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SSUSH13A, D & E
Progressivism
Progressivism
Dawn of Progressivism
• The Progressive Era occurred in the U.S. between 1890 and 1920.
• Involving a collection of many different ideas and activities.
• Motivated by the social problems created by Industrialization & Urbanization.
• Partly a reaction to Laissez-Faire Economics and an Unregulated Market.
The Muckrakers
• Investigative Journalists who exposed Corruption and Social Problems.
• Publishing articles in Popular Magazines:
Collier’s Magazine (1888-1957)
Munsey’s Magazine (1889-1929)
McClure’s Magazine (1893-1929)
Progressivism
• 1902-1904: Ida Tarbell targeted John D. Rockefeller and
Standard Oil’s Corporate Practices in her
articles and book entitled the “History of
Standard Oil.”
• 1889-1890: Jacob Riis exposed squalid living conditions
in New York’s East Side Tenement Housing in
his articles and book entitled “How the Other
Half Lives.”
• 1904-1906: Lincoln Steffens reported government graft
and political corruptions in several articles
like “The Shame of the Cities, The Struggle
for Self Government, and Traitor State.”
The Muckrakers
Progressivism
Suffragettes
• Members of the Women’s Movement to obtain Voting Rights (Suffrage).
• 1848: Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
organized the First Women’s Right’s
Convention at Seneca Fall, New York.
• Actually began before the Progressive Era and continued thru the 1920’s.
• Often accused of being unfeminine and immoral or physically attacked by men.
Presented a list of women’s
grievances known as the
Declaration of Sentiments.
• 1866-1870: Failure to obtain support from Abolitionists and Republicans to
add “Women” to the Fifteenth Amendment caused a split in the movement.
Progressivism
Suffragettes
• 1869: Elizabeth C. Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
formed the National Woman Suffrage
Association (NWSA) of women opposed to
the wording of the Fifteenth Amendment.
• Lucy Stone and Julie Ward Howe disagreed with the
radical position being taken on the amendment and
formed the American Woman Suffrage Association
(AWSA).
• 1890: The two organizations were eventually merged into the National
American Woman Suffrage Association.
• 1918-1920: The Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women the Right to
Vote was passed by Congress and Ratified by 3/4 of the States.
Progressivism
Labor Issues (Children and Women)
• Probably the most emotional issue of the Progressive Era.
• 1906: Muckraker John Sprago publish his book entitled
The Bitter Cry of the Children to provide
detailed evidence on child labor conditions.
• 1900: 1.7 Million American Children between ages 5 to 10
were employed outside of the family home.
• 1904: Labor Reformers established the National Child
Labor Committee to abolish child labor in the U.S.
• 1911: A Terrible Fire swept through New York’s
Triangle Shirtwaist Company killing nearly
150 tapped female workers.
Progressivism Prohibition Movement
• Also known as the Temperance Movement.
• 1893-1900’s: The Anti-Saloon League became the leading organization
lobbying politicians for Prohibition (Laws banning the manufacture, sale,
and consumption of alcohol).
• Advocated the Moderation or Elimination of
alcohol in the United states.
• 1873-1874: Annie Wittenmyer and Frances Willard
led a group of women to form the Women’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU) in Cleveland, Ohio.
• 1917-1920: Prohibition took effect in the U.S.
with the passing and ratification of
the Eighteenth Amendment.
Progressivism American Socialists
• 1893-1894: The failure of the Pullman Strike by the American Railway Union
(ARU) caused some progressives to advocate government control
of industry for the good of the community.
• Different ideologies between the
different Socialist Parties prevented
their success during the early 1900’s.
• 1898: ARU Leader, Eugene V. Debs, led the formation
of the Social Democratic Party of America and
ran for President five times from 1900 - 1920.
• 1876-1898: The Socialist Labor Party of America was the
oldest Socialist Political Party in the U.S.
(Formerly called the Workingman’ Party).
Progressivism African Americans
• However, the greatest limit to Progressivism was its failure to timely and
properly address the needs of African Americans.
• 1905 - African American, Civil Rights Leader, W. E. B. Dubois
led 32 other men in a discussion of the challenges
facing Colored People (at Niagara Falls in Canada).
• 1908 - Springfield Race Riot of Illinois:
• Two African Americans were arrested for violent crimes against whites.
• The Sheriff moved the men due to the fear of a possible lynch mob.
• Enraged White citizens responded by burning homes and killing blacks.
• This served as a catalyst for the creation of a new organization.
• 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People:
• To ensure political, educational, social, and economic equal rights.
Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt
• 1904 - The President made a promise that became the foundation of his
reform programs:
Control of Corporations
Consumer Protection
Conservation
“I shall see to it that every man has a square deal,
no less and no more.
• His “Square Deal” Reforms targeted three key areas
aimed at helping “Middle Class” Americans:
• 1902 – Prior to his re-election, he threatened to use the Army to put an
end to a strike by the United Mine Workers Union who refused to
use his suggestion of allowing 3rd-party negotiations (or Arbitration).
Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt
• 1903: He convinced Congress to create a Bureau of Corporations
to investigate trusts and monopolies.
• 1906: Muckraker, Upton Sinclair, published his
book entitled The Jungle.
However, he was fair with everyone, making “Gentlemen’s
Agreements” with companies willing to fix problems instead
of taking them to court.
• 1906: He pushed the Hepburn Act through Congress to strengthen the
Interstate Commerce Commission’s ability to regulate Railroad rates.
Portraying the lives of Immigrants
Exposing problems in the Meat Packing Industry.
Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt
• The Jungle made many Americans demand government
actions to regulate the food industry.
• 1905: President Roosevelt appointed his friend, Gifford
Pinchot as the first Chief of the U.S. Forest Service.
• 1906: The President and Congress responded with the
Meat Inspection Act to require set standards
and inspections by the Agricultural Department.
• The Pure Food and Drug Act prohibited the manufacture, shipment,
and sale of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs in the U.S.
“The Natural Resources must be developed and preserved for the
benefit of the many and not merely for the profit of the few.”
Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt
• 1906: The President signed the Antiquities Act into law, giving the President
executive power to Protect and Preserve any Public Lands in the U.S.
Devil’s Tower, WY (1906)
Crater Lake, OR (1902) Mesa Verde, CO (1906)
Yosemite, CA (1906)
Grand Canyon, AZ (1908)
Progressivism
William H. Taft
• 1908: President Theodore Roosevelt had endorsed his
Secretary of War for President.
President Taft called a special session of Congress.
Politicians in each house proposed their own version of the tariff bill.
President Taft agreed to a compromised bill.
Law frustrated both tariff supporters & opposes, and progressives.
• However, President Taft was not like his predecessor.
1909 - The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act.
1909 - The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair.
Taft appointed a Corporate Lawyer as Secretary of the Interior.
Pinchot accused Ballinger of making public lands available to a Syndicate.
Taft angered Republicans by firing Pinchot for Insubordination.
Progressivism
William H. Taft
• Despite the Presidents political problems, be did have
some successes.
Granted them authority to regulate the Telecommunications Industry.
1910 – The Mann-Elkins Act:
Expanded the powers granted to the Interstate Commerce Commission
under the Hepburn Act of 1906.
1912 – The Children’s Bureau:
Created due to a heightened concern over the General Welfare of
America’s Children.
Focused on improving abuse prevention, foster care, and adoptions.
• Yet, his support of an Anti-Trust Lawsuit against U.S. Steel in 1911, caused
his loss of support from the Progressives and former President Roosevelt.
Progressivism
1912 Presidential Election
“My hat is in the ring!”
“The Fight is on.”
“I’m Fit as a Bull
Moose.”
Against Republican President William H. Taft
“If America is not to
have free enterprise,
then she can have
freedom of no sort
whatever”
Theodore Roosevelt for the Progressive “Bull Moose”
Party
Woodrow Wilson for the Democratic Party
Promoted a Program of “New Nationalism”
Trusts were a fact of life that needed greater controls
Promoted a Program of “New Freedom”
Monopolies are an evil that must be destroyed
Federal Trade Commission
Protective Labor Laws
Worker’s Compensation
Same Key Issues Plus
Major Tariff Reforms
Major Banking Reforms
Since Taft & Roosevelt split the Republican Votes, Wilson would win the Election
Progressivism Woodrow Wilson
• During eight years as President, he successfully crafted and passed reforms
affecting Tariffs, Banking, Business, Trusts, Farmers, Labor, and Veterans.
• 1913 – The Federal Reserve Act:
Establishing the Federal Reserve System to address Banking Panics
With a Board of Governors to set Interest Rates to fight inflation
• 1913 – The Underwood Tariff Act:
Establishing the lowest rates since 1857
Reinstitution of a Federal Income Tax (Authorized by the 16th Amendment)
• 1914 – The Federal Trade Act:
Establishing a Bi-Partisan Federal Trade Commission
Empowered to Investigate and Halt Unfair Business Practices (Trusts)
• 1916 – The Federal Farm Loan Act:
Creating 12 Land Banks to provide farmers with low-interest loans
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