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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Early Humans

Section 2: The Neolithic Revolution

Visual Summary

Chapter Intro

What is civilization?

These cave paintings in Lascaux, France, illustrate the animals early people hunted 17,000 years ago during the Ice Age. Images like these give us glimpses into the life of early humans. In this chapter, you will learn how humans gradually shifted from temporary to permanent settlements and began establishing civilizations.

• How do you think the first humans got their food?

• How would you define civilization?

Chapter Intro

Chapter Intro

Chapter Intro 1

Early Humans

What important developments took place in the Paleolithic Age?

Chapter Intro 2

The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization

How does agriculture affect our society?

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Physical Geography Human life developed in different stages over millions of years, and by 10,000 B.C., Homo sapiens sapiens had spread throughout the world.

Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• prehistory

• archaeology

• artifact

• anthropology

• fossil

• hominid

• Australopithecus

• Homo sapiens sapiens

• “out-of-Africa” theory

Academic Vocabulary

• theory • survive

Section 1-Key Terms

People and Places

• Olduvai Gorge

• Paleolithic Age

Section 1

Before History

Scientists use fossils and artifacts as clues to how early humans lived.

Section 1

• Prehistory is the time before writing was developed.

• Archaeology is the study of past societies through the analysis of artifacts such as tools, weapons, art, buildings.

• Anthropology is the study of human life and culture.

• Anthropologists use artifacts and fossils to create a picture of peoples’ everyday lives.

Before History (cont.)

Section 1

• Methods of dating fossils and artifacts:

– Radiocarbon dating

– Thermo-luminescence

– Microscopic and biological analysis

Before History (cont.)

Archaeological Finds

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

On which of the following fossils would radiocarbon dating be useful?

A. Dinosaurs

B. Humans

C. Tools

D. Rocks

Section 1

Early Development

Using remains and technology, scientists identify important stages in human development.

Section 1

• Hominids are the earliest humanlike creatures that first appeared in Africa four million years ago and slowly changed over time.

• Skeletal remains were found by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge in 1959.

Early Development (cont.)

Section 1

• Types of early hominids:

– Australopithecus:

Early Development (cont.)

• “southern ape”

• one example was named "Lucy"

• approximately 3.5 million years old

Section 1

– Homo habilis:

• “handy human”

• lived 2.5 to 1.6 million years ago

• larger brain

• may have used stone tools

Early Development (cont.)

Section 1

– Homo erectus:

• “upright human”

• lived 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago

• first hominid to have arms and legs in modern human proportion

• probably the first to leave Africa

Early Development (cont.)

Section 1

– Homo sapiens:

• “wise human”

• lived around 100,000 to 200,000 years ago

• rapid brain growth

• mastered fire

Early Development (cont.)

Section 1

– Neanderthals

• descended from Homo sapiens

• lived around 100,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago

• made clothes from animal skins and buried their dead

Early Development (cont.)

Section 1

– Homo sapiens sapiens:

• “wise, wise human”

• also descended from Homo sapiens

• appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago

• first to have modern anatomy

Early Development (cont.)

Section 1

• spread around the globe around 100,000 years ago in search of food and hunting grounds, replacing populations in Europe and Asia (“out-of-Africa” theory)

• all human life belongs to this subgroup of human beings

Early Development (cont.)

Section 1

The Paleolithic Age

Early humans used fire, made tools, and adapted to survive.

Section 1

• The Paleolithic Age refers to the early period of history when humans used stone tools.

• Paleolithic people were hunter-gatherers who lived a nomadic lifestyle. They made tools, clothing, shelter, and fire.

• The roles of men and women were probably considered equal due to the division of labor.

The Paleolithic Age (cont.)

Section 1

• The ability to start fire helped Paleolithic humans spread farther around the globe including to colder climates.

• Art found in caves around the world shows its importance to early humans.

The Paleolithic Age (cont.)

Chauvet Cave

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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Which was not a way humans used fire in the Paleolithic Age?

A. Warmth

B. Light

C. Cooking

D. Clothing and shelter

Section 1-End

Section 2-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Systematic agriculture brought huge economic, political, and social changes for early humans.

Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• systematic agriculture

• domestication

• artisan

• culture

• civilization

• monarch

• priest

Academic Vocabulary

• revolution • role

Section 2-Key Terms

People and Places

• Neolithic Revolution

• Mesoamericans

• Çatalhüyük

• Bronze Age

• Iron Age

Section 2

The Neolithic Revolution

Civilization developed from the agricultural revolution of the Neolithic Age.

Section 2

• The Neolithic Revolution was marked by the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to systematic agriculture.

• During the Neolithic Age (8000 to 4000 B.C.) humans began planting crops. The domestication of animals also occurred during this period.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

Number of Farms in the U.S., 1940–2004

Section 2

• Spread of agriculture around the world:

– 8000 B.C.: People in Southwest Asia grew wheat and barley and domesticated pigs, cows, goats, and sheep.

– 7000 B.C.: Mesoamericans in the Western Hemisphere grew beans, squash, and maize. They domesticated dogs and fowl.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

Spread of Farming

Section 2

– 6000 B.C.: In Africa, people grew wheat, barley, yams, and bananas.

– 5000 B.C.: In China, farmers grew rice and domesticated dogs and pigs.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

• As a result of a steady food supply, Neolithic people began living in settled communities, called Neolithic farming villages.

Section 2

• In Çatalhüyük, people were able to enter other occupations other than farming. Skilled workers, such as artisans, made weapons and jewelry and traded them with neighboring people.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

Section 2

• Effects of the Neolithic Revolution:

– A surplus of food encouraged trade and the division of labor.

– Skilled workers, such as artisans, began to emerge. They developed more refined tools, weapons, and farming techniques.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

Section 2

– Roles of men and women changed. When men’s jobs took them away from settlements, women stayed behind to raise children. Men began to play a more dominant role.

– Villages developed into more complex and wealthy societies. To protect their wealth, they built armies and city walls. These farming villages led to the development of cities.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

Section 2

– Discovery of how to make metal tools brought an end to the Neolithic Age, which was followed by the Bronze Age and the Iron Age.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

Section 2

Civilization Emerges

Some villages grew into cities and became early civilizations.

Section 2

• A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings who share a number of common elements live together.

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

Section 2

• Common characteristics of the new civilizations:

– Cities first developed in river valleys. Large-scale farming was needed to feed a large population.

– Governments were developed to maintain the food supply, protect the population, and organize and regulate human activity. They were usually led by monarchs.

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

Section 2

– Religions were developed to explain the forces of nature and their roles in the world. Priests supervised rituals and became very important people.

– Social structures arose based on economic power. There were an upper class of rulers, priests, and warriors; a middle class of free people, farmers, and artisans; and a slave class.

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

Section 2

– Writing was developed for record keeping and creative expression.

– Significant architecture, paintings, and sculptures were seen in new civilizations.

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

Section 2-End

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