spirits & family relations rev
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PIRIT &
FAMILY RELATION
Dr. Frank Waabu O’Brien
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Aquidneck Indian Council
PIRIT &
FAMILY RELATION
Massachusett-Narragansett Revival Program
A Proect !or the reconstruction o! the e"tinct American #n$ian %anguages o!
&outheastern Ne' (nglan$
August) *++,
Dr. Frank Waabu O’Brien
istorical onsultant
Former Presi$ent) A/ui$neck #n$ian ouncil) #nc.
0* urr1 Avenue
Ne'2ort) R# +*34+-040*
e-mail : moondancer_nuc!"o#mail$com
htt2566'''.roots'eb.com67rigen'eb6#n$ianPlaceNames.html
%unno"#eaonk
MAY PEACE 'E IN YO(R )EARTS
Re2rinte$ an$ revise$ !rom 8 A Massachusett Language Book, Vol. I, 90::3) A/ui$neck #n$ian
ouncil) #nc. ;PM0
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transmitte$) in an1 !orm or b1 an1 means) electronic) mechanical) 2hotoco21ing) recor$ing) or other'ise)
'ithout the 'ritten 2ermission o! the author. Printe$ in the Cnite$ &tates o! America.
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NOTES
@he main te"t sho's translations !or about =++ terms !or &2irits) !amil1 relations) an$ kinshi2)
taken !rom the e"tinct languages o! southeastern Ne' (nglan$) Narragansett an$ Massachusett.A summar1 o! use!ul grammatical conce2ts !or dependent nouns !amil1 relativesE is liste$
belo'. A @able o! ontents is also 2rovi$e$ belo'.
(ach section contains three columns. On the le!t is the term being $e!ine$) as $e!ine$ in the
mi$$le column) an$ an1 use!ul comments on the right si$e. Reconstructe$ re!ers to m1 o'nguess as to meaning Gc. @he abbreviation Narr. re!ers to Narragansett %anguage Roger
Williams) 04=E. @he citation Ma1he' re!ers to (. Ma1he'Hs 0
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*RAMMAR NOTES
P(R&ONA% NOCN&
@he rules !or !orming relations m1 ) 1our ) his6her) etc. are5
• n inclusiveE , !or “m1) ourL 'here is the stem6su!!i") as in Km1
mother)L nkace Narr.E• k !or K1ourL
• ' orE oo orE I !or Khis6herL
• n !or Kour e"clusive )L
• k !or Kour inclusiveEL
AB&(N@A@#>( NOCN&
@his conce2t re!ers to nouns relating to $ecease$ 2ersons. @he !ollo'ing rules govern theconstructions 5
1. For Km1 late $ecease$E L) a$$ -i to noun ist 2ersonE e.g.) !or nkasi) a$$ Qi to
nkas Km1 motherLE
2. &ame rule as 0 !or K1our late $ecease$E L) a$$ -i to noun *n$ 2ersonE3. For Khis6her late $ecease$E L) a$$ -uk orE -oh to noun =r$ 2ersonE
4. &ame rule as = !or K1our late $ecease$E L) a$$ -uk orE -oh to noun *n$ 2erson) 2luralE
5. For Kour late $ecease$E L) a$$ -uk ) -on orE -an to noun 0st 2erson) 2luralE)
!or inclusive or e"clusive KourL sho's some con!usion !or inclusive6e"clusive an$ Rules = G 4 as
in$icate$ in Jo$$ar$ G Brag$on) 22. 4:4-,.
OB>#A@#ON Relations en$ing in -ah) -oh) -uh) -ukoh are obviative !orm nouns an$ translate the
o! e.g.) kasoh S the mother o! him or herE it is not the same as his or her mother.>erbs also !ollo' obviation rules.
&ome ambiguit1 e"ists relative to Absentative Nouns) Rules = G 4 the Qoh su!!i"E.
&ee Jo$$ar$ an$ Brag$on 0:33E.
O@(R NOCN&
• Plural. @o 2luraliTe a relation) a$$ Qog to noun an$ sometimes Kre$uce$ vo'elsL or
Kgli$esL are re/uire$ be!ore inserting QogE. @he su!!i" Qunk 2luraliTes a class or
grou2 e.g.) all !athersE
• Abstract nouns a$$ su!!i" Qonk to noun
• Diminutive !orm small) smallerE a$$s Qs to noun
•
@hir$ 2erson) 2lural !orm subor$inate8or subunctive8mo$eE) a$$ Qick ) Qchick Narr.E or Qcheg) Qeg in Massachusett to noun !orm translates as K@he1
'ho L e)g) nag 2a2eississitcheg S Kthe1 'ho are small in!antsEL.
• Csing the above !our sets o! rules one can reconstruct certain kinshi2 terms not given in
the available sources. We have occasionall1 suggeste$ reconstructe$ !orms.
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6
For more technical in!ormation) see Jo$$ar$ an$ Brag$on 0:33E) or the author’s Grammatical
Studies in the Narragansett Language *++,) A/ui$neck #n$ian ouncil) un2ub.ETA'LEOF CONTENTS
NO@(&) =JRAMMAR NO@(&) 4
&P#R#@&)
Reconstructe$ Wor$s) 3MO@(R) :
FA@(R) 0+
C&BAND) 00W#F() 0*
&ON) 0=
DACJ@(R) 0=BRO@(R) 04
&@(R) 0BOU) 0<
J#R%) 0<JRANDMO@(R) 03
JRANDFA@(R) 03
(%D(R&) 03&ON-#N-%AW) 03
DACJ@(R-#N-%AW) 0:
ACN@) 0:CN%() 0:
OCN or R(%A@#>() 0:
FR#(ND or #N&MAN6#N&WOMANE) *0#NFAN@) **#%D) **
MAN) WARR#OR) *4
rossing Over) *WOMAN) *<
P(OP%( G FAM#%U G @R#B() *3
ommon @ribal Names) =+
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SPIRITSmost names are lostEJreat &2irit Narr.E • autVnto'it Narr.E
• eihtVnit Wam2anoagE
• eihtVn
K aut!nto""it the great South#$est ) to 'ho
ouse all souls goe) an$ !rom 'hom came th
orne) Beanes) as the1 sa1L. Roger William
04=E
• eihtVnit 'unni1euS @he Jreat &2irit
smiles
• eihtVn ana'at S @he Jreat &2irit
omman$s
• eihtVn auntau S @he Jreat &2irit s2ea
&2irit ManitI &2irit in general
• 'unni1eu manit S @he &2irit is ha221
• Mannitoo ooS Jo$ e"ists @he !irst t'
s1llabils stan$ !or Jo$) the %atter asserts e"istence) Ma1he') 0
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ountr1 \ though this burning o! the Woo
them the1 count a Bene!it) both !or $estro1in
vermin) an$ kee2ing $o'n the Wee$s
thicketsEL. Roger Williams) 04=E
@he &2irit o! the reator Nashauanit
@he &2irit o! Joo$ness • Woonan$• Wunnan$
• Woonanit
'unni) 'oon S goo$
@he &2irit o! (vil • Mattan$
• Mattanit
matta S evil) ba$
• (vil s2irit S Matche ManitI)
Matche Mun$oo
@he &2irit o! Merc1 Nis/uanem
is &2irit) her &2irit Wunnashauonk
M1 &2irit • Nammanittoom
• Nummanittoom
NOTE5 @he #n$ians gave other s2ecial names to great things o! nature such as &no' &2irit)%ightning &2irit) Water &2irit) Deer &2irit) Bear &2irit) orn &2irits) an$ others. We $on’t kno'
their names at this time) but 'e’re looking 'ith the hel2 o! scholars. @he !ollo'ing list isconectural) reconstructe$ names. @he1 come !rom m1 $reams an$ visions. @he authorHs 2a2er)
KProlegomena to Nukkne Manitt'ock in that Part o! America alle$ Ne'-(nglan$)L
contains a longer list.
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CON+ECT(RE,Recon-#ruc#ed %ord-
Ma. /ei"#an *uide Me
Bear &2irit Mos/uan$Deer &2irit Ahtu/uVn$
@urtle &2irit @unn]22a/uan$
Wol! &2irit Muck/uan$
&tone &2irit uss]nna$
Foo$ &2irit Meechanit
orn &2irit ('eatchimVnit
Black orn &2irit &ucka'eatchimVnit
Re$ orn &2irit Mus/ue'eatchimVnit
Uello' orn &2irit Wesaue'eatchimVnit
Blue orn &2irit Peshaue'eatchimVnit
&2otte$ orn &2irit hogan'aetchimVnit&no' &2irit oonVn$
Water &2irit Ni22e-anit
Win$ &2iritWabanYn$
(arth &2irit AukeYn$
@ree &2irit Mehtu/uVn$
Rain &2irit &okennVn$
Bir$ &2irit Ps]kan$
(agle &2irit Wom2issVcukanit
O'l &2irit Ohomousanita'k &2irit Wusho'unaneanit
War &2irit Mat'aX/uan$
Peace &2irit Wunnh/uan$
eart &2irit MetVhnan$
Man’s &2irit &keetom2anit
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MOT)ER
m1 mother ^ nkas
^ nIkas
• nkace Narr.E
• n_tch'ha' Narr.E
literall1) K# come !rom herL. @he $i!!erents2ellings sho' $i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in
$i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceE.
M1 late $ecease$E mother nkasi • absentative !orm
• reconstructe$
1our mother singularE ^ kkas^ kIkas
$i!!erent s2ellings sho' $i!!erent 'a1s it
'as sai$ in $i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL$i!!erenceE
the mother o! him or her kasoh obviative !orm
her mother \ • ']tchZh'au
• '_tch'ha' Narr.E
his late $ecease$E mother oohkassuk • absentative !orm
• Native s2elling
our mother nokasun reconstructe$
mother kas Kgiver o! li!e on earthL. @he 'or$ ohkemeaning Kearth) homelan$) Mother (arthLcomes !rom the root !or KmotherL.
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a mother kasu
all mothers) motherhoo$ kasinneunk -unk 2lural !orm
an1 mother) a mother ^ 'utokasin
^ 'uttook asin
@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho' $i!!erent 'a1s
it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL
$i!!erenceE
FAT)ER
m1 !ather • nIsh
• n`sh Narr.E
• 'utch negone nIshik S K# have
come !rom m1 !ore!athersL
• nookoosh # have a !ather
Ma1he'E
m1 late $ecease$E !ather nIshi absentative !orm
• nooksha S M1 !ather that 'as
but no' is notE) Ma1he'1our !ather singularE kIsh cutt`so S ave 1ou a !ather\
Ma1he'E
1our late $ecease$E !ather kIshi absentative !orm
1our !ather 2luralE kIshI Biblical--Jo$ is Father to all
his !ather • oohskok Ma1he'E
• osh Narr.E
Roger Williams gives a !ather !orosh
the !ather o! him or her Ishoh obviative !orm
our !ather 2luralE nIshun a22ears in %or$s Pra1er
our !athers 2luralE nooshunnanog Native s2elling
our late $ecease$E !ather nIshinnon absentative !orm1our late $ecease$E !ather
singularE
kIshinnan • absentative !orm
• Native s2elling author’s
translationE
1our late $ecease$E !athers
2luralE
kooshinnanuk • absentative !orm
• Native s2elling author’s
translationE
1our !ore!athers 2luralE negone kooshoo'og
our !ore!athers 2luralE negone nooshunnnuk
a !ather osh Narr.E see his !ather
all !athers) !atherhoo$ 'utIshinneunk -unk 2lural !orm
he 'ho is a !ather 'utIshimau
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)(S'AN,
K# am a marrie$ manL nummittum'ussissu • N2aktam Narr.E S K# am$ivorce$L
• #n mo$. Amer. (nglish) a
Ksannu2L is Ka marrie$ Native
American manL.
&2elle$ sanom2 in
historic times
m1 husban$ nasuk obviousl1 a 'oman s2eaking
1our husban$ singularE kasuk
1our husban$s 2luralE kahsuko'oog re!ers to husban$s o! 'omen $oesnot mean 'omen 'ith man1
husban$s
her husban$ 'asukeh 'ussentam S Khe marriesL
a husban$
'askkion 'asdkkien 'Vsick Narr.E
@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent
2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceE
a 'i$o'er segaXo Narr.E see Ka 'i$o'L un$er W#F(12ol1gam1 n/uittca' Narr.E
neesca' Narr.E
sshca'a' Narr.E
1ca'a' Narr.E
# have one 'i!e
# have * 'ives# have = 'ives
# have 4 'ives
1 Meaning: @he con$ition or 2ractice o! having more than one s2ouse at one time. Also calle$ plural marriage.
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%IFE
K# am a marrie$ 'omanL nI'etauattam
m1 'i!e nummittam'us
no'e'o Narr.E
nullgana Narr.E
obviousl1 a man s2eaking
'aumaXsu S she6he is loving
m1 'ives \ nummittam'ussuog \ not sure o!
1our 'i!e singularE • kummittam'us
• cumm_ttamus Narr.E
• co'e'o Narr.E
1our 'ives 2luralE kummittam'ussog some men ha$ more that one 'i!e) but the 'or$ seems to mean Kthe
'ives o! all 1ou menL
the 'i!e o! him ummittam'ussohne/ut Ikauau S Khe has one 'i!eL
a 'i!e mittam'us orE
mittum'ussis
'e'o Narr.E
'ullgana Narr.E
ummittam'ussu orE
ummittam'ussuissu S Khe takes a
'i!eL Khe takes as a 'i!eL
an1 'i!e ummittam'ussin
a 'i$o' sekous/ K'oman le!t behin$L
'i$o's 2luralE sekous/uaog
Pregnant 'oman neecha' Narr.E &he is 2regnant.
• 2augctche nechaX'a' S Kshe
is alrea$1 $elivere$.L
• itumm1i mes necha' S K&hehas ust no' $elivere$.L
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SON
m1 son nunnaumon
m1 sons 2luralE nunnaumonog
'ame nunnaumonunk S Kall m1
sonsL
1our son singularE ^kenaumon
^ kenmon
@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent
2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceE
1our sons 2luralE\ kenaumononog not sure o!
the son o! him6her 'unnaumonuh obviative
his6her sons 2luralE 'unnaumonuhog
m1 gran$son Km1 son’ssonL--the son o! m1 sonE
nunnaumon 'unnaumonoh • t'o 'or$s here
• obviative
1ounger) 1oungest son muttVsons -s im2lies $iminutive
our sons 2luralE nunnaumonnanonog Native s2elling
a son) son o! an1one 'unnaumoniin
a son o! someone mukkatchouks #n Narragansett)numm]ck/uVchucks S Km1 sonL
sons o! someone 2luralE mukkatchouksog
,A(*)TER
m1 $aughter nuttaun
m1 $aughter nuttaunes -es seems to be $iminutive !orm
m1 $aughters 2luralE nuttaunesogm1 mother’s $aughter 'uttnoh nIkas • t'o 'or$s here
• obviative !orm
m1 !ather’s $aughter \ 'uttnoh nIsh • not sure
• obviative !orm
1our $aughter singularE kuttaunes -es seems to be $iminutive !orm
the $aughter o! him or her 'uttaunoh • obviative !orm
Khe begets or has a $aughter)
she bears a $aughterL S
'uttneu orE 'uttauni1eu
his $aughter
her $aughter \
'uttaun not sure o! Kher $aughterL
his6her $aughters 2luralE 'uttaunog
our $aughters 2luralE nuttaunnnog
a $aughter) an1 $aughter 'uttaunin
a secon$ $aughter noh a$tekit Kshe 'ho is ne"t in ageL
$aughters 2luralE 'uttanog
1ounger) 1oungest $aughter muttVsons
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all $aughters) $aughterhoo$ 'uttaununk -unk 2lural !orm
'ROT)ER ver1 com2licate$fE
m1 brother b1 birthE
male s2eaking
neemat use$ onl1 b1 a man or male a malesa1s this o! his brotherE
m1 brother b1 birthE
!emale s2eaking
neetom2as use$ onl1 b1 a 'oman or !emale a!emale sa1s this o! her brotherE
m1 brothers b1 birthE
2luralE
male s2eaking
neematog use$ onl1 b1 a man or male a malesa1s this o! his brothers E. Wor$ use$
also b1 (liot to mean KbrethrenL
m1 brothers b1 birthE2luralE
!emale s2eaking
neetom2asog use$ onl1 b1 a 'oman or !emale a!emale sa1s this o! her brothersE
m1 ol$er brother nunnohtnuk/us
1our brother b1 birthE
singularEmale s2eaking
keemat a male is s2eakingabout K1our brotherL b1 birth) but
use$ also as
KbrethrenL b1 (liotE
1our brother b1 birthEsingularE
!emale s2eaking
keetom2as a !emale is s2eaking about K1our brotherL
b1 birthE
1our brothers b1 birthE
2luralE
male s2eaking
keematog a male is s2eaking about K1our brothersL b1
birth ) but use$ as
KbrethrenL b1 (liotE
1our brothers b1 birthE
2luralE!emale s2eaking
keetom2asog a !emale is s2eaking about K1our brothersL
b1 birthE
1our brothers talking to morethan one 2erson about K1our
brothersLE
kemattI'og K1our brethrenL in (liot
1our ol$er brother\ kenohtnuk/us not sure o!
his or her brother 'eetom2as use$ b1 either se" !or either se") an$ma1 re!er to a non-bloo$ relation oro! same 'etu) longhouse or clan
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his6her brothers b1 birthE
2luralE
'eematog 'eemat_ttuog S Kthe1 are brothersL
'e are brothers nomattimen • e"clusive !orm
• reconstructe$
the brother o! him b1 birth
or born in same househol$
'eematoh obviative !orm
the brother o! her b1 birth or born in same househol$
male s2eaking
'eetVhtuoh • obviative !orm
• a male is s2eaking about Kher
brotherL use$ !or one o! same biological !amil1 or o! same
'etu) longhouse or clan
the 1ounger brother o! himor her
'essummussoh • obviative !orm
• male or !emale s2eaking
the ol$er brother o! her\ 'unnohtnuk/usoh
his6her ol$est brother ^ mohtomgitche
^ mohtomgit
@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'
$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent
2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceEa brother) an1 ones brother ^ 'ematin
^ I'em attin
@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent
2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceE
all brothers) brotherhoo$ 'eemattinneunk -unk 2lural !orm
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SISTER ver1 com2licate$fE
m1 sister b1 birthE) !ather or
mother’s $aughter male s2eaking
neetom2as a male is s2eaking about Km1 sisterL
m1 sister!ather’s $aughter \
male s2eaking
nummissus a male is s2eaking about Km1 sisterL
m1 sister b1 birth or notE!emale s2eaking
netukkus/ a !emale is s2eaking about Km1sisterL. Cse$ !or a hal! sister or oneo! same 'etu) longhouse or clan
m1 sisters b1 birthE!ather or mother’s $aughters
male s2eaking
neetom2asoga male is s2eaking aboutKm1 sistersL
1our sister singularE) !ather’s
$aughter
male s2eaking
kummissis a male is s2eaking aboutK1our sisterL
1our sisters b1 birthE)
2luralE!ather or mother’s $aughters
male s2eaking
keetom2as a male is s2eaking about K1oursistersL
1our sisters b1 birth or notE2luralE
!ather’s $aughters \
!emale s2eaking
ketukkus//uog \ a !emale is s2eaking about K1oursistersL. Cse$ !or hal! sisters or oneo! same 'etu) longhouse or clan
1our sisters 2luralE
!ather’s $aughters \
male s2eaking
kummissisog a male is s2eaking aboutK1our sistersL
the 1ounger sister o! him or
her
'essummussoh • obviative !orm
• male or !emale s2eaking o! hisor her sister
his or her sister b1 birth ornotE
!ather or mother’s $aughter
'eetom2assu orE'eetom2as
use$ b1 either se" !or either se") an$
ma1 re!er to a non-bloo$ relation oro! same 'etu) longhouse or clan
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his or her sister
!ather’s $aughter
ummisss -es $iminutive !orm
the sister o! him or her ummisssoh obviative !orm
the sister o! him 'eetVhtuoh • obviative !orm
• a male s2eaking o! Khis sisterLor Kkins'omanL
his6her ol$est sister ^ mohtomgitche
^ mohtomgit
@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent
2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceE
the sister o! him or her 'eetuks/uoh • obviative !orm
• ma1 re!er to ones’ non bloo$
sister in the same 'etu)longhouse or clan
our sister ummissiesin
a sister) hal! sister) same!amil1 or househol$
'eetahtu ma1 re!er to ones’ non bloo$ sister inthe same 'etu) longhouse or clan
a sister) an1 sister ^ ummissiesin
^ neetat orE 'etom2asin
!emale s2eaking
'OY
a son) a male chil$ mukkatchouks • #n Narragansett)numm]ck/uVchucks S Km1
sonL) Km1 bo1L
• M1 2u2il or 'ar$ S null/uaso
Narr.E
o 2ee'au/un S look 'ellto him
sons) male chil$ren 2luralE mukkatchouksog
1oung man a 1outh)
teenagerE singularE
nunkom2
1oung men 1ouths)
teenagersE 2luralE
nunkom2aog
ver1 1oung man) bo1 nunkom2aes 1ounger than nunkom2
ver1 1oung men) bo1s2luralE
nunkom2aesog
or2han see #%DE
*IRL
girl ) teenager nunks/ua
girls) teenagers 2luralE nunks/uaog 1oung 'omen
little girl nunks/uaes
s/uVese Narr.E
Klittle 1oung 'omanL
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or2han see #%DE
*RAN,MOT)ER
m1 gran$mother) mother’smother
nokummus
1our gran$mother singularE kokummus
his6her gran$mother okummus use$ as sim2l1 Kgran$motherL
a gran$mother) an1
gran$mother 'uttIkumm issin a$$ressing one res2ect!ull1 as
Kgran$motherL
*RAN,FAT)ER
m1 gran$!ather)!ather’s !ather
nummissoomis Native s2elling
m1 late $ecease$E
gran$!ather
numissoomissi • absentative !orm
• Native s2elling
1our gran$!ather singularE kummissoomis reconstruction
his6her gran$!ather ummissoomis Native s2elling
the gran$!ather o! him6her ummissImissoh • Native s2elling
• obviative !orm
a gran$!ather) an1 gran$!ather !ather’s !ather\E
'utt ∞ tchkknneasin a$$ressing one res2ect!ull1 asKgran$!atherL
EL,ERS
male el$er kehchis Khe is ol$’
male el$ers 2luralE kehchisog kehchisog 'aVntam'og S Kthe ol$
are 'iseL
!emale el$er kehchiss/ua Kshe is ol$’
!emale el$ers 2luralE kehchiss/uaog
SON0IN0LA%m1 son-in-la' nosnemuck Narr.E Khe is m1 son-in-la'L
a son-in-la' 'asnnumk/utche
the son-in-la' $aughter’s
husban$E
'ussnum Khe is the son-in-la'L
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,A(*)TER0IN0LA%
m1 $aughter-in-la' son’s'i!eE
nushin reconstructe$
1our $aughter-in-la'
singularE
kushin
$aughter-in-la' o! him6her 'ushimoh obviative !orm
an1 $aughter-in-la' 'ushimin
A(NT
m1 aunt nokummes Klittle gran$motherL \ because o!-es $iminutive !ormE
1our aunt singularE kokummes
his6her aunt okummesreconstructe$
aunt) in general 'uttIkkummssin
(NCLE
m1 uncle nIsusses Km1 uncle b1 mother’s si$eL
1our uncle singularE kIsusses
his6her uncle ^ 'ussisses^ 'ussusses
@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'
$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in$i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL
$i!!erenceE
'i!e o! his uncle ummittam'ussoh Ishesoh • t'o 'or$s here
• obviative !orm
an uncle) in general Ishesin
CO(SIN or RELATI1E
a cousin b1 bloo$)
marriage\E) m1 kinsman) m1
kins'oman
a$tonk/s bloo$ cousins are not unhear$ o!
m1 !emale cousin nutnk/s also use$ !or Kkins'omanL
m1 !emale cousins2luralE
nutonk/sog also use$ !or Kkins'omenL
m1 kins'omen 2luralE Km1
sistersLE
nettahueog Native s2elling
m1 relative singularE nuttau'am Native s2elling
m1 relatives 2luralE nuttau'amoog Native s2elling
1our !emale cousin singularEka$tonk/s also use$ !or Kkins'omanL
1our !emale cousins 2luralE ka$tonk/sog also use$ !or Kkins'omenL
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the cousins o! her 2luralE 'a$tunk/usoh
his cousin) a cousin 'at`ncks Narr.E
m1 kinsman) kins'oman) m1relatives) in general
nuttau'atueonk • Km1 2eo2leL
• abstract noun !orm
general res2ect!ul greeting o!
ones o'n 2eo2le or alliesmalesE
nuttonk/sog KsirsL
the1 are cousins 'attonks_ttuog Narr.E
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FRIEN, 2or3 /INSMAN4/INS%OMAN3
m1 !rien$) m1 kinsman
neetom2 neeto2 Narr.E
also use$ as a !rien$l1 KbrotherL) Km1
brotherL.
m1 !rien$s) kinsmen 2luralE neetom2aog
1our !rien$) kinsmansingularE
keetom2 reconstructe$
1our !rien$s) kinsmen 2luralEkeetom2aog reconstructe$
his6 her !rien$) kin 'eetom2
his6 her !rien$s) kin!olk
2luralE
'eetom2aog
out !rien$) kinsman neetom2un reconstructe$
our !rien$s 2luralE neta2aunnanog Native s2ellingcom2anion o! same 'etu)
longhouse) clan singularE
'utuom2
a !rien$) kinsman) in generalsingularE
'eetom2ain
!rien$s) comra$es 'etom2chick Narr.E -chick im2lies the =r$ 2erson 2lural)subor$inate mo$e) meaning the1
'ho are !rien$s) comra$es
m1 com2anions or associates
in 'ar
no'e2innchick Narr.E • -chick im2lies the =r$ 2erson 2lural) subor$inate mo$e
o No'e2innVtimin S K'e oin
together in 'arL.
o No'echusett_mmin S K'e are
con!e$eratesL.
o WechussittXock S Kthe1 oin
together in 'arL.
o Nechus e'` S Kthis is m1
associate) com2anion in 'arL.
a 'oman’s kinsman)kins'oman singularE
'uttinnunkkXmoin Kher kinsman) kins'oman) relativeL \
kinshi2) kin$re$) in general ou'atonk abstract noun !orm
Juar$ian 'a]chaXnat NarrE Juar$ians S 'a]chaXmchick S the1'ho 'atch over) 2rotect us
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INFANT
in!ant 2eisses • K he) she is ver1 small) an in!antL
• nonnese orE nonnnis Narr.E S
Ka suckling chil$.
o Noonsu S Khe6she is a
suckling chil$ a sucklingEL.
bab1) ne'born 2a2o`s Narr.E
2a2eissu
K2a2ooseL an American #n$ian
in!ant
Ke) she is e"tremel1 smallL\
1our in!ant sister 2eississit keetom2as t'o 'or$s here
1our in!ant brother \not sure o!E
2eississit keemat t'o 'or$s here
'hen he) she is small 2eississit a22ears to be subunctive mo$e) -it
in!ants) in general nag 2a2eississitcheg • Kthose 'ho are small) in!antsL
• -cheg is a 2lural !orm similar to
-chick in Narr.) =r$ 2erson 2lural)@he1 'ho
C)IL,
m1 chil$ nunnechn \ Km1 gro'ing oneL
m1 chil$ren nunnechnog
1our chil$ singularE kenechn
1our chil$ren 2luralE kenechnog
his6her chil$ 'unneechan Kare born) come !rom himL
his6her chil$ren 2luralE 'unneechauog Kare born) come !rom himL
his late $ecease$E chil$ren
2luralE
'unnechannussukoh • absentative !orm
• Native s2elling
our chil$ren 2luralE nunnechononog Native s2elling
their chil$ren 2luralE 'unnechannooah Native s2elling
a little chil$ bo1E mukki Kbare bottomL--no clothes !or a bo1 till about 0+ 1ears ol$.
a ver1 little chil$ mukkies seems to be !or bo1s onl1 \
little chil$ren 2luralE ^ mukkiog^ neechanog
^ more !or bo1s
^ bo1 or girl
a suckling) in general nInuk a suckling chil$ nInukVe mukkies chil$ren suckle$ man1 1ears tokee2 $o'n 2o2ulation nursing
mothers can’t get 2regnant\E
terms o! en$earment ^ 2a2eissesu
^ 2a2eissisit^ 2a2asek
Klittle thingL
chil$ren) o!!s2ring 'ithout
regar$ to se") age 2luralE
neechanog Kthe1 are bornL
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m1 o!!s2ring nutontseonk • abstract noun !orm
• Km1 $escen$antsL
m1 gran$chil$ren 2luralE nIssesog Native s2elling
!atherless chil$ren 2luralE to'i]'ock Narr.E
t'ins tack/_u'ock Narr.E
the chil$ren) in general 'unneechneunk • -unk 2lural !orm
• K!rom us are bornL
guar$ian &ee FR#(NDE
or2han see !atherless
chil$en aboveE
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MAN5 %ARRIOR
a tribesman enin orE nnin literall1 Khe is like us) one o! usLninnu S Khe is a tribesman) one o!
usLa male nom2aas
a man see C&BANDE sanom2
sunnu2
not certain o! meaning)
Kman in generalL\
a man 'osketom2 use$ once !or 1oung brave'arriorE
a man skeetom2 common Algon/uian 'or$ !orman in general 2lural a$$s-
oag
'arrior) 'ar ca2tain keenom2 use$ once !or 'arrior 'arca2tainE) KvaliantL
'arrior) high 'ar ca2tain mug'om2
m]ck/uom2 Narr.E
use$ once !or 'arrior 'ar
ca2tainE) Kgreat manL) 2robabl1
higher than keenom2
'ar lea$ers in battleE negonshchick Narr.E subunctive !orm) Kthe1 'hoareL
hea$ Pinese Warrior KWar hie!LE
missinnege hea$ Pinese Warrior o!Wam2anoag Anna'an 'asmissinnege in ing Phili2’s WarE
men 2luralE 'osketom2aog use$ once !or 1oung braves'arriorsE
'arriors) 'ar ca2tains 2luralEkeenom2aog use$ once !or 'arriors 'arca2tainsE) Kvaliant
'arriors) high 'ar ca2tains
2luralE
mug'om2oag use$ once !or 'arriors 'arca2tainsE) Kgreat menL) 2robabl1
higher than keenom2aog
a 1oung man 'uskenin
an unmarrie$ man mat mittum'ussssiuenin mat S not
mi$$le age$ man kutch_nnu Narr.E Kgetting) becoming ol$
mi$$le age$ men PluralE kutch_nnu'ock Narr.E
a ver1 large man in siTe magoshketom2 Khuge manL) KgiantL
a great man) KnobleL ahtuskou A ouncilman 2lural Sahtusko'aXg
m1 great men) im2ortantlea$ers) KnoblesL
nuttahtoskau'omog Native s2elling
a 'arrior) sol$ier) !ighter on
1our si$eE
a1euteanin a1euhteVu S Khe makes 'ar) !ightsL
'arriors) sol$iers) !ighters
on 1our si$eE 2luralE
a1euteanog
enem1 'arriors) sol$iers)!ighters 2luralE
mat'aXog Narr.E • KenemiesL.
• mecautea S Kan enem1
!ighterL
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elite 'arrior) councilor)
2rotector o! @he Massasoit o!Wam2anoag
2neise orE 2inese s2eciall1 traine$ elite 'arrior notcertain o! 'or$ meaning) but it
ma1 be something like Klittle s2irit
or bir$E that moves all aboutL.#t has been sai$ that one Pinese
Warrior coul$ chase a'a1 0++
men. obomock) #n MassasoitHstime) is one !amous e"am2le o! a 2neise 2lural S 2niesesok
a man o! $i!!erent tribe)
nation) race
missinnin use$ !or ca2tives) tribes 2a1ingtribute) Ka ca2tiveL
men o! $i!!erent tribe)
nation) race 2luralE
missinninn]og use$ !or ca2tives) tribes 2a1ingtribute) Kca2tivesL
sachim village lea$er)chie!E
schem orE schimsontim Native s2ellingE
Kthe strong oneL. (uro2eans use$
K&agamoreL to mean a lesser lea$er
2erha2s corru2te$ !rom Dela'arelang) sakimaj S e is sachem
sachims sachimajog Narr.E sontimoonk S sachemshi2)sachim$om
$ea$ sachim che2astam @he $e2arte$ sachem
Our late $ecease$E sachems
2luralE
nussontimmominnanuk • absentative !orm
• Native s2elling
2riest) 2h1sician) ol1man • 2au'au
• 2o''' Narr.E
• 2o''' ni22tea S the 2riest
is curing him
• 2lural a$$s -aog
healer) conurer mauntu Narr.E One 'ho chants) signs) $rums) to$rive a'a1 evil s2irits o! the sickan$ $1ing
chie! 2riest keht2o''au 2lural S keht2o''auog
2ro2hetm) 'iseman) 2riest) 2hilos2her) 'iseman
tau2a' Narr.E • 2lural is tau2o'ajog
2overseer o! 'orshi2 nanou'tea Narr.E burial overseer S mockuttVsuit
ing Jreat &achemE ketasIt • king$om S ketassItamIonk)Abst. NounE
Prince 2u22asItam 2rinces S 2u22asItammog
ruler) governor nana'unnuaen !rom nana'unnum S he rules over 2rimarl1 !or sa!et1E. anotchet
'as calle$
nana'tunu S he is 2rotector
2 See below for quotes from Roger William’s A Key on Narr. Lang. of dying and death; notice distinction betweenphysical and spiritual deaths
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Jran$ &achem o!
Wam2anoag
Massasoit a title) Kgreat lea$erL or Kgreatcomman$erL. @he Massasoit 'as
the Jran$ &achem o! all the
Wam2anoag 2eo2le. #n historictimes the Massasoits 'ere Ousa
Me/uin KUello' FeatherE
Wamsutta Khe has a kin$ heartLEan$ Pometacomet K o! theMasssoit’s houseLE) also kno'n as
ing Phili2.
uotes !rom Introduction to the Narragansett Language) *++*
rossing Over
3As 2umm_ssin e is not 1et $e2arte$
Neene e is $ra'ing on no' he is about to
cross overE
Pa]sa'ut kitonck/u'a e cannot live longhach'unnea e is near $eath
Ni2'm' e has crosse$ over 4itonck/ui e is $ea$5atitonck/uban @he1 are $ea$ an$ gone6&e/utti e) she is in Black 'ears black !ace-
soot !or mourningE
&/ut Black !ace-soot !or mourning
Michemesh'i e) she is gone !orever
Mat '`nck kunna'm`ne Uou shall never see him) her again
3 %iterall1) Ke ourne1s 1etL) Pa--i6e 1oice$4 Ph1sical $eath.5 Pa--i6e 1oice$
6 A con$ition maintaine$ !or 'eeks) month) u2 to a 1ear i! a great 2erson) like &achimE.
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%OMAN
a 'oman ^s/ua orE s/ua'
^ mittam'ossis
^ !emale in general historical
meaningE
^ marrie$'omen ^ s/uaog
^ mittam'ossisog
^ !emales in general^ marrie$
a 1oung 'oman 'uskittam'us
'usskennin
marrie$\
in general
marriageable virgin k_htuck/ua' Narr.E
a virgin 2enom2
keegs/ua' Narr.E
Kstranger to menL
virgin or mai$en
an ol$ 'oman 'nise Narr.E Ka little bent overL
ol$ 'omen 2luralE 'ensuck Narr.E
little 'oman uss/ua Cs- 7 KlittleL
!emale tribal lea$er) K&/ua'
&achemL
sonks/ orE suncks/ua orE
sonkus/ orE sunkis/
K'oman 'ho rulesL o! 'hom 'ecan note sonkus/ Wettamoe o! the
Pocassets an$ sonkus/ A'ashonks
o! the &akonetts.
Jreat Ol$ Woman &achem kechissunkis/ great-she-rules-ol$-'oman
Me$icine Woman 2au'aus/ • 2lural is 2au'aus/uaog
• counter2art o! male 2o''au.
hie!) Jreat Me$icine
Woman
keht2au'aus/ • 2lural !orm a$$s -uaog
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PEOPLE & FAMILY & TRI'E
• 789 2eo2le o! our tribe
• #n$ian 2eo2le) not o! our
tribe
• #n$ians in general
• Nn_nnuock
• NinnimissinnX'ock
• (niskeetom2aX'og
general terms) A e%, 04=
2eo2le 2luralE au'aog all m1 2eo2le) m1 relations S 'amenutta]'aog
m1 2eo2le nutta]'aog Native s2elling
his 2eo2le ummissinumoh • Native s2elling
• obviative !orm
our common 2eo2le nummussannummunnonnog Native s2elling
m1 !amil1 nutteashinninnenk Abstract noun !orm
1our !amil1 kutteashnnnnenk Abstract noun !orm
a !amil1 teashiyeuonk (or)chasiyeūonk
• Abstract noun !orm
• bloo$ relations
a !amil1 or ban$ \E or clan\E
'eechinnineummoncheg Kthe1 go 'ith himL) =r$ 2erson 2luralsubunctiveE !orm) -cheg
m1 $escen$ants) m1 2osterit1
use$ on Martha’s >ine1ar$G NantucketE
nu22ometuonk • Native s2elling
• obviative !orm
Peo2le o! First %ight Wam2anoag !rom 'or$ nnnnuog) contracte$ to-noag
a tribe or ban$E chi22issuog Kthe1 are se2arateL
a tribe or ban$E ) collectivel1 chi22anIonk abstract noun !orm
a nation 'utohtimion Kthose that live on this lan$L
nations 'utohtimoneog ongtag magke 'utohtimoneog Sother great nations
7 Original te"t rea$s N&nnuock . @he en$ing -ock or -ag or -uck 'ith a connective gli$e 2ronounce$ as 1 or'E makes 'or$s 2lural more than oneE !or the t12e o! noun re!erre$ to as animate creatures that are alive an$
moveE 2lus others 'e canHt un$erstan$ the rule !or at this time. @he en$ing -ash is the 2lural !or inanimate nouns.
&ee !ootnote) h. #>) 22. *,-* !or more in!ormation on Algon/uian gen$er animate6inanimateE8 Missin S other nnin ca2tive 2eo2le) in!erior menE. Double consonants in the mi$$le o! a 'or$ like nn in
Nn_nnuock) or hh) gg) ss) in other 'or$s) etc.E are 2ronounce$ like one letter8ust as 'e $o in (nglish !or e"am2lethe 'or$ su22er is sai$ 'ith one 2 soun$. Also) note that in Narragansett) the stress or em2hasis in a 'or$ !alls
'here 'e see an1 o! the three stress marks use$ b1 Roger Williams8
•
V• Y
• an$ so on !or the other vo'els8e) i o) uE
&o) !or Nn&nnuock ) 'e might sa1 Nuh-N#N-nuh-'ahck 'ith the i as in hit the stress is on the secon$ s1llable
N#N because that’s 'here 'e see the stress markE. O!ten the cluster uock seems to insert a ' !or s2eech 'ahckE
calle$ a gli$eE.9 Ske'tomp &((-$ahbE Sa man) a common Algon/uian 'or$ use$ among surviving languages like Maliseet.
&ome believe the 'or$) (niskeetompa"og ) means original sur!ace-$'elling 2eo2le #ron @hun$erhorse) *+++E.
$osketomp is a similar 'or$ suggesting a 1oung 'arriorE "oskehteau S harms or $estro1s 'ith 2erha2s root
-"ask# S 1oung. @he ke1 root is #omp S !ree) unboun$.
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Common Re7ional Tri8al Name-
10 Nanhigganuck Narragansett 2eo2le
Massachusuck Peo2le o! the Jreat ills11a'asumsuck a'sumsett Neck #n$ians
o''esuck Peo2le O! the &mall Pine Placeunni2iuck • Peo2le o! the long-'ater 2lace /uinni-
auke-2eE) or
• Peo2le o! the 2lace 'here the route
changes12Pe/utog Pe/uot #n$ians13Muhhekanuck Mohegan #n$ians
✜
!inis
eihtan) Taûbotne anawáyean
✜
10 Original te"t has 7 over the e as $o a number o! other 'or$sE. We use the circum!le" throughout the book.
@he 2lural en$ing -*uck ee-1uhckE is translate$ incorrectl1E the 2eo2le o!. @he en$ings #ock ) -og !or sim2le
2luraliTaton have the same meaning as -*uck. &o) Nanhiggan*uck Nah-hih-gah-N((-1uhckE has been translate$)
@he Peo2le O! @he &mall Point O! %an$. Massachus*uck is translate$ Peo2le o! the Jreat ills. +a"asums*uck means Peo2le o! the &har2 Rock. +o""es*uck means Peo2le O! the &mall Pine Place. unnipi*uck S Peo2le
o! the long-'ater 2lace /uinni-auke-2eE or Peo2le o! the 2lace 'here the route changes. Pe/utog is translate$
usuall1 Destro1ers. Muhhekan*uck means either @he Wol! Peo2le or) in Prince G &2eck) 0:+=) Peo2le o! the
ti$e river.@his anal1sis o! a 'or$ into its elementar1 units o! root6stems is gui$e$ b1 the 2rinci2al o! pol%s%nthesis see
the e$itorHs book) -nderstanding Algonuian Indian $ords /Ne" (ngland)). (nglish-language 'or$s can be
un$erstoo$ in a similar manner e.g.) the 'or$s ptelesco2e) tele2hone) television) telegra2h) telegram) tele2ath1)
telemetr1q all have in common the Jreek root tele !ar o!!) at a $istanceE 'hich goes into these 'or$s. @he otherroots -sco2e) -2hone GcE all have their in$ivi$ual meanings 'hich 'hen combine$ 'ith other roots give us ne'
'or$s such as pmicrosco2e) 2erisco2e) Dicta2hone) micro2hone) G cE. Our manner o! teaching Algon/uian is /uite
similar to the 'or$-anal1sis 'e ust 2resente$ !or (nglish-language 'or$s.
11 Probabl1 Pokanoket6 Wam2anoag o! &o'ams 'ho occu2ie$ lan$s !rom &o'ansett River to Pa'tucket River'ithin a'sumsett Neck in Bristol G Warren) R#
12 @hese are ancestors o! the Mo$ern Pe/uots) inclu$ing grou2s kno'n as Mashantucket) Paucatuck) (asternPe/uot #n$ians , inter alia) in an$ aroun$ %e$1ar$) onneticut.
13 A$o2te$ an$ mo$i!ie$ !rom an e$itorial !ootnote in A e% into the Language o0 America. Provi$ence) R#5 Narragansett lub) 03 ($ition) . R. @rumbull) ($itor. @he @rumbull e$ition has man1 use!ul comments !rom
historical sources. We are in$ebte$ to Dr. @rumbull !or some historical e$itorial remarks use$ in the 2resent book.
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