spotting (3)

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Spotting and

Stain RemovalPresented by

Dayal Kant Munda

Praveen Kumar Prabhakar

Sandeep Kumar

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Stain

Spot. Spotting

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What is stain????

A stain is an unwanted coloration

or deposition on the fabric. It is aresult of physical reaction betweenthe staining agent and the fibers of

the fabric. Stains reduce the qualityand value of the textile.

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What is Spot ????

Spot is place or location on garment

that can be differentiated from otherplace of garment. It is an odd placecaused due to change in colour,

touch, odor etc and its causing agentscan be numerous like oil, grease, gum,stain.. Etc.

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Spotting.

Spotting is a specialized art in which a spot or

stain is identified and removed using proper

chemical agent without damaging or affectinggarment.

It is localised washing of garment.

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History.

The textile cleaning industry is slightly more than 100years old. Most of the changes have come from thelast 30 years for various reasons.

In 1970s perchloroethylene (perc) was the solvent of

choice for textile cleaning. In the early 1990's a new term was introduced to the

cleaning of textiles; "Wet cleaning. This consisted ofwater as the solvent and especially formulated

detergents, conditioners and finishes. This allowedwool, silk and many other fibers to be washed inwater without shrinkage, harshness nor losing theirshape.

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Identification of Stain.

These are steps in identification of stain

1. The first step in identification is to ask the customer what the stainis.

2. The second step comes from sight.

A splash or irregular pattern likely came from something spilt.

A pattern such as circular or rectangular probably came fromsomething laid on the surface

A shiny stain is likely from hardened oil, paint, varnish or nail polish

A dull appearance that lightens when scratched is likely from food

A spot that is lighter than its surroundings was likely caused by ableaching agent or from color loss.

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3. The third step comes from touch. Categories fortouch are as follows - crusty, hard, soft, tacky,

oily, wet and waxy.4. The fourth step comes from smell. This may bethe best instrument for identification, but it issubjective too. Also, caution should be givenconcerning inhaling toxins from chemical andbacteria.

5. pH is important when a spot does not respond tosolvents. pH reading from an electric instrumentwill likely be less than from taken from paper orstrips. This is so because moisture on paper orstrips will ultimately measure the dry pH while pHpens measure diluted pH at the time of reading.

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Identification of Spot.

LocationAs spot of sewing machine oil are generallyfound along the stitch lines. Similarly

Food spots are usually found on the front of thegarment and on the underside ofcuffs and sleeves. Perspiration stains are foundunder arms, across the back and shoulders, knees,and the seat of trousers. Leg makeup, mud,

and shoe polish are found on the lower partof the skirt and coats or legs and cuffs of trousers.

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Classification of stain...

OrganicInorganic

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Classification on the basis of Solubility.

Solvent Soluble Stains: These stains are typicallyoils, greases and waxes. Use heavy-dutydetergent with hot water.

Common examples :Automotive oil Hair oil

Bacon fat

Hand lotion

Butter/margarine

Lard

Car door grease

Mayonnaise

Collar/cuff greasy rings

Salad dressing Cooking fats and oils

Suntan oil or lotion

Face creams etc.

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Water-Soluble Stains: These stains are typically sugars,salts, food, beverages and perspiration. These stains

normally require pre- or post-spotting. The removal ofthese stains is augmented with the use of detergentsand/or hydrated solvent.

Do not use soap (bar, flake). Use detergents.

Common Examples: Alcoholic beverages

Beer

Coffee

Cologne

Felt-tip water color pen

or washable ink

Fruit juice (apple, grape, and

orange)

Soft drinks

Tea Tomato juice

Berries (cranberries,

raspberries, strawberries) etc.

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Insoluble Stains: These stains are particle stains such ascarbon, dust and sand. While cleaning, it is important tohave a high flow rate of solvent and ability to suspend or

deposit these particles away from the garments.These are commonly Protein stains

Common examples:

Soak in cold water. Launder.

Baby food Milk

Baby formula

Mucous

Blood Cheese sauce

Mud

Cream

Pudding Egg

Urine

Feces

Vomit Gelatin

White glue; school paste

Ice cream etc.

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Soluble Stains in Chemical Agents: These stains are made upof products like nail polish, lipstick, rust, paints, glues and

albumin. It is necessary to use chemical agents to solubilisethese stains. After working on the spotting board, it isimportant to flush the stain and chemical on the board priorto introducing the garment into the cleaning wheel. Thisinsures the cleaning machine continues to operate with themost environmentally safe system.

Need detergent wash and bleach as safe, for fabric.

Common examples:

India ink

Kool-Aid

Mercurochrome

Mustard

Tempera paint

Cherry, blueberry

Color bleeding in wash (dye transfer)

Felt-tip pen (permanent ink-may not

come out)

Grass etc.

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Consideration before choosing appt. chemicals or stainremoval technique.

Identify the fabric.

Affinity of stain with fabric.

Construction of fabric.

Chemical properties of stain and fabric.

Intended use of garment etc.

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How to remove spot.

Solvent testSolvent tests are used todetermine whether the spot or stain should beremoved by water or dry solvent. If the

appearance indicates the spot or stain was spread byoil, solvent may remove the spot or stain.Chemical tests

Litmus paper indicates the

presence of acid or alkali. Tannin can bediscovered by applying a drop of ammonia to a spot or

stain and noting whether the color turns

tan or brown. The change to tan or brown

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Example.

An ink spot may be tested as follows:

Add a drop of water to the ink spot. If theink bleeds easily, it is considered to be water soluble.

Add a drop of ammonia to the spot. Morecolor should bleed from the spot.

Add a drop of acetic acid to the spot. Ifno more color bleeds, then remove the ink spot by a water andammonia process of bleeding andflushing until spot is completely removed.

If water does not bleed the ink spot, add dry solvent. If the ink

bleeds, then the ink spot is ball-point, marking, Mimeograph, or printingink, which must be removed on the dry side.Continue bleeding and flushing until spot is removed.

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METHODS USED IN SPOTTING.

Solution

Emulsificati

on

Chemical

action

Mechanical

action

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Solution.

A solution is a mixture of two substances, the solventand the solute. A solution occurs whenthe solute is dissolved in the solvent. The mostcommon way to remove soils and spots from fabrics are

to dissolve them in solvents. In washing water is the chiefsolvent, while in dry cleaning, perchloroethylene is thechief solvent.

Most substances will dissolve in either solvent

mentioned above; however, many will not. Thesesubstances can be removed using appropriate chemicals.The chemicals used in spot removal will mix with thesubstance to loosen it so it may be rinsed away.

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Emulsification.

Any substances that help the solvent in

removing stains as such as soap or detergent

are called emulsifiers. In dry cleaning,emulsifiers are already part of the dry-

cleaning solvent; however, in regular

washing, emulsifiers should be added to thesolvent (water) to assist it in efficient stain

removal.

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Chemical Action.

In chemical action, two or more substances

combine to produce one or more totally new

substances. These new substances are normally very soluble

and can be rinsed away easily.

A good example of this is when you use an acid to remove

an alkaline spot or use an alkali, like ammonia

or sodium bicarbonate, to remove an acid spot.

When you do this the two substances react chemically to

forma soluble salt that can be rinsed out of the fabric easily.

Chemicals must always be used very carefully because of the

danger that they will affect the dye or damage the fibres

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Chemicals Used in Spotting.

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Chemicals Used in Spotting.

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Mechanical Action.

Mechanical action is the simplest method of

spot removal and an aid to all other methods.

Mechanical action in spotting is done by usinga brush, spatula, sponge, or spray gun to work

a cleansing agent into the fabric.

The important thing to remember about allmechanical action is that it tends to wear or

damage the fabric.

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Steps to select a solvent.

Know the stain and how it has been formed:Look at how stains occur. Could a change inproduction methods help to prevent or minimisestaining? Experience has shown that a qualityimprovement programme can markedly reduce the

need for spot cleaning.

Consider the solvents flammability:Avoid highly flammable solvents with flashpoint 21 C or less; the vapour from these canreadily create a flammable atmosphere. Thehigher the flash point, the lower theflammability risks. Solvents with flash pointsabove 55 C should be used wherever possible.

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Flammability index.

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Two main groups of spotting solvents are used

halogenated hydrocarbons and olefins.Halogenated hydrocarbons include

trichloroethylene,* 1,1,1 trichloroethane,

bromochloromethane and dichloromethane.Olefins include aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent

blends and isoparafinic hydrocarbon blends.

1,1,1 trichloroethane is to be phased out due itsharmful effect on the ozone layer.

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STAIN REMOVAL TECHNIQUES

There are two basic approaches to removing

spots and stains. You can use a stain-removal

agent that interacts with the stain chemically, or

you can physically loosen or remove the stainfrom the surface. Many stubborn stains require

both chemical and physical treatment.

1. Physical method

2. Chemical method

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Physical stain-removal techniques.

There are eight physical stain-removal techniques:

Brushing

Flushing

Freezing

Presoaking

Pre-treating

Scraping,

Sponging

Tamping

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Chemical stain removal techniques..

The chemical stain-removal techniques are

the ones where we use a stain-removal agent

that interacts with the stain chemically. There

are many chemicals and chemical methodsused.

There are many procedure of removal of

chemical stains according to the need ofspecific stain and fabric.

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Procedure for removal of some of common stain..

Use one or a combination of these as directions:

Hydrophobic (fats, oils, waxes)

Follow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers first on aninconspicuous area of the article. For washable fabrics, the same methods may be usedfor localized stain removal before laundering.

Sponge with dry-cleaning solvent

Lubricate with mineral oil, lard or dry spotter.

With absorbent pad apply dry spotter or paint, oil and grease remover. Keep stainmoist with spotter and blot occasionally with absorbent material. If fabric is strongenough tamp with brush or spoon. Flush with dry-cleaning solvent. Repeat steps 2and 3 until no more stain is removed. Allow to dry.

With medicine dropper apply several drops of detergent solution and a few drops ofammonia. Work into stain. Continue as long as stain is being removed. Flush withwater.

Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicine dropper.Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk, or spandex. Do not allow bleach to remainmore than two minutes. Flush with water after each bleach application. Apply vinegarsolution to remove excess chlorine, then flush with water.

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Food containing oils and fats:

Follow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers first

on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable fabrics, the same

methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering.

Spponge with drycleaning solvent. Keep absorbent pad underneath.

Lubricate with pad dampened with dry spotter. Keep stain moist, changing

pad as it picks up stain, or lubricate with a small amount of mineral oil or

lard. For stronger fabrics, tamp frequently with brush or spoon.

Flush with drycleaning solvent. Allow to dry.

With medicine dropper, apply mild detergent solution to which has been

added a few drops of amonia. For stronger fabrics, tamp with brush or

spoon. Flush with water.

Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicinedropper. Do not use chlorine bleach on wool, silk or spandex. Do not allow

bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water after each

bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine, and

then flush with water. For chocolate stains, use hydrogen peroxide (3%)

and add a drop or two of ammonia. Flush with water.

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Protein and starch :Follow these procedures for non-washable articles, testing all

removers first on an inconspicuous area of the article. Forwashable articles, the same methods may be used forlocalized stain removal before laundering.

Steps:

Blot up as much stain as possible. Place pad underneath.

Keep another absorbent pad moist with enzyme productover stain for 30 minutes. For stronger fabrics, tamp withspoon or brush. Flush with water.

Flush with ammonia solution. Flush with water. Blot.

Flush with vinegar solution. Flush with water. Blot For blood stains not completely removed. Bleach with

hydrogen peroxide (3%) applied with medicine dropper.Add a drop of ammonia. Flush with water.

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Plastics and resins :Follow these procedures for non-washable articles, testing all removers firston an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable articles, the same

methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering.Steps:

Place pad underneath. Sponge with drycleaning solvent.

Lubricate with pad dipped in dry spotter, lard or mineral oil. On strongerfabrics. Tamp with spoon or brush.

Flush with drycleaning solvent. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until no more stain isremoved.

Apply pad moistened in amyl acetate. Keep moist 15 minutes. Blotoccasionally. For stronger fabrics, tamp with spoon or brush. Flush withdrycleaning solvent.

Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicinedropper. Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk or spandex. Do notallow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water aftereach bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine,then flush with water.

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Tannin and glucose :Follow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers first

on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable fabrics, the samemethods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering.

Steps:

Sponge with water.

With absorbent pad apply mild detergent solution and a few drops ofvinegar. Cover with pad moist with this solution. For stronger fabrics, tamp

occasionally with brush or spoon. Flush with water. With absorbent pad apply alcohol to stain. Cover with pad soaked with

alcohol. Change pad as it picks up stain.

With absorbent pad moisten with solution of enzyme product. Cover withpad soaked in enzyme solution. Let stand 30 minutes. Keep stain warmand moistened with solution. Flush with water.

Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicinedropper. Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk or spandex. Do notallow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water aftereach bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine,and then flush with water.

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Water soluble body waste, deodorants, red dyesFollow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers firston an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable articles, the same

methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering.Steps..

Sponge with water.

With absorbent pad apply mild detergent solution and a few drops ofammonia. Press stain every 5 minutes with clean pad moistened withsolution! Flush with water.

With absorbent pad apply detergent solution with a few drops of vinegar.Press stain every 5 minutes with clean pad moistened with solution. Flushwith water.

With absorbent pad apply alcohol. Let stand as long as stain is beingremoved. For stronger fabrics, tamp occasionally with spoon or brush.Flush with water.

Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicinedropper. Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk, or spandex. Do notallow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water aftereach bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine,then flush with water. Etc.

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STAINS NEEDING UNIQUE TREATMENT METHODS.

Chewing gum: Apply ice to harden gum. Crack or scrape off excess. Spray with pretreatmentaerosol product. Rub with heavy-duty liquid detergent. Rinse with hot water. Repeat if necessary.

Launder.

Deodorants: Apply liquid detergent, wash in warm water. Build-up of aluminum or zinc saltsmay be impossible to remove

Fingernail polish: Do not use nail polish remover (or acetone) on acetate, triacetate, ormodacrylic fabrics as they will dissolve. Take these fabrics to professional drycleaners and identify

the stain. For other fabrics, use nail polish remover, acetone and spot treatment method.

Hog confinement odor: Wash clothes adding 1/4 to 1/2 cup household ammonia to washload with heavy-duty detergent. Do not mix ammonia and bleach in same wash load. Toxic fumes

are produced. Ammonia can be used on colored fabrics, but occasionally its use will change the

garment's color.

Iodine: Iodine is quickly removed with sodium thiosulfate, which is sold in photo supply stores as

"acid fixer." If the photo supply fixer solution contains other chemicals in addition to sodiumthiosulfate, it should not be used. Iodine may also be removed by some commercial stain

removers.

Lead pencil: Use art gum eraser to lift off excess; avoid hard rubbing. For delicate fabrics usespot treatment methods. For most durable, washable fabrics, spray with pretreatment aerosol

product. Rub in heavy-duty liquid detergent. Rinse in warm water.

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Mildew: Mildew is a growing organism that must have warmth, darkness, andmoisture to survive. Mildew eats cellulosic fibers, causing permanent damage andweakening of fibers and fabrics. To remove mildew: Shake or brush item outdoors.

Pretreat darkest stains with heavy-duty liquid detergent. Launder in hot water with aheavy-duty detergent. Bleach as safe for fabric.

Odor: Most odors are removed by laundering. For persistent odor problems, placecalcium carbonate crystals, activated charcoal, or soda in an open container and storewith clothes in closet or sprinkle soda directly on fabric and let stand; then shake orvacuum.

Paint-latex: Treat while wet. Soak in cold water; wash in cool water with heavy-dutydetergent. After paint has dried 6 to 8 hours, removal is very difficult. Treat ascombination stain. Wash in hot water, Rinse. Repeat treatment.

Paint-oil-based: Treat while wet. Use thinner recommended for paint. Use spot

treatment technique and thinner on spots until paint is softened and can be flushedaway in heavy-duty detergent wash. Usually turpentine or alcohol will work as solvents.

Perspiration: Apply liquid detergent or soak in warm water with presoak product 15to 30 minutes. Launder etc.

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CHEMICALS USED FOR STAIN REMOVAL.

Detergents

Acids and Alkalis

Bleaches

Pretreatment Products

Absorbent Materials

Odor-reducing Agents

Miscellaneous Chemicals

Lubricants for Greasy Stains

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Detergents

Heavy-duty liquid detergents (Era, Fab,Grease Relief, Tide, Wisk)

Light-duty liquid detergents (Delicare,Ivory, Lux,Woolite)

Powdered detergents (Amway, Cheer,Dash, Oxydol, Sears, Tide)

Acids and Alkalis

Ammonia solultion

Vinegar solution

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Bleaches Hydrogen peroxide

Powdered all-fabricc bleaches (sodium perborate)(Biz, Borateem, Clorox 2; Purex,Snowy)

Liquid all-fabric bleaches (Snowy, Vivid)

Liquid chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite)(Clorox, Hi-lex,Purex)

Liquid chlorine bleaches have a limited shelf-life. If your bleach is more than sixmonths old and has no effect on stains, it may need to be replaced with fresh bleach.

To test for colorfastness to liquid chlorine bleaches, mix I tablespoon of bleach with1/4 cup of water. Use an eyedropper to put a drop of this solution on a hidden seamor pocket edge inside the garment. Let it stand two minutes, then blot dry. If there isno color change it is safe to use the product. Powdered bleach packages havedirections for doing colorfastness tests.

Pretreatment Products Aerosol sprays-petroleum-based solvent (Clorox, Shout, Spray'n Wash)

Pump-type sprays-- detergent based (Clorox, Shout, Spray'n Wash)

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Absorbent Materials Clean white cloths

Paper towels (white)

Sponges (white or neutral colored) Caution: Colored sponges or paper towels can bleed dyes

onto fabrics, making dye stains that may be difficult toremove.

Odor-reducing Agents Activated charcoal

Calcium carbonate Soda

Miscellaneous Chemicals Iodine

Sodium thiosulfate

Lubricants for Greasy Stains Mineral oil

Dry spotter

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Steps to select a solvent.

Hazard:Choose a solvent from the lowestpossible hazard category in the list above. Avoid theuse of substances in group E because they maycause serious and irreversible ill-health effects such

as asthma, dermatitis and cancer.

Occupational Exposure Limit

(OEL): There are two types of OELMaximum Exposure Limits (MELs)andOccupational Exposure Standards(OESs). Exposure to a substance with anOES should be reduced at least

to the OES.

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Factors of spotting in industry.

Appearance - Spots that are lighter than the surrounding unaffected areaare the result of color loss. Spots that are darker than the surroundingunaffected areas are the result of something added. Spots that end-upchanging in different light and diminish or disappear in direct intense lightare the result of texture variations, usually from over aggressive mechanicalaction.

Health & safety - Protect yourself with gloves, face mask, and respiratorwhen using dangerous chemicals. Dangerous chemicals such as Erusticator,and strippers, and some solvents should be rinsed out completely afterusing.

Chemicals - Physically remove as must excess of the spot as possible beforeadding chemicals. VDS is the first chemical to use on an unknown spot.Strong oxidizers, strippers are the last chemicals to use.

Application - Do not distort the texture of the fiber. Tap and blot, do notbrush and rub. Work from the outside of the spot to the inside. Blot upexcessive usage of chemicals. Wait to evaluate the results.

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Spotting Station.

The spotting board has a flat working surface where most tamping andmechanical action occurs. The nose or front of the board has a Tefloncover and has the ability to vacuum when activated by a foot pedal.

A flat surfaced sleeve board allows for work on cuffs and small areas of

garments. It, too, has a nose that has a vacuum when activated.

The board is equipped with three pedals that activate steam. Additionally,the board has a spotting gun that creates a vacuum and/or emits air. Thepreferred gun has a venture ability, coupled to a supply vessel allowing forthe agent to be atomized with the air or steam flow.

At the rear of the spotting board is a storage area for spotting agents,brushes and bowls.

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Characteristics of station.

Well ventilated

Properly illuminated

Well arranged equipment within reach of spotter

proper hygiene

Proper safely like fire extinguisher, gloves, apronsetc

Proper storage of dangerous chemicals.

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Spotting Equipments.

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TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN INDUSTRY FORSTAIN REMOVAL:

The following tools are necessary for proper removal of stains.1. White Towels:

a. Used as an absorbent for either solvent or water.

b. Used to absorb stains as they are flushed from a fabric.

c. Used to test or indicate dye bleeding from fabric.

d. Used to clean spotting board surface.

2. Spotting Brushes:

a. Two colors of brushes are used:

i. Black with agents on the dry side.

ii. White with agents on the wet side.

b. At least two brushes per color should be available with different bristle hardness.

c. A padded spotting brush is useful.

d. Brushes are used for tamping. The mechanical action aids in the removal of

stains.

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3. Spatula (Bone):

a. Used to break up stains; allows agents topenetrate.

b. Should not be used in a pointed fashion.

c. Used only with minimal mechanical action.

4. Cheesecloth:

a. Used for feathering.

b. Used for testing for dye or colourfastness.

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5. Scissors: Used to cut small samples of fabricfor testing purposes.

6. Eye Dropper: Used to apply small amounts ofagents.

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7. Open Water Container (Bowl):

a. Used for water source and spotting.b. Used for flushing wet side agents.

8. Spotting Board:a. The main piece of equipment that allows you

to remove stains.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Always make sure the solvent you are

treating the spot with will not affect the garment. This

is done by doing a preliminary test in

hidden portion of the garment.

Stain removal should take place under the best possible light

conditions and adequate ventilation.

Always examine the spot first and properly. Try, if

possible, to determine what substance caused it.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

CAUTION: Never use chlorine bleach or best possible light

conditions and with adequate alkalis on any material containingsilk, wool, or any other animal fibre.

If you are spotting rayon articles, never

treat them with organic solvents unless resistance to thetreatment is known by a preliminary test

on an unexposed portion of the garment.

When using chemical agents always allow ample time for the agent

to start to act on a spot before trying to remove it.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

When you use the spatula to help the

cleaning formula to penetrate the spot, be careful. Rub

the spatula back and forth across the spot using short smooth strokes

without applying too much pressure. This will prevent damage to the fabric.

Always use the proper spotting brush. The spotting brush should

be used in the same manner as the spatula to

prevent damage to the fabric.

Avoid excessive friction when treating silk or rayon fabrics. Where some

friction is necessary,it is recommended you use the wrong side of the garment.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Do not use the spatula on silk or synthetic fabrics. Thepressure you can apply on it without causing damage to

the fabric will be insufficient to do any good.

When you remove spots and stains Allow sufficienttime for the cleaning solution to penetrate, butremove it as soon as possible to prevent damage.

All chemical agents used in spotting mustbe rinsed from the fabric thoroughly before you

dry or press the fabric.

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Controlling Expose.

Tore and dispense safely

Avoid spraying

Provide adequate ventilation

Minimise skin contact

Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)

Ensure adequate personal hygiene

Provide training for workers

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Government Norms

RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

TCE and PERC are listed hazardous wastes under RCRA. Both chemicalsare listed in RCRA under F001 and F002. F001 specifies TCE and PERCused in degreasing. F002 specifies TCE and PERC when they are

spent and all spent solvent mixtures/blends containing,

This applies to sludge generated from spin-disk filters , still bottomsgenerated from distillation, separator water and the effluent fromwater based technologies

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Environmental Issues.

solvent that can harm aquatic life should not

be used for ex hydrogen peroxide as bleaching

agent instead of chlorine.

Highly inflammable chemical having ignition

temp less than 30 degree cel. should not be

used or carefully stored if required.

Emission level should

be less than OEL.

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Latest developments.

OLEOPHOBOCOL CP : A highly efficient stain

remover developed by Dupont and Hutsman

Textile. It is highly efficient silicon and mineral

oil free penetration that is good for dyeingnatural and synthetic fibers.

It also offers stain repellent finish for cotton

fibers, synthetics fibers and their blends. Its dye bath agent called ALBAFLOW UNI-O1.

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Conclusion.

Spotting is a very important finishes applied

on garment because it is at the apex of all

operation therefore the chances of getting

stained of garment is quite common due tohandling or mechanical mark and these mark

needs to removed without harming garment.

A spot can reduce the value of a finishedgarment to zero. Therefore its vital.

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Bibliography.

http://home.howstuffworks.com/stain-removal-techniques-ga1.htm

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=17kq2UQk6vjTmU3bw6PwszyTRMp6Rriiip6uWyBUUNkPOibI6MmELDd4W8xbF&hl=en

https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=1GrpYJx7orYdDyufFylfbwth5-8Es1R2VOKiBHt0jmyoZXeVqq1IsaHUP9fP6&hl=en

https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.carpetinspector.com/members/S

potting+Manual2.ppt&docid=95ffe20e29dfd193e78ccff138b4bf98&chan=EAAAANiY60ua53mUp2uWeFddNMUiRBAXReo/1/aClWvsTHtX&a=sv

https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/tis7.pdf&docid=dec9358f5577b769949e73bf6fb55aec&chan=EQAAAHi5XXHfW5AHgcyAae/cW63SwmkYEVNd9SrNBPnFb8lA&a=sv&pli=1

https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.njsbdc.com/njwetcleaning/IRTA%20Presentation.pdf

http://www.veit.de/bg/ironing-and-pressing-garments/stain-removing/detaset-veit-2217/

http://www.zim-intl.com/screen/equipment.htm

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Thank you