e, or z simply add –mente to the end.

For adjectives with –o or –a endings add –mente to the feminine form.

adverbsrecientementefrecuentementefácilmentenormalmenteespecialmentecuidadosamenterápidamentelentamentetranquilamente