ssina stainless technical training
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SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
• Basics
• Manufacturing
• Family/Applications
EDWARD J. BLOTED BLOT & ASSOCIATES, INC.12 High StreetBrunswick, Maine 04011
Cell (330) 268-9102Email: eblot@aol.com
STAINLESS STEEL PRODUCTSTECHNICAL SEMINAR
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
BASICS
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
ALLOY STEELS
STAINLESS STEELS IN THE ALLOY FAMILY
CO
RR
OS
ION
RE
SIS
TA
NC
E
COST
CARBON STEELS
NICKEL BASE ALLOYS(ALSO CHAPTER 75)
STAINLESS STEELS
(HTS CHAPTER 72 IRON & STEEL)
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
WHAT MAKES STEEL (IRON & CARBON)
STAINLESS
EFFECT OF CHROMIUM ON ATMOSPHERIC
CORROSION RESISTANCE
% CHROMIUM10.5 %
STAINLESS STEEL RANGE(HTS 7218 – 7223)
CO
RR
OS
ION
RA
TE
MIL
S P
ER
YE
AR
(PREDOMINATELY IRON & CHROMIUM)
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CORROSION PROTECTION
CHROMIUM OXIDE FILM
BASE METAL WITH 10.5% MIN. CHROME
THE CHROMIUM OXIDE FILM PREVENTS FURTHER DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN ON
THE SURFACE, THUS PROTECTING IRON IN THE MATRIX FROM RUSTING.
STAINLESS STEEL
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
SULFUR MANGANESE ALUMINUMCOPPER COLUMBIUM SILICONTITANIUM CALCIUM SELENIUM
ALLOYING ELEMENTSCHROMIUM CORROSION & SCALING RESISTANCE
CARBON (1.2% MAX) HARDNESS
NICKEL ACID CORROSION RESISTANCE, FORMABILITY, AND WELDABILITY
MOLYBDENUM PITTING CORROSION RESISTANCE AND STRENGTH
NITROGEN CREVICE CORROSION RESISTANCE AND STRENGTH
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
• Mechanical Properties
WHY STAINLESS
• Corrosion Resistance
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
YIELD STRENGTH
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
% ELONGATION
REDUCTION OF AREA
HARDNESS BENDIMPACT
STRENGTH DUCTILITY
NOTE: AS STRENGTH INCREASES, DUCTILITY DECREASES
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
TENSILE TESTING
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
TENSILE TESTING EQUIPMENT
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
• Corrosion Resistance
• Mechanical Properties
• Physical Properties
WHY STAINLESS
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
include .....
MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY
THERMAL EXPANSION
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY
DENSITY
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
• Corrosion Resistance
• Mechanical Properties
• Physical Properties
• Appearance, Hygienic, and Recyclable
• Life Cycle Cost Benefit
WHY STAINLESS
• Ease of Fabrication
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
SERVICE LIFE / REPLACEMENT COST
TO
TA
L C
OS
T
LIFE CYCLE COST BENEFIT
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
Semi-finished Stainless Sold To Specs with Only Chemistry and Capability on Mill Test Reports – No Mech Props
Generally >150mm Thick x 900mm Wide and Width > 4 x Thickness(7218.91.00.60)
SLABS
Ingots (Tapered Cast Blocks)(7218.10.00)
Generally 100mm -600 mm Squares, or Rounds (7218.99.00)
BILLETS
STAINLESS SEMI-FINISHEDHTS 7218
Generally Rectangles > 150mm Thickand Width < 4 x Thickness Cross Section > 232 cm2) =(7218.91.00.30)
BLOOMS
INGOTS
INDUSTRY TERMINOLOGY HTS TERMINOLOGY
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS PLATEHTS 7219 & 7220 – FLAT ROLLED
• 4.75 mm Thick Nominal ,Equal/Greater than 254 mm Wide
• Flat Plate Mill (Discrete), and Continuous Mill Plate Coil
• Annealed or Heat Treated, and Pickled/Descaled
• 600 mm and Wider - 7219, < 600 mm - 7220
• Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled, Cold Rolled, or Other
• Smooth Flat Surface - Straight Square Edges
• Mill Test Report (Chemistry & Mechanical Properties)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS SHEET/STRIPHTS 7219 & 7220 – FLAT ROLLED
• Under 4.75 mm Thick
• 600 mm and Wider (Sheet) - 7219
• Greater Than 9.5 mm to 600 mm Wide (Strip) - 7220
• Annealed or Heat Treated, and Pickled/Descaled
• Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled, Cold Rolled, or Other
• Coil and Cut Length (Uncoiled)
• Mill Test Report (Chemistry & Mechanical Properties)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS BAR/ANGLEHTS 7222
• Straight Lengths = Scope Definition - Bars & Rods = HTS Definition
• Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled or Cold Finished = Same Product
• Rounds, Hexagons, Squares, Flats, Shapes - (7222.11, .19 .20 and .30)
• Angles & Structural Shapes (7222.40)
• Rebar - Scope Definition not in HTS (Logical 7222.11.00.57/59)• Specified Uniform Dimensional Tolerances
• Mill Test Report (Chemistry & Mechanical Properties)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
• Irregularly Wound Hot Rolled Coils
• Hot Rolled Annealed and/or Pickled/Descaled
• Rounds or Shapes Generally 5.0mm – 32mm
STAINLESS RODHTS 7221
• Mill Test Report (Chemistry & Mechanical Properties)
NOTE: Items in italic font are in scope definition for orders, but not HTS
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS WIREHTS 7223
• Tightly Wound Coils
• Cold Drawn Or Cold Rolled from Rod
• Rounds (7223.00.10)
• Flats (7223.00.50)
• Shapes (7223.00.90)
• Specified Uniform Dimensional Tolerances
• Mill Test Report (Chemistry & Mechanical Properties)
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
Specification AMS-5639, ASTM-A-479
WHAT’S IN A NAMEAISI Designation 304L
UNS Number S30403
Composition 18-8
Trade Names Project 70 +
Application Machining-Forging-Redraw
Mill Test Report 19 CFR 141.89 with CBP CF 7501
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MANUFACTURING
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
HOT ROLLING
DISCRETE PLATES(7219.21, .22 & 7220.11)
+ANNEAL
PICKLE
ANNEAL PICKLE
COILED PLATES
CAST SLAB
=Melt +CASTINGAOD
+
MAKING A STAINLESS PLATE4.75 mm Thick & Larger
(7219.11, .12 & 7220.11)
- HTS 7219 > 600mm
- HTS 7220 < 600mm
(Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled)
NOTE: AOD = ARGON OXYGEN DECARBORIZATION
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALS
ADDED TO EAF
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS HOT ROLLED SHEET
Melt
CAST SLAB
=+CASTINGAOD
+
HOT ROLLING
+ANNEAL PICKLE
Less Than 4.75 mm Thick (HTS 7219.13, .14, .23, .24) Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled
NOTE: AOD = ARGON OXYGEN DECARBORIZATION
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALS
ADDED TO EAF
(Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled)
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS COLD ROLLED SHEET/STRIPLess Than 4.75 mm Thick (HTS 7219 & 7220)
Not Further Worked Than Cold Rolled or Other
=COLD ROLLING
ANNEAL PICKLE+HOT ROLLED
SHEET
COLD ROLLED 2D SHEET
STRIP=
=
=
SLIT
CUT
POLISH
SENDZIMIRMILL
2B SHEET>600 MM WIDE
(7219.32, .33, .34, .35, .90)< 600 MM WIDE
(7220.20, .90)
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MAKING A STAINLESS BILLETHTS 7218.99.00
Melt =INGOT
++
ROLLED BILLET
+AOD
Melt =VARor
ESR ++REMELT
VAR OR ESR BILLET
+AOD
NOTE: VAR = VACUUM ARC REMELTESR = ELECTROSLAG REMELT
Melt=+
CASTING
CAST BILLET
+AOD
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALS
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
FORGEINGOT
FORGED ROUND BAR
+
ANNEAL+STRAIGHTEN
+
Generally 152.4 mm and Larger, Not Further WorkedThan Hot Worked (HTS 7222.11.00.82 & .84)
+MELT
HOT FORGED
=
AOD
+
NOTE: AOD = ARGON OXYGEN DECARBORIZATION
STAINLESS SCRAP +
RAW MATERIALS
ADDED TO EAF
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
HOT ROLL
STRAIGHTEN
ROLLED ROUND BARGenerally 18 mm – 152.4 mm Diameter (HTS 7222.11.00.57 & .59)
Not Further Worked Than Hot Rolled
BILLET/BLOOM
+ + ANNEAL
+HOT ROLLED
=
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
ForgedAnnealed
RolledAnnealed
+
RoughTurned
ForgingQuality
SmoothTurned
CGE
CenterlessGround
CG &Polish
125 RMSHot
FinishedTolerances100 RMS
50 RMS
50 38mm70 38mm
50 38mm70 38mm
32 RMS
ColdFinished
Tolerances
Peel
Rough Grind
As Turned
Burnish
Polish
CG
CG Belt
Draw
Cold Drawn
RMS N/A
STAINLESS COLD FINISHED ROUNDSIndustry Standards > 18 mm HTS 7222.20.00.62, .64, .67, & .69 Not Further Worked Than Cold Formed/Finished
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
Peel+
Straighten& Cut
Belt Finish CGE 50 RMS
Billet
+
Draw+
Rod Coil Rolling
+ Anneal orAnneal
Pickle
Straighten& Cut
ColdDrawn
CenterlessGround
RMS N/A
50 RMS
32 RMS
Burnish
CG & Polish
CG
Burnish & PolishCold Drawn RMS N/A
COIL TO COLD FINISHED BARIndustry Standards < 18 mm
HTS 7222.20.00.41 & .43Not Further Worked Than Cold Formed/Finished
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS FAMILY
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
Class 1 - Martensitic
Class 2 - Ferritic
Class 3 - Austenitic
Class 4 - PH (Precipitation Hardened)
Class 5 - Duplex
STAINLESS STEEL CLASSES
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 1 MARTENSITIC
• Chromium With Carbon Generally > .08%
• Heat Treatable For Hardness/Strength
• Tempered to Improve Ductility
• Minimum Corrosion Resistance
• Magnetic
• Part of 400 Series Grades
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 1 MARTENSITIC
43116Cr 2Ni
CORROSIONRESISTANCE
422Ni Mo W V
HIGH TEMPERATURESTRENGTH & TOUGHNESS
440C17Cr 1.0C
WEARRESISTANCE
420 13Cr .35C
HARDNESS/STRENGTH
420F.35 Sul
MACHINABILITY
416.35 Sul
RIFLE BARRELQUALITY
416R.10-.20Sul
410S.08 Max C
41012Cr .15 Max C
TOUGHNESS
410Cb
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 1 MARTENSITIC GRADES
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MOST POPULAR ALLOYSCLASS 1 MARTENSITIC
CONTAINING < 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number410416420420F
S41000S41600S42000S42020
CONTAINING > 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number440C S44004
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 2 FERRITIC
• Chromium With Carbon < .06%
• Not Hardenable Except By Cold Working
• Improved Corrosion Resistance
• Not Susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking
• Magnetic
• Remainder of 400 Series Grades
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 2 FERRITIC
WELDABILITY
ECONOMICS
409Cb
43917Cr Ti
40911Cr Ti
43017Cr .05C
430F.35 Sul
MACHINABILITY
430 FR1.25 Si
SOLENOIDQUALITY
44625 Cr
OXIDATIONRESISTANCE
4442 Mo
CORROSIONRESISTANCE
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 2 FERRITIC GRADES
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MUFFLERFERRITIC STAINLESS GRADE 409
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MOST POPULAR ALLOYS CLASS 2 FERRITIC
CONTAINING < 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number
409409Cb
S40900S40940
CONTAINING > 15% CHROMIUM
AISI Grade UNS Number
430430F430FR434
S43000S43020
-S43400
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 3 AUSTENITIC
• Chrome – Nickel - Manganese
• Not Hardenable Except By Cold Working
• Best Corrosion Resistance
• Non Magnetic
• Excellent Formability and Weldability
• 200 & 300 Series Grades
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 3 AUSTENITIC
HIGH LOW
304H
303.35Sul
MACHINABILITY
303Se
203
30418CR 8NI.08 Max C
30518Cr 11Ni
30117Cr 7Ni
WORK HARDENING302
201
302HQ
CHLORIDE CORROSIONRESISTANCE
316L 317L
304L.03Max C
WELDING
321Ti 8xC
HI TEMPSERVICE
347
30925CR 12 Ni
SCALINGRESISTANCE
310
304N.15N
STRENGTH
XM19.30N
XM28.30N
316N.15N
31616Cr 10Ni 2Mo
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 3 AUSTENITIC GRADES
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
SKYSCRAPER ROOFAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
PAVILIONAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
KITCHEN APPLIANCESAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
COOKING UTENSILSAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
WINEMAKING VESSELSAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS SOLAR COLLECTORS
Austenitic Grade 304 ASTM A 240 parabolic mirrors concentrate solar heat to drive a Stirling engine and generator to produce electricity
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
Maine, USA Private house clad in
304 ASTM A 240 – 18 gauge sheet with a brushed finish
1887
Tom Selleck home by an architect Chesapeake Bay, USA
316 ASTM A 240 stainless steel is used for the roof and walls
CONSTRUCTION
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
KITCHEN SINKAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 301
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
SUBWAY & LIGHT RAIL CARSAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 201
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STRUCTURE – BOTANICAL GARDENAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 276 & A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
POULTRY PROCESSING
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304LASTM A 276
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
1981 DELOREANAUSTENITIC STAINLES GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
1936 STAINLESS STEEL FORDAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MEMORIAL STRUCTUREAUSTENITIC STAINLESS GRADE 304
ASTM A 240
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MOST POPULAR ALLOYS CLASS 3 AUSTENITIC
AISI Grade UNS Number
301302302HQ303304304L305308L321347
S30100S30200S30430S30300S30400S30403S30500S30803S32100S34700
CONTAINING > 8% - < 24% NickelCONTAINING > 8% - < 24% Nickel &
> 1 1/2% - < 5% Molybdenum
AISI Grade UNS Number
316316LXM19
S31600S31603S20910
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 4 PH GRADES
• Combination of High Strength and Good Corrosion Resistance
• Precipitation Hardening
• Easy Heat Treatment With No Distortion
• Tradenames
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
17-4PH (630)17Cr 4Ni 3Cu
MARTENSITEto
MARTENSITE
HIGHER STRENGTH & TOUGHNESS
TRANSVERSE PROPERTIES
15-5PH15Cr 5Ni 3Cu
Custom
450
PH138- Mo13Cr 8Ni 2Mo 1Al
Custom
455
A-28615Cr 25Ni 2Ti
HIGH TEMP
PROPERTIES
AUSTENITE
to
AUSTENITE
17-PH (631)
17Cr 7Ni 1Al
AUSTENITE
to
MARTENSITE
FORMABILITY
PH
15-7Mo
Most grades are registered trade names NOTE: Elements in ITALICS form the precipitate
when combined with Ni
CLASS 4 PH GRADES
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 4 PH GRADES
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
GOLF CLUB IRONSPH STAINLESS GRADE 17-4 (630)
ASTM A 564
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
MOST POPULAR ALLOYS CLASS 4 PH GRADES
CONTAINING > 1/2% - < 24% Nickel
AISI Grade UNS Number
630 (17-4 PH)(15-5 PH)
631 (17-7 PH)
S17400S15500S17700
CONTAINING > 24% Nickel & > 1/2% - < 5% Molybdenum
AISI Grade UNS Number
(A-286) S66286
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 5 DUPLEX ALLOYS
• Chromium - Nickel - Moly
• 50% Austenite - 50% Ferrite
• Excellent Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance
• Annealed Strength > 300 Series
• Good Fatigue Strength
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CLASS 5 DUPLEX ALLOYS
OTHER SIGNIFICANT GRADES2304 Ferralium 255 2507
(S32304) (S32550) (S32750)
2205(UNS S31803)22Cr 5Ni 3Mo
CONTAINING > 0.5% NICKEL & > 1/2% - < 5% MOLYBDENUM
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
DEEP WELL DRILLINGDUPLEX STAINLESS GRADE 2205
ASTM A 276
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
REBAR FOR BRIDGE DECKDUPLEX STAINLESS GRADE 2205
ASTM A 955
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
STAINLESS SUMMARY
• Mill Test Report Chemistry Only - Semi Finished HTS 7218- Manufacturer + Country of Origin
• Predominately Iron with 10.5% Min. Chrome, 1.2% Max. Carbon
• Trade Case Scope Definition not Same as HTS
• Mill Test Report Sheet/Strip, Plate, Bar, Rod/Wire- Required by 19 CFR 141.89 with Submission of CBP CF 7501 - Manufacturer + Country of Origin
• Production Process Similar to Carbon Steel
• Grade Name Has no Number Significance
• 8 & 10 Digit HTS Category Based Upon Chemistry (Chrome, Nickel & Moly Content), and whether Hot Rolled or Cold Rolled/Finished
SSINA Stainless Technical Training 2020
CONTACTS
• www.ssina.com (Education – Training
Section for Downloading Copy of This Presentation)
• www.nidi.org
• www.worldstainless.org
• ED BLOT & ASSOCIATES, INC.eblot@aol.com
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