spanish grammar book 2

Ema McDaniel

GRAMMAR BOOK

Present Stem Changes Irregular “yo” Saber vs. Conocer Reflexive “se” Impersonals Dipthongs with accents Verbs like… -uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir

Hace +___+ gusta Ser vs. estar Imperfecto

Irregulars Triggers

Preterite Irregulars Car/gar/zar, cucaracha, snake

y snakey, spock triggers

Comparatives/ superlatives Future

Irregulars triggers

• -ar o as a emos ais an

Los verbos regulares en el presente:

-er

o

es

e

emos

eis

en

-ir

o

es

e

imos

is

en

• “e” se convierte a “ie”• “e” se convierte a “i”• “o” se convierte a “ue”• “u” se convierte a “ue”

*Ojo!=No se cambian en el nosotros ni vosotros sol amente en “la bota”

IRREGULAR “YO”

Ir

Iba

Ibas

Iba

Ibamos

Iban

Ser

Era

Eras

Era

Eramos

Eran

Ver

Veia

Veias

Veia

Veiamos

Veiran

• Saber– To know– facts

• Conocer– To know – people

Ex: Juan sabe donde esta Maria.

Juan knows where Maria is.

Ex: Yo no se tu numero de telefono.

I don’t know you telephone number

Ex: Yo no conozco a Maria

I don’t know Maria

Ex: Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid

Alberto and Alfredo know Madrid

Los Reflexivos

me te

se nosos

seReflexives are what are reflected upon oneself or others.

“Se Impersonal”Passive voice

Se habla espanol

Reciprocal action“each other”Nos vemos

Common Impersonal Expressions:

-conviene que…

-es bueno que…

-es facil que…

Es importante que…

Dipthongs• Used when a weak vowel (i, y or u) and a

strong vowel (a, e or o) or two weak vowels come together to form one syllable.

Ex: esquiar- to skiYo- esquio Nos- esquiamos

Tu- esquias Vos- esquiais

El, ella, usd- esquia Ellos- esquian

* Estudiar and limpiar- There is no accent stress on the “i”.

Verbs like gustar-uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir

• Found in the present tense.

vowel + cer/cir verbs = c to zc

Ger/gir verbs: g to j

guir: gu to g

Would

Should

Could

Hace + time + gusta+ present

Shows the amount of time that an action took

• Hacer + the amount of time needed to complete the action +que + the present verb that is being completed at the time

Ser vs. EstarSoy

Eres

Es

Somos

Sois

son

Estoy

Estas

Esta

Estamos

Estais

Estan

DOCTER PED

Descriptions, origin, characteristics, time, occupation, relationships, possession, events, dates

HELPING

Health, emotion, location, present condition, -ing

Imperfecto• -ar

– Yo- aba– Tu- abas– El, ella, ud.-aba– Nosotros- abamos– Uds.- aban

• yo- ia

Tu- ias

• El, ella, ud- ia

Nosotros- iamos

Uds- ian

*uncompleted action, no definite beginning or end, descriptive tense- who, what, where, and when

Triggers!!

Siempre

A menudo

Cadadia

Todos los dias

Iriba

ibamosibasIba iban

Ser

era eramos

eras

era eran

Ver

veia vieamos

veias

veia vian

Preterite

Used for completed past actions• Known beginning and/or end• “snapshot” of time

-ar endings

e

aste

o

amos

asteis

aron

-er and –ir endings

i

iste

imos

isteis

ieron

Types

Car- -> que

Gar -> que

Zar -> ce

Hacer

Hice

Hiciste

Hizo

Hicimos

Hicieron

Dar/ver

d/vi

d/viste

d/io

d/imos

d/ieron

Ir/ser

Fui

Fuiste

Fue

Fuermos

Fueron

Trigger words:AyerAnocheAnteayerLa semana pasado

Andar-anduv

Estar-estuv

Poder-pud

Poner-pus

Wuerer-quis

Saber-sup

Tener-tuv

Vener-vin

Snake

E to I

Ex: pedir, venir

O to u

Ex: morirSnakey

O to y

Ex: oir

E to y

Ex: creer

Comparatives and superlativesExpress comparisons and differences

menos adj que

El/la mas

adj de

mas

adj que

El menos

adj deBueno/a->mejor

Grande->mayor

Joven->menor

Viejo/a->mayor

El futuro

• Infinitive + e, as, a , emos, an• The “will factor”• Vivir_____ =yo vivire• comer____• Hablar___

• Immediate future• Ir+a+infinitive• Ex:Voy a salir

Trigger words!

La semana

Proxima

Ano

Pasado ano

Manana

Irregular future

• Decir dir- to say• Haber habr- there to be, to have• Hacerhar- to make, do• Poder podr- to put, place, set• Querer querr- to want, love• Sabersabr- to leave, go out• Tener tendr- to have• Valer valdr- to be worth• Venir vendr- to come

Infinitive:easaemosan

Parte 2!• Por vs. Para• Double object pronouns• Adverbs• Subjunctive• Se Impersonal• Progressive with ir, andar, and seguir

Por vs. Para• Por-

– use to indicate motion or general location. (around, through, along, or by)

– Duration of action (for, during, in)– Reason or motive for an action.

(because of, on account of, on behalf of)

– The object of a search. (for, in search of)

– Means by which something is done (by, by way of, by means of)

– Exchange or substitution (in exchange for)

– Units of measure (per, by)

– Por aqui, por ejemplo, por eso, por fin

– Exact time- replace por for de. Durante for time

Idea of passing through- portalGeneral location- portugalHow long something lasts-”por”everCase of something- poprpusAn exchange-import/exportDoing something in place of or instead

of someone else- im por, pay for meMeans of transportation- transportation

Por vs. Para• Para-

– Expresses destination (toward, in the direction of)

– Deadline or a specific time in the future (by, for)

– Purpose or goal + infinitive (in order to)

– Purpose + noun (for, used for)– Recipient of something (for)– Comparison with others or an

opinion (for, considering)– In the employ of (for) Ex:– Camine por el parque (through) – Camine para el parque (to/toward)

For whom something is done-surprise paratay

A destination- Parangari…(more specific)The purpose for which something is

doneTo express an opinion-

paragotive/paradonameTo contrast or compare- comparasonTo express the idea of a deadline-

paramedic

Double object pronouns

• Either placed directly before the conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive, gerund or command.

• When there is both a direct object and indirect object in the same sentence, the indirect always comes first.

• Ex: Se lo di a ella• Ex: Se los regalaremos

Adverbs

• Describe or modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

• Add –mente to the the end

• Ex: claro clara claramente

• Ex: dificil dificil dificilmente

Common adverbs!

Bastante

Demasiado

Mal

Mucho

Muy

Nunca

Peor

Poco

siempre

Subjunctive

Wedding-W-wish, wantE-emotionD-doubt (no creer, no pensar)D-denialI-impersonal expressionN-negation, non existingG-god (ojala), guess

Expresses everything except certainty and objectivity

Ex: Yo dudo que usted vaya al Peru en diciembre.Common clauses

A menos que…

Antes que…

Despues que…

Es bueno que…

Es dicicil que…

Es facil que…

Se impersonal

People in generalPlace se infront of the verbEx: Se dice “gelato”Ex: Como se escribe “helado”?

Plural impersonal doesn’t use seEx: Dicen que la pizza vegetariana es saludosa.

Progressives with ir, andar, seguirIr

•Ando/iendo/yendo•Is slowly but surely _____ing

Andar•Ando/iendo/vendo•Is going around ______ing

Seguir (e>i)

•Ando/iendo/yendo•Is still _____ing1. Ir + present participle = is slowly but surely ____ing

2. Andar + present participle = is going around ____ing

3. Seguir + present participle = is still _____ing

EX: Jamie anda buscando trabajo.