standards and symbols training manual
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INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE
STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS
TRAINING MANUAL
Course EXP-MN-SI010 Revision 0
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Field Operations TrainingInstrumentation Maintenance
Standards and Symbols
Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN Last updated: 24/03/2008 Page 2 / 113
INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE
STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS
CONTENTS 1. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................5 2. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................6 3. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.1 and ANSI / ISA 5.3 ..............................................................8
3.1. LETTERS AND SYMBOLS .......................................................................................8 3.1.1. Extract from a PID .............................................................................................8 3.1.2. Letter identification ..........................................................................................10 3.1.3. Letter combinations .........................................................................................11
3.2. FUNCTIONS ...........................................................................................................12 3.2.1. Definition .........................................................................................................12 3.2.2. Example ..........................................................................................................13
3.3. INSTRUMENTATION..............................................................................................16 3.3.1. Local instrument symbols ................................................................................16 3.3.2. Remote instrument symbols ............................................................................17 3.3.3. Symbols for various instrumentation sensors ..................................................18 3.3.4. Various calculation functions ...........................................................................21
3.3.4.1. Calculation function symbols ...................................................................22 3.3.5. Instrumentation valve symbols ........................................................................23 3.3.6. Abbreviations on valves...................................................................................25
3.4. CONNECTIONS......................................................................................................26 3.4.1. Example ..........................................................................................................26 3.4.2. Representation of instrument connections ......................................................27
3.5. VALVES AND FITTINGS ........................................................................................29 3.5.1. Symbols for valves and fittings ........................................................................29
3.6. PIPING ....................................................................................................................32 3.6.1. Piping symbols ................................................................................................32
3.7. EQUIPMENT...........................................................................................................34 3.7.1. Pump symbols.................................................................................................34 3.7.2. Heat exchanger symbols .................................................................................36 3.7.3. Tank symbols ..................................................................................................37
3.8. UTILITIES ...............................................................................................................38 3.8.1. Symbols for miscellaneous equipment ............................................................38 3.8.2. Miscellaneous symbols....................................................................................40 3.8.3. Special Abbreviations......................................................................................42
3.9. SAFETY EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................43 3.9.1. Safety equipment symbols ..............................................................................43
4. CLASSIFICATION .........................................................................................................44 4.1. PIPING ....................................................................................................................44
4.1.1. Pipelines..........................................................................................................44 4.1.1.1. Line numbering ..........................................................................................45
5. LIST OF TOTAL GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS............................................................52 5.1. INSTRUMENTATION..............................................................................................52 5.2. PIPING ....................................................................................................................53
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6. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.4 ...........................................................................................54 6.1. DCS LOOP DIAGRAM ............................................................................................54 6.2. LOCAL LOOP DIAGRAM........................................................................................54
7. EUROPEAN STANDARDS............................................................................................55 7.1. PED.........................................................................................................................55
7.1.1. Definition .........................................................................................................55 7.1.2. Classification ...................................................................................................55 7.1.3. Category I to IV equipment..............................................................................56 7.1.4. Conclusion.......................................................................................................57
7.2. ATEX STANDARD ..................................................................................................58 7.2.1. Definition .........................................................................................................58 7.2.2. Classification ...................................................................................................58 7.2.3. Directive compliance .......................................................................................59
7.2.3.1. Marking ......................................................................................................59 7.2.3.2. Validation ...................................................................................................60
8. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS ..............................................................................................61 8.1. CONTACTS ............................................................................................................61
8.1.1. Representation rules: ......................................................................................61 8.1.2. Other representations......................................................................................62
8.2. CONTROL ELEMENTS ..........................................................................................63 8.2.1. Protective elements.........................................................................................65
8.2.1.1. Isolator .......................................................................................................66 8.2.1.2. Power switch ..............................................................................................66 8.2.1.3. Breaker.......................................................................................................67
8.2.2. Separation devices..........................................................................................68 8.3. MEASURING AND SIGNALLING DEVICES...........................................................70 8.4. CONDUCTORS.......................................................................................................72 8.5. ELECTRIC MOTORS..............................................................................................74 8.6. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ...............................................................................75 8.7. ENERGY SOURCES ..............................................................................................77
8.7.1. Transformers ...................................................................................................77 8.7.2. Generators and current sources......................................................................78
8.8. NAMING STANDARDS...........................................................................................79 8.8.1. Markings general points ...............................................................................79 8.8.2. Electrical equipment marking letters................................................................80 8.8.3. North American Standards ..............................................................................81 8.8.4. North American Standards (b).........................................................................83
9. PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS ...............................................................................................88 9.1. SYMBOLS...............................................................................................................88
9.1.1. General symbols .............................................................................................88 9.1.2. Instruments and accessories...........................................................................89 9.1.3. Pneumatic valves / relays................................................................................90 9.1.4. Technical lines.................................................................................................91 9.1.5. Energy and fluid storage..................................................................................92 9.1.6. Fluid conditioner ..............................................................................................93 9.1.7. Linear movement vessels................................................................................94
9.2. TYPES OF SYMBOL IN PNEUMATICS..................................................................95 9.3. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROL ELEMENTS .......................................................96
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9.4. RELAY/VALVE SYMBOL CREATION.....................................................................97 10. HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS..............................................................................................99
10.1. FLUID LINES ......................................................................................................100 10.2. RESTRICTORS...................................................................................................101 10.3. QUICK-RELEASE CONNECTIONS....................................................................101 10.4. HYDRAULIC PUMPS..........................................................................................102 10.5. HYDRAULIC MOTORS.......................................................................................103 10.6. CYLINDERS........................................................................................................104 10.7. HYDRAULIC (DISTRIBUTION) RELAYS............................................................105 10.8. SERVO-MOTORS...............................................................................................106 10.9. SAFETY VALVE (PSV) .......................................................................................107 10.10. FLOW REGULATOR VALVES..........................................................................107 10.11. TANKS ..............................................................................................................108 10.12. MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC DEVICES .....................................................108
11. LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................111 12. LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................112
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1. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this course is to enable a future instrument technician to understand the bases of instrumentation on a predominantly oil-producing industrial site. By the end of the course, in the field of instrumentation standards and symbols, the participant must:
Be familiar with the various instrumentation symbols.
Be familiar with the various instrumentation standards.
Be able to recognise the various instruments on a diagram, and their functionalities.
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2. INTRODUCTION What is this diagram?
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You must be saying to yourself that its crazy to start this course with a diagram that is completely incomprehensible. This diagram, known as a P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram) is not out of place, as in your profession as an instrument technician you will have to use one practically every day. This is a Standards and symbols course, so why are we talking about diagrams? First of all, all the instrumentation and process diagrams that you will meet throughout your career are represented in schematic form according to standardised American standards. I do stress the term standardised standards since I have noticed on other, non-oil production, sites that P&IDs have been modified, with everyone adding their own special touch, making them incomprehensible. The Americans had the superb idea of drawing up standards for instrumentation and process diagrams, since they are international. A PID originating from any country can be understood without asking any questions. Finally, the most commonly used standards in the field of instrumentation are:
Standard ANSI / ISA 5.1
Standard ANSI / ISA 5.3
Standard ANSI / ISA 5.4
PED (Pressure Equipment Directive)
ATEX Standard
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3. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.1 and ANSI / ISA 5.3 Standard ISA 5.1 defines instrumentation identification and symbols. Standard ISA 5.3 defines all instrumentation graphic symbols.
3.1. LETTERS AND SYMBOLS
3.1.1. Extract from a PID As an example, we will take the extract from the PID that I outlined on the general PID.
Figure 1: Extract from general PID
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On this part I can see the following very interesting instruments:
What can you see? To begin with, we are going to focus on what is inside the bubble: To do so we need to decode the letters inside the bubbles; a maximum of 4 letters can be found in a bubble on an instrumentation diagram. We can see the meaning of the first letter below in the table Table of letter meanings and the combination with other letters in the table Table of letter combinations.
1st letter
2nd letter
Temperature Temperature Transmitter
1st letter
2nd letter
Flow Flow Transmitter
1st letter
2nd letter
Pressure Pressure Transmitter
1st letter
2nd letter
Pressure Pressure Valve
Table 1: Example of letter identification
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3.1.2. Letter identification Here is a summary table of all the letters that can be found on an instrumentation diagram:
LETTER MEANING A Analysis B Burner: Flame detector C Conductivity D Density E Electrical voltage F Flow G Gas: explosivity, toxicity H (Hand) Manual I Electrical intensity J Power K Programmer L Level M Users choice N Fire Detection O Users choice P Pressure Q Quantity R Remote control S Speed T Temperature U Multi-variable V Vibration, Stage Movement, Accelerometer W Weight X Miscellaneous Y Users choice Z End of travel position - Axial Position
Table 2: Table of letter meanings
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3.1.3. Letter combinations
Table 3: Table of letter combinations
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3.2. FUNCTIONS
3.2.1. Definition In the previous section, we identified the letters and letter combinations inside the bubbles. Now we are going to define what the various bubbles that can be found on diagrams represent. You can observe that in the table Table of letter combinations, a measuring instrument can perform more than one role:
Controllers
Readout devices
Switches and alarm devices
Transmitters
Figure 2: Extract from table of letter combinations For each different role, the ISA standard tells us that there are different bubbles with a variety of functions. We will see what this means below with some examples.
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3.2.2. Example
Figure 3: PID extract Now we will study the meaning of the different bubbles, as well as the triangles and squares. What is this?
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After letters inside bubbles, here are a variety of figures whose meaning varies according to the ISA standard. Looking at the table local representation of functions, we find the symbols with their meaning, and in the table representation of functions connected to DCS, we can also find the other bubbles from the example above:
Local Temperature Transmitter
Pressure controller, with measurement indicator accessible to
the operator on DCS screen
Level process safety system, not accessible to operator (software)
Shutdown process safety system (triconex)
Table 4: Example of instrument functionality identification
Summary:
Letters: simply express the type of quantity measured (e.g.: pressure, flow, temperature, etc.).
Combination of several letters: designate the functionalities of the measured quantity (e.g.: regulation, indication, safety thresholds, etc.).
Figures (graphic symbols): These provide an automatic response to the question that we ask when looking at a PID (what do we do with the measurement?); we know with the various figures whether the measurement is locally displayed, retransmitted via a DCS control system or shutdown system (DCS), and whether or it is operator accessible.
NB: Any measurement can also have thresholds associated with it.
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Examples:
The letters H and L in this case mean that we have a High threshold and a Low threshold for the measurement, which enables an alarm for the DCS.
In this example, we can see that it is a process interlock not accessible to the operator, with a very high level threshold (HH) and a very low level threshold (LL). In this case, the thresholds are sent to a Triconex shutdown system: which will shut down a pump, close valves, etc.
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3.3. INSTRUMENTATION
3.3.1. Local instrument symbols
Local Instrument
Instrument installed in control room or front panel of machinery room cabinet
Instrument installed in rear of control room or in machinery room
Instrument installed on local panel
Instrument installed on rear of local panel
Console indicator
Jointly mounted instruments
Electric tracing
Table 5: Local instrument symbols
These measurement instruments are only local. They are often used for measurement indication (e.g.: thermometer, pressure gauge, gauge glass, etc.), but we can also find local regulators (e.g.: pneumatic regulator), or local servo-controls (e.g.: relayed servo-control, etc.).
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3.3.2. Remote instrument symbols
Operator accessible process control
Process control not accessible to operator (software)
Process safety system accessible to operator
Process safety system not accessible to operator (software)
Logic interlock
Safety interlock
Table 6: Remote instrument symbols
The difference with local measurement instruments (seen in the previous chapter) is that all these instruments are wired to control systems (DCS) and safety systems (TRICONEX) via machinery rooms. This enables operators to have all the measurements, regulations, safety systems, etc. in the control room, so as to improve production efficiency When we talk about symbols that indicate not accessible to operator, it means that the quantities measured or safety systems are software programmed, without operator access.
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3.3.3. Symbols for various instrumentation sensors
Figure 4: Example of sensor symbols I have taken this example, which I thought was interesting: we can note that for flow measurement we have symbols that represent each flow measurement principle. Each flowmeter is represented by a symbol, as we have several operating principles to measure a flow (see SENSORS AND TRANSMITTERS course). NB: You can observe that the temperature probe has been simplified (total standard), as under the ISA standard we should have had the primary element to represent (TE + TT) (see table under ISA letter combinations).
Diaphragm flowmeter
Built-in orifice flowmeter
Flowmeter with orifice support (facilitating removal of the orifice)
Symbols of a Vortex flowmeter
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Rotameter
Spiral / turbine flowmeter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Ultrasound flowmeter
Vortex effect flowmeter
Vortex effect flowmeter (insertion type)
Coriolis effect flowmeter
F
Target flowmeter
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F
T
Thermal effect flowmeter
Positive displacement flowmeter
Pitot tube flowmeter
F
Nozzle
F
Venturi
P
Pressure gauge with separator
Table 7: Instrumentation sensor symbols
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3.3.4. Various calculation functions
Figure 5: Example of calculation functions In this example, we have the now-familiar symbols, but with a special feature. You can note that we have a symbol with a small square which is added above: So in this example, we are taking two flow measurements (FT), and finding the difference (-) between the two flows.
This small square means there is a simple calculation with a measurement
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3.3.4.1. Calculation function symbols
Sum
Multiplication
Average
Division
Difference
Square root extraction
Proportion
Exponential
Integral
Specific Function
Derivative
Time Function
High Selection
Low Selection
Upper Limit
Lower Limit
Inverse Proportional
Speed Limit
Bias
Conversion
Table 8: Calculation function symbols
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3.3.5. Instrumentation valve symbols As with measurement instruments, control parts also have their own standardised representation.
Valve with membrane actuator
Manual valve
Valve with membrane actuator and manual control
Valve with membrane actuator and positioner
Valve with piston actuator
Valve with electric actuator
Valve with solenoid
Valve with solenoid and manual control
3-way valve with solenoid
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Expansion valve
Spill valve
Plug
Thermal expansion valve
Vacuum relief valve
Pilot operated safety valve
Pressure and vacuum relief valve
Rupture disc
Fire water valve
Deluge spray nozzle
Sprinkler spray nozzle
Table 9: Valve symbols
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3.3.6. Abbreviations on valves On instrumentation diagrams you will generally find abbreviations just below the valves, to indicate their safety position.
Figure 6: Example of abbreviations on valves
For all other cases that you might encounter in the oil world, see the table below.
LETTERS MEANING CSC Car Sealed Closed
CSO Car Sealed Open
NO Normally Open
NC Normally Closed
FO Fail Open
FC Fail Closed
LO Locked Open
LC Locked Closed
FL Fail Closed
Table 10: Abbreviations for valves
In this example, the valves are in FC (Fail Closed) position, i.e. they are closed in the event of a failure.
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3.4. CONNECTIONS
3.4.1. Example You will of course have observed that all the measurement instruments represented on the general PID are connected by a variety of lines. Of course, these various lines represented also have a meaning. For ease of comprehension, I have put 3 examples in the table below.
In this case we have a physical connection, The instrument is connected after the valve.
A continuous line with two small cross-lines designates a pneumatic connection
A broken line between two instruments designates an electronic connection
Process line
Electronic connection
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3.4.2. Representation of instrument connections
Analogue pneumatic signal
Electronic, analogue or logic signal
Digital signal
Hydraulic signal
Capillary tube
Process line or supply connection
Electromagnetic signal
Binary pneumatic signal
Binary electrical signal
Mechanical connection
Table 11: Symbols for various instrument connections
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LETTERS MEANING
AS Air Supply
IA Instrument Air
PA Plant Air
ES Electrical Supply
GS Gas Supply
HS Hydrogen Supply
NS Nitrogen Supply
SS Steam Supply
WS Water Supply
Table 12: Abbreviations for Instrumentation Supplies
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3.5. VALVES AND FITTINGS 3.5.1. Symbols for valves and fittings
Needle valve
Ball valve
Spherical ball valve
Butterfly valve
Angle valve
3-way ball valve
4-way valve
Manually operated choke
Pig valve
Minimum flow rate
Remotely operated choke
Minimum flow valve
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Spectacle blind (open)
Spectacle blind (closed)
Diaphragm valve
Spacer
Compact double block and bleed, for process line
Spade
Graylock fitting
Reduction
Reduction Tee
Welded cap
Female plug
Male plug
Quick coupling
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Insulating seal
Corrosion sleeve
Expansion bellows
Flexible hose
sewer
Siphon
Vent or air inlet
Noise reduction cartridge
Flow limiter
Pressure limiter
Air or condensate trap
Barred tee
F / F Union
Table 13: Symbols for valves and fittings
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3.6. PIPING
3.6.1. Piping symbols
Main pipe
Secondary pipe
Direction of fluid circulation
10 %
Gradient
Lagged pipe
Double jacket
50 / 40
Concentric reduction
80 / 50
Decanting liquid
100 / 80
Degassing liquid
Eccentric reduction
80 / 50
Reduction flange
DN 150 DN 80
Caps
Set of flanges
Plug
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Symmetrical coupling
Union coupling
Hose
Loading arm
Table 14: Piping symbols
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3.7. EQUIPMENT
3.7.1. Pump symbols
Compressor (general representation)
ROOTS compressor
Centrifuge pump
Positive rotary pump
Vacuum pump
Reciprocating pump
Dosing pump
Screw pump
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Vertical pump
Manual pump
Blower
Centrifugal compressor
Screw compressor
Motorised agitator
Cargo pump
Table 15: Pump symbols
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3.7.2. Heat exchanger symbols
Electrical exchangers
Tubular exchanger
Process exchanger
Double tube exchanger
Plate exchanger
Cooling tower
Tubular exchanger
Table 16: Heat exchanger symbols
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3.7.3. Tank symbols
Horizontal vessel
Vertical vessel
Packed vessel
Free standing tank
Integrated tank
Drains tank
Hydrocyclone
Table 17: Tank symbols
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3.8. UTILITIES
3.8.1. Symbols for miscellaneous equipment
Pig trap
Cartridge filter
Basket filter
Strainer filter
Tee strainer
Temporary filter
Air filter
Pulse damper
Calibration bottle
Ejector and injector
Silencer
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Flame arrester
Anti vortex
Manhole
Propane cylinder
Mixer static
Bird screen
Transformer
Dechlorination filter
UV sterilizer
Coarse filter
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Container for chemical product drainage
Table 18: Miscellaneous equipment symbols
3.8.2. Miscellaneous symbols
Sloping line with xx
Gravity line without low points
Gravity line with acceptable low points
Construction skid
Pipe insulation Personal protection
Pipe insulation heat conservation
Optical fibre
Electric tracing
Vendor package tie-in
Inter-PID connections
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Sample point
System boundary
Class limits or zone limits
Speciality piping
Equipment upper nozzle
Equipment nozzle and blind flange
Equipment blind flange
Vent
Flange
Table 19: Miscellaneous symbols
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3.8.3. Special Abbreviations You may also encounter other abbreviations on plans, which are as follows:
LETTERS MEANING ATM Atmosphere
BL Battery Limit
D Drain
ELEV Elevation
HPT High Point
LPT Low Point
ID Internal Diameter
MAX Maximum
MIN Minimum
NNF Normally No Flow
RDF Reducing Flange
TL Tangent Line
UC Utility Connections
US Utility Station
V Vent
VS Vendor Supply
LNL Line Number Limit
SP Spool Piece
ER Electrical Resistance Probe
CC Corrosion Coupon
Vital (Valve Classification)
Important (Valve Classification)
Table 20: Special abbreviations This type of abbreviations are not very common, but may be used for information purposes on a diagram.
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3.9. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
3.9.1. Safety equipment symbols
Safety eye washer
Safety shower
Fire nozzle monitor
Water foam nozzle monitor
Foam positioner
Deluge valve
Hose reel
Table 21: Safety equipment symbols
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4. CLASSIFICATION
4.1. PIPING
4.1.1. Pipelines On every PID that you will use, the pipelines are numbered in TOTALs General Specifications. We will see how decoding works, with an example below.
Figure 7: Example for pipeline explanation
The pipelines are ringed in red on the example above.
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4.1.1.1. Line numbering The line numbering can be broken down into 5 elements, as follows:
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Diameters 1, 2, or 3 digits to express the diameter in inches or nominal diameter (ND), according to the pipe class This table below goes up to 24 inches:
Table 22: Table of piping diameters
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Nature of Fluid Every fluid is identified by two letters, which are generally the initials of the name in English. In the table below you will find all the abbreviations that you will come across in your career in the oil industry:
AM METHANOL
AP AUXILIARY PUMPS
AV VENT GAS
BW REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER / CHILLED WATER
CD DIOXIDE WATER
CF HEATING MEDIUM
CR JET FUEL
CW COOLING WATER
DF CLOSED DRAIN
DO OPEN DRAIN
DS SEA WATER
DW POTABLE WATER
FC DIESEL OIL
FG FUEL GAS (HP AND LP)
FL LIQUID FUEL
FS FLARE (HP AND LP)
FW FIRE SEA WATER
OH OILY EFFLUENT
ON NITROGEN
GT TREATED GAS
HH HYDRAULIC FLUID
IA INSTRUMENT AIR
JC OXYGEN SCAVENGER
JF ANTI-FOAM SEA WATER
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JW SEA WATER FOULING
LT LEAN TEG
NC RAW CONDENSATE
NG RAW NATURAL GAS
NH CRUDE OIL
NW PRODUCED WATER
PC PROPANE
RG RAW FUEL GAS
RT RICH TEG
SA SERVICE AIR
SO DELUGE DRAIN
SH STABILIZED OIL
TW INJECTION WATER
UW UTILITY WATER
VT VESSEL TRIM
WD DIRTY WATER DRAIN
XA WAX INHIBITOR
XB CORROSION
XC BIOCIDE (FOR OIL)
XD DEMULSIFIER
XE SCALE INHIBITOR (ANTI-SCALE)
XF BIOCIDE (FOR WATER)
XG ANTI-FOAM
XX SPECIAL CHEMICAL
XK DEOILER
XL NEUTRAL PRODUCT
XM POLYELECTROLYTE
XN HYDRANT Table 23: Table of fluid abbreviations
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Area: This is a definition of the position of all the equipment, instruments and utilities that can be found in each well-defined factory part. A part corresponds to a number - in our example we are in part no.4 of a factory. As for the section numbers and sequence numbers, we need to go on the standard used for the construction of the factory. Note that in other countries, every factory has its own specific standards, which do not necessarily correspond to the TOTAL reference standards. Piping classes: Piping classes are determined according to the nature of the fluids (hazardous or non-hazardous, corrosive or non-corrosive, inflammable or non-inflammable, hot or cold, etc.), the calculation conditions (minimum or maximum service pressures and temperatures), as well as the cleanliness and purity conditions imposed by the process. The class identifier contains an identification letter for the series, followed by two index digits, indicating the sequence digit of the class in this series Example:
B 06 (N) B: series identification letter; in this example it means that is in series 150. See table below:
06: These two digits correspond to the piping material; in this example it means that we have a carbon steel pipe. Here is the list of the material corresponding to the series of the two digits:
Digits Correspondence
from 0 to 30
Carbon Steel (digit X 1 to X 6 indicates the
corrosion tolerance for carbon steel, which varies from 1.27 to 6 mm
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From 31 to 44 Steel alloy
From 45 to 70 Stainless steel
From 71 to 85 Special alloy (Monel, Hastelloy, etc.)
From 86 to 99 Other materials
suffix (optional) N: Indicates all the service conditions
For more information on piping classes, check out the TOTAL general specifications GS EP PVV 112.
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Figure 8: Example of piping class
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5. LIST OF TOTAL GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
5.1. INSTRUMENTATION
GS EP INS 101 Instrumentation engineering, supply and construction general requirements GS EP INS 102 Instrumentation identification
GS EP INS 104 Design of the generation of instrument air or gas
GS EP INS 107 Design and installation of instrumentation links
GS EP INS 108 Instrumentation for the design of plant rooms and control rooms
GS EP INS 110 Instrumentation for package units
GS EP INS 111 Design and supply of liquid custody transfer metering units
GS EP INS 112 Design and supply of gas custody transfer metering units
GS EP INS 134 Design and supply of integrated control and safety system
GS EP INS 135 Cyber Security requirements for design and supply of ICSS and Package Systems GS EP INS 137 Design and supply of on/off valve control panels
GS EP INS 146 Design of generation and distribution of hydraulic energy
GS EP INS 147 Design and supply of wellhead control panels
GS EP INS 150 Design method for system configuration - standard functions
GS EP INS 196 Input and Output Standard Functions
GS EP INS 197 Process Standard Functions
GS EP INS 198 Safety and Fire & Gas Standard Functions
GS EP INS 900 Instrument hook-up diagrams
Table 24: List of instrumentation general specifications
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5.2. PIPING GS EP PVV 000 General Specification catalogue (PVV)
GS EP PVV 001 Correspondence between Elf and Total Piping material classes
GS EP PVV 101 List of piping documents to be supplied to Total
GS EP PVV 107 Flexibility analysis
GS EP PVV 109 Allowable loads on static equipment (flanges and nozzles)
GS EP PVV 111 Piping design specification
GS EP PVV 112 Piping material classes
GS EP PVV 113 Block models
GS EP PVV 114 Design models
GS EP PVV 115 3D electronic models
GS EP PVV 116 Model review check list
GS EP PVV 119 Metallic piping support design
GS EP PVV 142 Valves
GS EP PVV 143 Metallic pipes
GS EP PVV 144 Fittings
GS EP PVV 145 Flanges
GS EP PVV 146 Bolting for piping
GS EP PVV 147 Gaskets for piping and vessels
Table 25: List of piping general specifications
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6. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.4
6.1. DCS LOOP DIAGRAM See course on instrumentation diagrams.
6.2. LOCAL LOOP DIAGRAM See course on instrumentation diagrams.
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7. EUROPEAN STANDARDS
7.1. PED
7.1.1. Definition The "Pressure Equipment Directive" was adopted under reference 97/23/EC on 29 May 1997, and since 30 May 2002 has been obligatory for European Union member states. The harmonisation of Member States national legislations concerns the design, manufacture, testing and compliance evaluation, and aims to promote free circulation of merchandise in the European Economic Area. This directive applies to new equipment subjected to a maximum permissible pressure (PS) of over 0.5 bar (pressure regulators, safety valves, plugs, filters, pipes, assemblies, etc.)
7.1.2. Classification The requirements of the directive establish a graduation according to the risk level posed by the equipment. This classification depends on the equipment type (vessel, pipe, safety accessory), the fluid (liquid or gas), the fluid hazard level (group 1 or 2), the pressure and the volume (or ND for pipes).
Figure 9: PED categories (for equipment)
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According to these parameters, the equipment is classed in categories I to IV. In this case, the category of group 1 for gas accessories is determined as per the graph below: Similarly, the classification of group 1 for gas pipes corresponds to the graph below:
Figure 10: PED categories (for gas pipes)
7.1.3. Category I to IV equipment Category I to IV equipment must satisfy the essential safety requirements of the directive. The compliance with these requirements is evaluated under the procedures (or modules) according to the equipment category (13 possible procedures or "modules"). It is validated by a Notified Body for category II to IV equipment.
Figure 11: Example of marking on an instrument Aside: Similarly, when you buy a toy for your children, it too bears the CE mark.
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The marking on the equipment includes the symbol "CE" and, for pressure equipment posing a medium or high risk, the number of the body.
7.1.4. Conclusion I mention this directive so that you wont be surprised if you see a European measurement instrument with the CE marking and category (I to IV).
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7.2. ATEX STANDARD
7.2.1. Definition The European Explosive ATmosphere directive, known as ATEX, was adopted under reference 94/9/EC on 23 March 1994, and has been obligatory for European Union Member States since 1 July 2003. It is applicable to electrical and non-electrical devices intended for use in explosive atmospheres (explosive atmosphere due to the presence of (inflammable) gas or dust). This directive is applicable to: Protective devices and systems intended for use in explosive atmospheres. Safety, control and setting devices intended for use in non-explosive atmospheres, but which are necessary for explosion safety measures.
7.2.2. Classification Relation between zones and categories for group II devices (in gas zone G):
Protection level GR II category Directive
1999/92/EEC zone
Explosive atmosphere
Very high 1 0 Constantly or frequently present
High 2 1 Liable to form occasionally
Normal 3 2 Little chance of forming, and of short duration
Table 26: ATEX standard Group and Category
Devices are classed in 2 groups, and each group is subdivided into several categories:
Group I comprises devices intended for use in mines. It is divided into categories M1 and M2.
Group II comprises devices intended for use on other sites liable to be endangered by explosive atmospheres. It is divided into categories 1, 2 and 3.
The choice of category depends on the place (zone) where the product is to be used. (See figure ATEX standard Group and Category).
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7.2.3. Directive compliance The directive sets out essential health and safety requirements, ensuring a high level of protection. Compliance with these requirements is evaluated under procedures (or modules) according to the equipment category, and can be validated by a notified body.
7.2.3.1. Marking Here is the marking under directive 94/9/EC:
Figure 12: ATEX standard marking Note 1: The "CE" symbol (and the number of the notified body if applicable).
Note 2: The hexagon, the specific symbol for explosion risk protection.
Note 3: The group (I or II), category (1, 2, 3, etc.) and type of risk (gas (G) or dust (D))
Note 4: The additional marking, according to the standards satisfied by the device (for example "EEx d IIC" as per EN 50-014). Note 5: The ATEX certificate number
Note 1
Note 2
Note 3
Note 5
Note 4
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7.2.3.2. Validation Several standards are used to validate ATEX compliance, primarily standard EN 50-014, which sets out the "general rules" for the construction and testing of electrical equipment designed for use in explosive atmospheres, to ensure that this equipment cannot cause an explosion in the surrounding atmosphere. This standard provides the definitions of the atmospheres, mixtures and temperatures. It is supplemented by the following European standards, specific to each standardised means of protection. The most common for Natural Gas are:
EN 50 018: flameproof enclosure "d".
EN 50 019: increased safety "e".
EN 50 020: intrinsic safety "i".
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8. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS Even if you do not understand all the terms and therefore their associations with symbols, dont worry; here you will find a (more or less) complete list. You can come back to it later when you try to decrypt them, or even draw up an electrical diagram.
8.1. CONTACTS Establishing contact (in electricity) means closing an electric circuit, establishing a bridge between two parts of a circuit in order to enable the electric current to flow.
8.1.1. Representation rules: Diagrams are drawn at zero voltage, and at ambient temperature and pressure. Action on the contacts is manifested by movement of the contact to the right (or upward movement). A contact is represented in its rest position, i.e. with no voltage or action, with two possible positions:
NO for Normally Open
NC for Normally Closed
operating contact make contact NO contact
rest contact break contact NC contact
two-way contact without overlap
passing contact closing momentarily when its control element is engaged
passing contact closing momentarily when its control element is released
passing contact closing momentarily when its control element is engaged or released
Anticipated make contact (closes before the other contacts in the same assembly)
Anticipated break contact (opens before the other contacts in the same assembly)
two-way contact with middle opening position
Delayed make contact (opens after the other contacts in the same assembly)
Delayed break contact (opens after the other contacts in the same assembly)
Table 27: Types of contacts
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Passing contact: contact establishing or opening the circuit fleetingly (also known as fleeting contact), i.e. for a short time. This passing time, depending on the manufactures, is generally not adjustable, and lasts a few tenths of a second. (In the software version, with automatic controllers, it is easier to set) Anticipated make / break contact: for a group of contacts, i.e. certain contacts in a make / break relay, this type of contact reacts quicker (at least, we can be sure that it acts before the others). Upon excitation of the relay coil, the contact acts immediately, before the others. May be used if we require locking in motor starting sequences. Delayed make / break contact: the contact opens or closes after the others, and after excitation of the relay coil controlling the group of contacts. Not to be confused with the time-lag contact, which we will look at below under control elements
8.1.2. Other representations The symbols above are for official representation of the new international system. There are many other symbol systems, which may be old or even specific to certain manufacturers. You will inevitably encounter unknown or even bizarre symbols. Often a little common sense is required to recognise the functions of these symbols.
Figure 13: Other contact representation principles This representation above was commonly employed on old French diagrams. Control
elements were added along the same principle as described in the paragraph below. Figure 14: representation of automatic controller contacts
Internal contacts (software) in automatic controllers will have the uniform representation, as opposite. But external contacts (hardware) connected to the input blocks (generally) have a classic representation. See PLC / Automatic controller course.
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8.2. CONTROL ELEMENTS To contacts in isolation, we can now add the principle for controlling this contact. The added symbol is (theoretically) a logical schematic representation of the control action.
operating contact with closing delay (on) =
NO on delay
operating contact with opening delay
(off) = NO off delay
operating contact with opening and closing delay = NO on & off
delay
rest contact with opening delay (on) =
NC on delay
rest contact with closing delay (off) =
NC off delay
rest contact with opening and closing delay = NC on & off
delay
manual mechanical control (without
automatic return)
rotary switch (without automatic return)
draw-bar control (with automatic return)
pushbutton (with automatic return)
thermal system control
palm button switch
NO + NC flip-flop pushbutton (with
automatic return to NC)
emergency shutdown held down (with
latch)
hold-down emergency
shutdown, unlocked by key
proximity control feather-touch control
manual control with restricted access (for
example behind a window)
pedal control lever control
steering wheel control
crank control roller control (travel limiter contact)
key control
electric motor control cam control
clock control
rotation speed control linear speed control
pressure control
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liquid level control flow presence control
event number control
temperature effect control ( may be
replaced by its switching value)
degree of humidity control
Table 28: Contact control elements
NB: all the contacts represented in the table above (except the time-lags at the start and the emergency shutdowns) are NO. The same of course applies to NC contacts, with the control element associated with a contact closed in the rest position. And while a contact in isolation is something subjective, a contact with its control element is something very concrete, that we can realise, name and represent in diagrams.
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8.2.1. Protective elements With control elements now (more or less) defined, lets see what they control, and add the lines between the two.
Single-pole fuse overcurrent
breaker
Single-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with neutral isolator
25
16A
Single-pole fuse overcurrent breaker. 25 A base and 16 A
fuse.
Fuse whose end remains live after
blowing
Striker fuse
Striker fuse with signalling circuit
Single-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with
neutral isolator (one-line)
Three-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with neutral isolator
(multiple-line)
Three-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with neutral isolator
(one-line)
Single-pole isolator
Three-pole isolator
Three-pole isolator, one-line
representation
Isolator with fuse
Load switch with fuse
III
40A
Overcurrent breaker with fuse, three-pole base with 40 A fuses
30mA
30 mA differential
switch DDR
30mA
25A
Residual current circuit breaker *, sensitivity 30 mA; Current In = 25 A
Three-phase magneto-thermal
relay actuating an NC auxiliary contact
ou
Automatic switch or breaker **
20A
Breaker, rated current 20 A
ou
Three-phase magneto-thermal breaker, one-line
representation
Thermal relay
Three-phase thermal relay
Three-phase thermal relay actuating an NC
contact
Distinctive symbols
automatic trigger
function breaker function
isolator function
O
switch function
isolator switch
function contactor function
Table 29: Protection elements
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NB, a switch may serve as an isolator, but an isolator can never be a switch - switch = cut-out (isolation) capability - isolator = 0 (zero) capability An RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) can also be represented in this form
Figure 15: classic symbol for RCCB ** Circuit breakers (residual or not) are automatic cut-out switches. They both (breakers and switches) have a cut-out capability, but breakers are additionally equipped with an automatic thermal and/or magnetic trigger system.
8.2.1.1. Isolator
Figure 16: four-pole isolator This isolator has 3 phases + neutral, and can be equipped with a fuse: (NB fuses are not mounted on neutral). The representation shows the power contacts (3 + 1), 2 NO auxiliary contacts and the manual lever control
8.2.1.2. Power switch
1 2
Figure 17: four-pole switch
30mA
25A
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Example of 2-position four-pole switch, with its diagram representation symbol
Figure 18: Four-pole isolator switch Example of four-pole safety load break isolator switch with visible isolation, and positive contact action. Double phase break. Contacts self-cleaning on engagement; Device can be equipped with auxiliary contacts
Figure 19: fused three-pole switch The switch can be operated under full load, it is not an isolator. It is also fused Now draw the diagram symbol representation for the latter 2 types of switch.
8.2.1.3. Breaker There will be a course exclusively on breakers, but lets start by making the connection between the device (its image) and the symbol.
2 4 6
1
Q1
3 5
I I I
Figure 20: three-pole breaker and diagram representations
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Note the diagram on the front panel of the devices, which is offered by nearly all manufacturers. For breakers with differential block, represented here, there is a test button that creates an artificial fault Figure 21: RCCB - two-pole breaker with differential block
Auxiliary position and triggering contacts on a breaker can be associated (physically and on the diagram), for nearly all types of breaker
8.2.2. Separation devices Certain protection devices can also have a separation (control / cut-out) function, e.g. remote control breaker. Below are the symbols for electrically controlled cut-out devices, relays (in principle on control circuits) and contactors (power circuits) in isolation.
Relays and contactors
Relay / contactor, general symbol
2-coil relay, simple diagram
2-coil relay, optional diagram
Time delay on
relay Time delay off relay
Time delay on and
off relay
Flasher relay
Passing (fleeting)
relay Quick acting coil
relay
Mechanical locking relay
Retentive relay
Stepper relay
Polarised relay
Relay insensitive to alternating current
Alternating current relay
Table 30: Relays and contactors
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Represented without coil on the diagram opposite it aligns with the axis line on the complete diagram Figure 22: Three-pole contactor with 2 auxiliary contacts
A contactor can be two-, three- or four-pole (or even six-pole); its symbol (representation) is always the same, whether it is 10 Amps or 2000 Amps Polarised relay for printed circuit with changeover contact (double contact) for use in communication and data technology, medical technology, regulation and setting in machine regulation.
Figure 23: Example of time-lag relay When we think of a relay, we imagine a small contactor, which is not wrong Relays are for control circuits, non-power, low-current circuits. Relays always actuate at least 1 (one) contact, up to x contacts. Relays on lamp test circuits have a number of NO contacts. Auxiliary or additional contacts can be of the following types: NO, NC, time-lag, passing, etc. NB: do not confuse the particularity of a contact with the particularity of the relay (coil): as in the figure below the delay is on the contact itself, not on the relay
Below some examples of auxiliary contacts to be mounted on a relay or contactor
K1etc
Figure 24: Example of multi-contact relay and auxiliary contacts
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8.3. MEASURING AND SIGNALLING DEVICES I.e. measurement devices, and signalling lamps and systems.
Indicators, recorders and meters
Indicating device
Recording device
Integrating device (e.g.: electrical energy meter)
Indicating and recording devices: The device symbol is supplemented in its centre by one of the markings below, in letter or sign form
A Ampere meter Cos Cos meter Tx Torque meter f Frequency Hz Frequency meter h Hour Z Impedance Ohmmeter Wave meter Phase meter n Tachometer t Time
Thermometer, Pyrometer varh Var-hour var Varmeter (reactive
power)
VA Volt-ampere meter V Voltmeter W Watt meter
Wh Watthour
Oscilloscope
Differential voltmeter
Galvanometer
Multimeter
Angular position or pressure indicator:
- direct current / - induction
Integrating devices, meters
Timer, time meter
Ampere-hour meter
Watt-hour meter, Active energy meter
Active energy meter measuring one-way energy
flow
Var-hour meter, reactive energy
meter
Counting devices: function of counting a number of events
Distinctive symbol Electrical impulse
counter
Electrical impulse counter with digital
display
Electrical impulse counter with manual n-set function (reset if n =
0)
Electrical impulse counter with electrical reset
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Electric clocks
Clock, general symbol
Secondary clock Master clock
Contact clock
Lamps and signalling devices
Lamp, general
symbol
Flashing light system
Tube lamp (neon = red)
Audible signal device, horn
Bell
Siren
Buzzer
Bell as above, but at 90
Mechanical indicator
Table 31: Symbols for measuring and signalling devices
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8.4. CONDUCTORS I.e. the lines, the wires connecting the various symbols. Though simply lines, they are not insignificant They are used for drawing electrical diagrams here we will look at the representation standards General symbols for function blocks: A function block is represented by a rectangle or square containing
the symbol for the codified function.
Function block, general symbol
Converter (of any nature): e.g.
rectifier, AC/DC
Variable quantity: e.g. speed controller
Direction of energy or signal
propagation
Connections between function blocks and electrical devices Connection lines
Electrical connections
Three-phase, n-way line
Electrical contact: !!!: obligatory in case of contact between 2
wires
Crossover, without contact.
Mechanical connection 3 50 Hz 3-phase 50 Hz
Alternating
current Direct current Rectified current
Single-phase
current Multiple-phase
current (m phases)
Low frequency Medium frequency
High frequency
Ground / earth
Frame connection
PE connection
point
Variability
Linear extrinsic
variability
Non-linear extrinsic variability
Linear intrinsic variability
Non-linear intrinsic
variability
Predetermined correction
Automatic regulation
extrinsic: the variable depends on an external device. E.g.: resistor set by an actuator intrinsic: the variable depends on the properties of the device itself. E.g.: temperature-dependent resistor)
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Step variability Continuous variability
Main conductor Power
circuit for diagram very thick, single-digit marker
Secondary conductor Control circuit for diagram thin line,
single-digit marker
Naming / Marking:
L1, L2, L3, N, PE: three-phase network, Neutral, Ground connection
Q*: isolator (* = no.) S*: switch, commutator, pushbutton
F*: protection (fuse, breaker,) T*: transformer
KM*: main contactor KA*: auxiliary contactor
M*: motor n: device number
Conductors and connection devices:
Male plug
Female plug
Socket and plug
Male plug in control circuit
Female plug in control circuit
Assembled socket and plug
Assembled connector 1) male mobile part
2) female mobile part
Multi-plug, multi-socket connector
Closed connection bar
(jumper) Open connection
bar Picot, test point
Table 32: Conductors and connections between devices for diagrams
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8.5. ELECTRIC MOTORS
Electric motor symbols for diagrams
single-phase asynchronous motor
(rotor short-circuited)
series single-phase commutator motor
single-phase synchronous motor
series direct current motor
shunt direct current motor
direct current motor (general symbol)
Or
Direct current motor
Permanent magnet stepper motor
Single-phase commutator motor
asynchronous three-phase motor with short-circuited
rotor, with 6 stator terminals 1 speed U1, V1,W1 + U2, V2,
W2 2 speeds 1U, 1V, 1W + 2U,
2V, 2W
asynchronous three-phase motor with short-circuited
rotor (U, V, W)
Or
Three-phase motor, short-circuited rotor
(squirrel cage)
three-phase slip-ring induction motor (U, V,
W + K, L, M)
Or
Three-phase motor with wound rotor
Functional symbols for motor starters
Starter, general symbol
Stepping starter
Regulating starter (variable control)
Starter with automatic shutdown
Direct contactor starter for two-way running
Star-delta starter
Auto-transformer starter
Thyristor regulating starter
Automatic starter, general symbol
Semi-auto starter, general symbol
Rheostat starter
Series-parallel starter
Table 33: Electric motor and motor accessory symbols
Of course there may be other diagram representation styles, but they will always be similar to those shown above: again it is all a question of applying a bit of logic to understand a symbols meaning.
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8.6. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS There are other elements to be added to diagrams, which may be:
Electrical component symbols for diagrams
resistor (purely resistive)
impedance
inductor
Variant for
resistor Variant for variable
resistor
Varistor (general symbol)
capacitor
Inductor with core
non-linear variability thermistor (can also be
denoted - ) with negative temperature
coefficient
polarised electrolytic capacitor
continuous variation resistor
non-linear variability thermistor (can also be
denoted + ) with positive temperature
coefficient
variable capacitor
stepped variation resistor
non-linear variability thermistor, can also be
denoted U, voltage-dependent
Photoelectric resistor
potentiometer
Coil (inductance) Coil with core
Piezoelectric crystal
Semi-conductor diodes
Schottky diode
Zener diode
Transil
PN junction diode
Light-emitting diode
Laser diode
Thyristors
thyristor GTO (gate
turn-off thyristor
Diac (diode) and Triac
Transistors
Bipolar transistor PNP
Bipolar
transistor NPN
Transistors, Darlington circuit NPN
Transistors, Darlington circuit PNP
N-channel field effect junction
transistor P-channel field effect
junction transistor
P-channel MOS enhancement transistor
N-channel MOS
enhancement transistor
N-channel MOS depletion transistor
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P-channel MOS depletion transistor
Photosensitive & magneto-sensitive devices
photoresistor
photodiode
Photovoltaic cell
phototransistor
Phototransistor optocoupler
Phototriac optocoupler
Hall effect device
Magneto -resistor
Table 34: Electrical / electronic component symbols
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8.7. ENERGY SOURCES
8.7.1. Transformers
Transformers and auto-transformers
Double-wound transformer
Triple-wound transformer
single-phase transformer (either
symbol)
single-phase transformer with
adjustable coupling
three-phase transformer (e.g. star-
delta)
auto-transformer
inductor
Shielded transformer
Three-phase transformer, star-delta coupling
single-phase auto-transformer
graduated adjustment single-
phase auto-transformer
current transformer
(KL primary, kl secondary; k
input, l output).
Current transformer,
general symbol
Potential transformer, general
symbol
3-phase transformer
with 4 connection terminals
3-phase transformer with
voltage adjustment (tap changer) offline
3-phase transformer with voltage
adjustment (tap changer) online (live)
3-phase transformer
3 windings and indication of couplings
Table 35: Transformer and auto-transformer symbols
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8.7.2. Generators and current sources
Current sources and generation
voltage source (ideal) current source (ideal)
problem source (fault marking)
battery or accumulator element (on this symbol: + on
left and on right)
battery
photovoltaic cell
Alternating current generator
(alternator). General symbol
Direct current generator
Direct current generator (other
symbol)
Power converters
Converter, general symbol
DC-DC converter
Adjustable direct voltage rectifier
Inverter
rectifier
Graetz bridge coupling rectifier
Rectifier / Inverter
Thyristor variable power control
Table 36: Generator and current source symbols
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8.8. NAMING STANDARDS
8.8.1. Markings general points This relates to the marking letters on electrical equipment, with the marking as per standard DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000). There are a number of normalisations / symbol systems that we should try to standardise on our diagrams. With the standard mentioned above, unlike the markings previously used, the marking letters are now predominantly determined by the function of the electrical equipment in the diagram. This creates a certain freedom in the choice of letter allocated to the equipment. Example for a resistor:
Normal current limiter: R
Heating resistor: E
Measurement resistor: B We may for example adopt certain specific rules that partially deviate from the standard.
Names of connection terminals cannot be read from the right.
The second letter, used for identifying the electrical equipments purpose, is not indicated, e.g.: time lag relay K1T becomes K1.
Breakers with a primarily protective protection continue to be marked Q. They are numbered continuously from 1 to 10, starting with the top-left one.
Contactors are presently marked with a Q and numbered continuously from 11 to nn, e.g.: K91M becomes Q21.
Auxiliary contactors remain as K, and are numbered continuously from 1 to n.
The marking appears in an appropriate location in the immediate vicinity of the symbol. It determines the relationship between the equipment in the installation and the various file documents (circuit diagrams, parts lists, functional connection diagrams, instructions). For ease of maintenance, the marking can also be applied in part or in full on the equipment or in the vicinity. Correspondences between old and new marking letters in general use, for a selection of equipment, are represented below, along with an example of schematic representation. The new letters have already been in use for some time on our diagrams.
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8.8.2. Electrical equipment marking letters Standards DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000).
Old marking Example of electrical equipment New marking B Measuring transductors T C Capacitors C D Storage devices C E Electric filters V F Thermal triggers F F Pressure switches B F Fuses (thin, HH, signal) F G Frequency converters T G Generators G G Progressive starters T G UPS G H Lamps E H Optic and acoustic signalling devices P H Indicator lights P K Auxiliary relays K K Auxiliary contactors K K Semi-conductor contactors T K Power contactors Q K Time-lag relays K L Inductors R N Separation amplifiers, inverter amplifiers T Q Load break isolators Q Q protection breakers Q Q Breakers for motors Q Q Star delta breakers Q Q Isolator switch Q R Setting resistors R R Measuring resistors B R Heating resistors E S Control auxiliaries S S Pushbutton S S Position switches B T Voltage transformers T T Current transformer T
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T Transformers T U Frequency converters T V Diodes R V Rectifier T V Transistors K Z ECM filters K Z Anti-interference and attenuation devices F
Table 37: Marking Letters as per DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000)
8.8.3. North American Standards Marking of devices in the United States and Canada as per NEMA ICS 1-2001, ICS 1.1-1984, ICS 1.3-1986 Many diagrams are of American origin, and in the oil industry, references for instrumentation and P&IDs are also of the same origin. So it is worthwhile knowing the US symbols and their meanings. To distinguish devices with analogous functions, we can add three digits or letters to the marker letters in the table below. If we use two or more marker letters, it is useful to indicate the function identification letter first. Example: The auxiliary contactor triggering the first jog function is marked by 1 JCR. The meaning of the marking is as follows:
1 = sequence number J = Jog equipment function CR = Control relay (auxiliary contactor) equipment type
Marking Device or Function French equivalent A Accelerating Acclration
AM Ammeter Ampremtre B Braking Freinage
C or CAP Capacitor, capacitance Condensateur, capacit CB Circuit-breaker Disjoncteur CR Control relay Contacteur auxiliaire, contacteur commande CT Current transformer Transformateur de courant DM Demand meter Compteur de consommation D Diode Diode
DS or DISC Disconnect switch Interrupteur - sectionneur
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DB Dynamic braking Freinage dynamique FA Field accelerating Acclration de champ FC Field contactor Contacteur de champ FD Field decelerating Diminution du champ (dclration) FL Field-loss Perte de champ
F or FWD Forward Marche avant FM Frequency meter Frquencemtre FU Fuse Fusible GP Ground protective Terre de protection H Hoist Levage J Jog Pianotage
LS Limit switch Interrupteur de position L Lower Diminuer M Main contactor Contacteur principal
MCR Master control relay Contacteur de commande principal MS Master switch Interrupteur matre OC Overcurrent Surintensit OL Overload Surcharge P Plugging, potentiometer Potentiomtre ou connecteur
PFM Power factor meter Appareil de mesure du facteur de puissance PB Pushbutton Bouton-poussoir PS Pressure switch Manostat
REC Rectifier Redresseur R or RES Resistor, resistance Rsistance
REV Reverse Marche arrire RH Rheostat Rhostat SS Selector switch Slecteur
SCR Silicon controlled rectifier Thyristor SV Solenoid valve lectrovanne SC Squirrel cage Rotor cage (dcureuil) S Starting contactor Contacteur de dmarrage
SU Suppressor Suppresseur TACH Tachometer generator Gnratrice tachymtrique
TB Terminal block, board Bornier, bloc de jonction TR Time-delay relay Relais temporis Q Transistor Transistor
UV Undervoltage Sous-tension (sous le seuil) VM Voltmeter Voltmtre
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WHM Watthour meter Wattheuremtre WM Wattmeter Wattmtre X Reactor, reactance Inductance, ractance
Table 38: Marking letters for devices or function under NEMA ICS 1-2001,
8.8.4. North American Standards (b) The regulations also permit a marking by apparatus class (class designation), instead of a letter device marking (device designation), as per NEMA ICS 1-2001, ICS 1.1-1984, ICS 1.3-1986. This marking method aims to facilitate harmonisation with international standards. The marker letters used here are (in part) compliant with standard IEC 61346-1 (1996-03). Marking by device class, as per NEMA ICS 19-2002 Marker Device or function Translation A Separate Assembly Montage spar B Induction Machine, Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor Synchro, Genera Control Transformer Control Transmitter Control Receiver Differential Receiver Differential Transmitter Receiver Torque Receiver Torque Transmitter Synchronous Motor Wound-Rotor Induction Motor or Induction Frequency Convertor
Machine asynchrone, rotor cage Moteur asynchrone Synchro transmetteur en gnral Transformateur de commande metteur de commande Rcepteur de commande Rcepteur diffrentiel metteur diffrentiel Rcepteur Rcepteur de couple Transmetteur de couple Moteur synchrone Moteur induction rotor bobin ou convertisseur de frquence induction
BT Battery Batterie C Capacitor
Capacitor, General Polarized Capacitor Shielded Capacitor
Condensateur Condensateur en gnral Condensateur polaris Condensateur blind
CB Circuit-Breaker (all) Disjoncteurs (tous)
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D, CR Diode Bidirectional Breakdown Diode Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Metallic Rectifier Semiconductor Photosensitive Cell Semiconductor Rectifier Tunnel Diode Unidirectional Breakdown Diode
Diode Diode Zener bidirectionnelle Redresseur pleine onde Redresseur sec Cellule photolectrique semi-conducteurs Redresseur semi-conducteurs Diode tunnel Diode Zener unidirectionnelle
D, VR Zener Diode Diode Zener DS Annunciator
Light Emitting Diode Lamp Fluorescent Lamp Incandescent Lamp Indicating Lamp
Avertisseur Diode lectroluminescente Lampe Tube fluorescent Lampe incandescence Voyant lumineux
D Armature (Commutor and Brushes) Lightning Arrester Contact Electrical Contact Fixed Contact Momentary Contact Core Magnetic Core Horn Gap Permanent Magnet Terminal Not Connected Conductor
Armature (collecteur et balais) Protection contre la foudre Contact Contact lectrique Contact fixe Contact de passage Conducteur, me Noyau magntique clateur cornu Aimant permanent Borne Conducteur non raccord
F Fuse Fusible G Rotary Amplifier (all)
A.C. Generator Induction Machine, Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
Amplificateur rotatif (tous types) Alternateur Machine asynchrone, rotor cage Alternateur asynchrone
HR Thermal Element Actuating Device Interrupteur bilame J Female Disconnecting Device
Female Receptacle Dispositif de dconnexion femelle Connecteur femelle
K Contactor, Relay Contacteur, contacteur auxiliaire
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FL Coil Blowout Coil Brake Coil Operating Coil Field Commutating Field Compensating Field Generator or Motor Field Separately Excited Field Series Field Shunt Field Inductor Saturable Core Reactor Winding, General
Bobine Bobine de soufflage Bobine de freinage Bobine d'excitation Champ Champ de commutation Champ de compensation Champ gnrateur et moteur Champ excitation spare Champ srie Champ shunt Inducteur Self fer Enroulement en gnral
LS Audible Signal Device Bell Buzzer Horn
Avertisseur sonore Sonnerie Ronfleur Klaxon
M Meter, Instrument Instrument de mesure P Male Disconnecting Device
Male Receptacle Dispositif de dconnexion mle Connecteur mle
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