state of java.lang.invoke implementation in...

State of java.lang.invoke Implementation in OpenJDK

Vladimir Ivanov HotSpot JVM Compile r Oracle Corp. JVM Language Summit 2015

Safe Harbor Statement

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JSR 292 Support for Dynamically Typed Languages in the JVM

Method Handle API (Early Draft Review)

Java 7 Release

JSR 292 Expert Group

formed

Initial design sketch Expert Group reboot

API refinement (e.g., CONSTANT_MethodHandle)

API refinement (e.g., BootstrapMethods)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Method Handles in JDK 7 GA § Good

–  Flexible and powerful. –  MH graphs are aggressively inlined and optimized.

§ Not-so-good –  “Performance cliff” when inlining does not occur –  MH.invoke() is slow –  NoClassDefFoundError in large applications

§ Ugly –  No general fast path for compiled code –  JVM is entangled in MH operations

Quest for a Better IR

§ Root problem: MH chains are wrong IR for the JVM

§ Lambda Forms for the rescue –  Mostly-native moves into Java –  Decouple representation decisions from the JVM –  Meshes better with the JVM execution engine

§  translates to bytecode §  Interprets and/or compiles

–  Erases types, avoiding NCDFE issues

2012: Lambda Forms in 7u40

MHs vs LFs

n:1 .form

public

internal “ [A lambda form is a] … symbolic, non-executable form of a method handle's invocation semantics.”

“A method handle is a typed, directly executable reference to an underlying method, constructor, field, or similar low-level operation, with optional transformations of arguments or return values.”

javadoc

The Grand Plan MH

public n:1

.target

MH = MethodHandle MT = MethodType CS = CallSite

The Grand Plan MH

n:1 .form

n:1 .vmentry

public

internal

.target

MH = MethodHandle MT = MethodType CS = CallSite LF = LambdaForm DMH = DirectMethodHandle BMH = BoundMethodHandle MN = MemberName MTF = MethodTypeForm

VM anon classes

BMH extends

The Grand Plan MH

n:1 .form

n:1 .vmentry

n:1 .vmtarget

public

internal

.target

MH = MethodHandle MT = MethodType CS = CallSite LF = LambdaForm DMH = DirectMethodHandle BMH = BoundMethodHandle MN = MemberName MTF = MethodTypeForm MHN = MethodHandleNative

JVM_Method

MH::linkTo* MH::invokeBasic

native stubs linkCallSite linkMethod

Upcalls

MH::init/resolve setCallSiteTarget*

VM calls

resolved_references[]

appendix

VM anon classes

BMH extends

methodHandles*.cpp

Lambda Form

putObjectFieldCast_000=Lambda(a0:L,a1:L,a2:L)=>{ t3:J=DMH.fieldOffset (a0:L); t4:L=DMH.checkBase (a1:L); t5:L=DMH.checkCast (a0:L,a2:L); t6:V=Unsafe.putObject((Unsafe@...),t4:L,t3:J,t5:L);void}

Example: putfield / Lookup.findSetter

Lambda Form

putObjectFieldCast_000=Lambda(a0:L,a1:L,a2:L)=>{ t3:J=DMH.fieldOffset (a0:L); t4:L=DMH.checkBase (a1:L); t5:L=DMH.checkCast (a0:L,a2:L); t6:V=Unsafe.putObject((Unsafe@...),t4:L,t3:J,t5:L);void} § Basic value type is one of { ref, int, long, float, double } + void

–  represented as signature letters "LIJFD” + “V”

Lambda Form

Example: putfield / Lookup.findSetter LF.names[7]

Name.function Name.arguments[]

Name.type Name.index

LF.debugName

LF.result = -1

LF.arity = 3

Lambda Form

Execution

Lambda Form

Entry point: LambdaForm::vmentry Can point to:

–  LambdaForm Interpreter –  compiled bytecode

Execution

JVM_Method

.vmentry

.vmtarget

.from_interpreted .from_compiled

interpreter compiled code

class (VM anon)

Lambda Form Interpreter

Lambda Form Compiled Form static void putObjectFieldCast_000( Object, Object, Object ); 0: aload_0 1: invokestatic #16 // DMH.fieldOffset:... 4: lstore_3 5: aload_1 6: invokestatic #20 // DMH.checkBase:... 9: astore 5 11: aload_0 12: aload_2 13: invokestatic #24 // DMH.checkCast:... 16: astore 6 18: ldc #26 // <<sun.misc.Unsafe@3830f1c0>> 20: checkcast #28 // class sun/misc/Unsafe 23: aload 5 25: lload_3 26: aload 6 28: invokevirtual #32 // Unsafe.putObject:(Object;Object;)V 31: return

RuntimeVisibleAnnotations:

LambdaForm$Hidden, LambdaForm$Compiled, ForceInline

a0:L a1:L a2:L putObjectFieldCast_000=Lambda(a0:L,a1:L,a2:L)=>{

t3:J=DMH.fieldOffset (a0:L);

t4:L=DMH.checkBase (a1:L);

t5:L=DMH.checkCast (a0:L,a2:L);

t6:V=Unsafe.putObject((Unsafe@...),t4:L,t3:J,t5:L);void}

VM Anonymous Classes Constant Pool Patching static void putObjectFieldCast_000(…); ... 18: ldc #26

// String “CONSTANT_PLACEHOLDER_0“ 20: checkcast #28

// class sun/misc/Unsafe 23: aload 5 25: lload_3 26: aload 6 28: invokevirtual #32 // Unsafe.putObject(...) 31: return

putObjectFieldCast_000=Lambda(a0:L,a1:L,a2:L)=>{

ConstantPool

#26 = Utf8 “...”

resolved_references[] { ..., unsafeObj , ...}

Unsafe.defineAnonymousClass( LambdaForm.class, byte[] {…}, Object[] { …, unsafeObj, …})

MHs vs LFs

§ Shared Lambda Form –  many method handles share a

single LF instance

§ Customized Lambda Form –  LF instance is customized for

some particular method handle

Sharing vs Customization

MHs vs LFs

putObjectFieldCast_000=Lambda(a0:L,a1:L,a2:L)=>{

LOOKUP.findSetter( MyClass1.class, “f1", Field1.class);

MT Field2.class

offset2

(MyClass2,Field2)void (MyClass1,Field1)void

Field1.class offset1

LOOKUP.findSetter( MyClass2.class, “f2", Field2.class);

… constructs …

(L,L,L)void .form LF

MHs vs LFs

putIntField_000=Lambda(a0:L,a1:L,a2:I)=>{

t5:V=Unsafe.putInt((Unsafe@...),t4:L,t3:J,a2:I);void}

LOOKUP.findSetter( MyClass1.class, “i1", int.class);

MT long.class

offset2

(MyClass2,long)void (MyClass1,int)void

int.class offset1

LOOKUP.findSetter( MyClass2.class, “l2", long.class);

… constructs …

(L,L,I)void .form LF

putLongField_000=Lambda(a0:L,a1:L,a2:J)=>{

t5:V=Unsafe.putLong((Unsafe@...),t4:L,t3:J,a2:J);void}

(L,L,J)void

7 GA 8 GA 7u40 8u20 8u40

Lambda Forms j.l.i enhancements Type speculation in C2 Math.exact*() intrinsics

Nashorn Project Lambda

JSR 292 Released Lambda Form Sharing

Lambda Form Caching 8u40: JEP 210

MH ~106

~106 ~103

~104 ~103

classes classes

Sharing vs Customization Example: MHs.guardWithTest()

T guard(A... a, B... b) { if (test(a...)) return target(a..., b...); else return fallback(a..., b...); }

guard=Lambda(a0:L, a…, b…) => { t1:I =<<test>>(a…); t2:L=MHI.selectAlternative( t1:I, <<target>>, <<fallback>>); t3:?=MH.invokeBasic(t2:L, a…, b…);t3}

Sharing vs Customization Example: Customized version

guard_000=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t1:I =(MH()boolean@...); t2:L=MHI.selectAlternative( t1:I,(MH()void@...),(MH()void@...)); t3:V=MH.invokeBasic(t2:L);void}

static void guard_000(Object); ldc ... // <<MethodHandle()boolean>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle invokevirtual ... // MethodHandle.invokeBasic:()I … if_icmpne … ldc ... // <<MethodHandle()void>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MethodHandle.invokeBasic:()V goto … ldc ... // <<MethodHandle()void>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MethodHandle.invokeBasic:()V return

test: MethodHandle target: MethodHandle fallback: MethodHandle

t2:L +

Sharing vs Customization Example: Shareable version

guard_000=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t3:L=BMH$Species_L3.argL0(a0:L); // test t4:L=BMH$Species_L3.argL1(a0:L); // target t5:L=BMH$Species_L3.argL2(a0:L); // fallback t6:I =MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t3:L); t7:L=MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative(t6:I,t4:L,t5:L); t8:V=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t7:L);void}

Lambda Form Sharing

§ Smaller dynamic footprint –  # of loaded classes, Metaspace size

§ Faster startup/warmup –  less LFs to instantiate, less classes to load, less code to compile

§ Enables new optimizations –  Lambda Form precompilation –  Improves worst case stack consumption

Lambda Form Sharing Dynamic Footprint

metaspace

classes

Measurements by Sergey Kuksenko 8u40: b05 vs b21, Nashorn

Octane

higher/better

Lambda Form Sharing Startup / Warmup

8u40: b05 vs b21, Nashorn

1st iteration duration higher/better

Lambda Form Precompilation

§ Before: –  first 30 invocations go through LF interpreter –  then compiled to bytecode

§ After: –  Lambda Form is precompiled during creation –  completely bypasses LF interpreter

Stack Consumption

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$2$test.f1(test.js:1) j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/804581391.invokeStatic_LL_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/1854778591.invokeSpecial_L3_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$NamedFunction.invoke_LLL_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/804581391.invokeStatic_LL_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$NamedFunction.invokeWithArguments

j.l.i.LambdaForm.interpretName

j.l.i.LambdaForm.interpretWithArguments

j.l.i.LambdaForm.interpret_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/1854778591.invokeSpecial_L3_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$NamedFunction.invoke_LLL_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/804581391.invokeStatic_LL_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$NamedFunction.invokeWithArguments

j.l.i.LambdaForm.interpretName

j.l.i.LambdaForm.interpretWithArguments

j.l.i.LambdaForm.interpret_L

j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/2142080121.linkToCallSite

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$1$test.:program(test.js:2)

Lambda Form Interpreter

reinvoke

exactInvoker

test.js: 1: function f1() {} 2: f1()

Stack Consumption

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$2$test.f1(test.js:1) j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/804581391.invokeStatic_LL_L j.l.i.LambdaForm$BMH/921760190.reinvoke j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/1690254271.exactInvoker j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/206835546.linkToCallSite

Compiled Form

Lambda Form Sharing Peak Performance

Measurements by Sergey Kuksenko 8u40: b05 vs b21, Nashorn

higher/better

Lambda Form Sharing

§ Profile pollution –  peak performance suffers

§ Non-constant MH calls became slower –  JIT can’t inline through them –  less optimized machine code

Problems in 8u40

Profile Pollution

Customization vs Sharing

Profile Pollution Customized version

static void guard_000(Object); ldc ... // <<test>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle invokevirtual ... // MethodHandle.invokeBasic:()I … if_icmpne … ldc ... // <<target>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V goto … ldc ... // <<fallback>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MethodHandle.invokeBasic:()V return

t2:L +

t3:V guard_000=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t1:I =<<test>>(); t2:L=MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative( t1:I,<<target>>,<<fallback>>); t3:V=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t2:L);void}

static void guard_000(Object); ldc ... // <<alwaysTrue>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()I … if_icmpne … ldc ... // <<target>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V goto … ldc ... // <<fallback>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V return

t2:L +

guard_000=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t1:I =<<alwaysTrue>>(); t2:L=MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative( t1:I,<<target>>,<<fallback>>); t3:V=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t2:L);void}

static void guard_001(Object); ldc ... // <<alwaysFalse>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()I … if_icmpne … ldc ... // <<target>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V goto … ldc ... // <<fallback>> checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_2 aload_2 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V return

t2:L +

guard_001=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t1:I =<<alwaysFalse>>; t2:L=MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative( t1:I,<<target>>,<<fallback>>); t3:V=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t2:L);void}

Profile Pollution Shared version

static void guard_000(Object); aload_0 checkcast … // BMH$Species_L3 getfield ... // BMH$Species_L3.argL0:Object invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()I … if_icmpne … aload_2 checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_5 aload_5 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V goto … aload_3 checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_5 aload_5 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V return

Profile Pollution How to fix

static void guard_000(Object); aload_0 checkcast … // BMH$Species_L3 getfield ... // BMH$Species_L3.argL0:Object invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()I … if_icmpne … aload_2 checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_5 aload_5 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V goto … aload_3 checkcast ... // class MethodHandle astore_5 aload_5 invokevirtual ... // MH.invokeBasic:()V return

§  Idea: customized profiling –  collect per-MethodHandle profile

during warm-up –  inject profile into the JVM when

warm-up is over

Profile Pollution Custom Branch Profiling

guard_000=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t1:L=BMH$Species_L4.argL0(a0:L); // test t2:L=BMH$Species_L4.argL1(a0:L); // target t3:L=BMH$Species_L4.argL2(a0:L); // fallback t4:L=BMH$Species_L4.argL3(a0:L); // counts (int[2]) t5:I =MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t1:L); t6:I =MethodHandleImpl.profileBoolean(t5:I,t4:L); t7:L=MethodHandleImpl.selectAlternative(t6:I,t2:L,t3:L); t8:V=MethodHandle.invokeBasic(t7:L);void}

Profile Pollution Custom Branch Profiling Logic

§ profiling / warm-up –  interpreter / C1 –  C2 when counts array is unknown

§  per-LambdaForm compiled method

§ optimized –  C2 intrinsic –  injects per-MH counts into IR

Profile Pollution Custom Branch Profiling Logic

§ profiling / warm-up –  interpreter / C1 –  C2 when counts array is unknown

§  per-LambdaForm compiled method

§ optimized –  C2 intrinsic –  injects per-MH counts into IR

Profile Pollution

§ Type profile –  not a problem –  Type speculation (by Roland Westrelin in 8u20)

§  -XX:+UseTypeProfile -XX:TypeProfileLevel=[012]{3}

§ Deoptimization counts –  no generic solution yet –  fixed some manifestations of the problem

§  JDK-8074551: GWT can be marked non-compilable due to deopt count pollution

Other cases

Non-Constant Method Handle

Invocation

MH.invokeExact() et al

Non-Constant Method Handle Invocation Non-constant method handle

@ 105 jsr292.GWT::run1 (7 bytes) inline (hot) @ 3 java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm$MH/789451787::invokeExact_MT (13 bytes) inline (hot) @ 2 java.lang.invoke.Invokers::checkExactType (30 bytes) inline (hot) @ 11 java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle::type (5 bytes) accessor @ 9 java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle::invokeBasic()V (0 bytes) receiver not constant

Non-Constant Method Handle Invocation Customized version java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm$MH/1510467688::guard (56 bytes)

@ 5 java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm$DMH/1581781576::invokeStatic__I (13 bytes) inline (hot) @ 1 java.lang.invoke.DirectMethodHandle::internalMemberName (8 bytes) inline (hot) @ 9 jsr292.GWT::test1 (12 bytes) inline (hot) @ 31 java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm$DMH/1581781576::invokeStatic__V (13 bytes) inline (hot) @ 1 java.lang.invoke.DirectMethodHandle::internalMemberName (8 bytes) inline (hot) @ 9 jsr292.GWT::f1 (2 bytes) inline (hot) @ 52 java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm$DMH/1581781576::invokeStatic__V (13 bytes) inline (hot) @ 1 java.lang.invoke.DirectMethodHandle::internalMemberName (8 bytes) inline (hot) @ 9 jsr292.GWT::f2 (2 bytes) inline (hot)

Non-Constant Method Handle Invocation Shared version java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm$MH/1252585652::guard (68 bytes)

@ 24 java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle::invokeBasic()I (0 bytes) receiver not constant @ 47 java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle::invokeBasic()V (0 bytes) receiver not constant @ 64 java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle::invokeBasic()V (0 bytes) receiver not constant

§ Customized Lambda Form –  single compiled method per

MH chain / root LF

§ Shared Lambda Form –  compiled method per MH/LF

Non-Constant Method Handle Invocation

nmethod

Non-Constant Method Handle Invocation

nmethod Solution: Optional Customization §  Original (shared) guard_000=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t1:L=BMH$Species_L4.argL0(a0:L); … §  Customized (a0 is overridden by t1:L) guard_000=Lambda(a0:L)=>{ t1:L=<<MethodHandle …>> t2:L=BMH$Species_L4.argL0(t1:L); …

7 GA 8 GA 9+

Timeline

7u40 8u20 8u40

λ-form sharing

Performance fixes

(e.g. per-MH profiling, LF customization)

λ-forms catchException λ-form sharing

type speculation Math.exact*() intrinsics

Nashorn Project Lambda

Aug, 2015

Future work

•  Ultimate Sharing •  MH.asType() Optimization •  Reduce Stack Consumption •  Lightweight Code Loading •  Profile Pollution

Ultimate Sharing

[ I , J , L , … , F ]

Currently: Lambda Form instance per erased signature

Goal: Single Lambda Form instance per unit of behavior

call site

target

Ultimate Sharing

[ I , J , L , … , F ]

[ L , L , L , … , L ]

[ I , J , L , … , F ]

call site

target

No conversions Boxing

Ultimate Sharing

[ I , J , L , … , F ]

[ L , L , L , … , L ]

[ I , J , L , … , F ]

call site

target

No conversions Boxing Boxing + VarArgs

Ultimate Sharing

[ I , J , L , … , F ]

§  JVM support is needed –  reliable box/unbox elimination –  array explosion

[ I , J , L , … , F ]

MethodHandle.asType()

§  Improve caching/sharing of MH.asType() transformations –  type adaptations are expensive to construct

§ Single-element per-MH cache –  subject to profile pollution

§ MH.invoke() on shared MH doesn’t work well –  (w.r.t. peak performance)

Better Caching / Sharing

Reduce stack consumption

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$2$test.f1(test.js:1) j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/804581391.invokeStatic_LL_L j.l.i.LambdaForm$BMH/921760190.reinvoke j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/1690254271.exactInvoker j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/206835546.linkToCallSite

Precompiled Lambda Forms

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$2$test.f1(test.js:1) j.l.i.LambdaForm$DMH/804581391.invokeStatic_LL_L j.l.i.LambdaForm$BMH/921760190.reinvoke j.l.i.LF$MH/….customized j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/1690254271.exactInvoker j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/206835546.linkToCallSite

(1) Lambda Form Inlining

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$2$test.f1(test.js:1) j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/483294845.customized j.l.i.LambdaForm$MH/206835546.linkToCallSite

§ Pros –  easy to implement –  doesn’t require any JVM extensions

§ Cons –  defeats Lambda Form sharing

§  too many indy call sites to specialize for §  VM anonymous classes are too heavyweight

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$2$test.f1(test.js:1) (*)

jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.Script$Recompilation$1$test.:program(test.js:9) (*) during invocation: linkToCallSite =tail-call=> reinvoke =tail-call=> exactInvoker =tail-call=> invokeStatic_LL_L =tail-call=> …$test.f1

(2) Tail Calls

Lightweight Code Loading VM Anonymous Classes

Class<?> Unsafe.defineAnonymousClass( Class<?> hostClass, byte[] code, Object[] cpPatches)

Lightweight Code Loading VM Anonymous Classes

Class<?> Unsafe.defineAnonymousClass( Class<?> hostClass, byte[] code, Object[] cpPatches)

Lightweight Code Loading

MethodHandle Lookup.loadCode( /*Class<?> hostClass,*/ byte[] code, Object[] cpPatches)

Profile Pollution

Future Extensions

•  Variable Handles •  Small API Enhancements •  Native Calls

JEP 193: Variable Handles

§ Safe, performant, enhanced atomics –  access to fields and array elements

§ VarHandles are like method handles for data –  Abstracts over location – static fields, instance fields, arrays, off heap –  Supports explicit fences and atomic operation

§ Safer than Unsafe, as fast as MethodHandles

JEP-193 “Variable Handles” by Doug Lea, Paul Sandoz http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/193

API Enhancements

§ Candidates –  MHs.tryFinally() –  MHs.*Loop() –  Lookup.lookupClass()/findSuperConstructor() –  Additional combinators for argument handling

§  e.g. MHs.spreadArguments(MH target, int pos, int count)

mlvm-dev@ojdk.net discussion http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/mlvm-dev/2015-February/006288.html

Native Calls Project Panama: FFI

Java Native

Construction Lookup.findVirtual() et al Lookup.findNative()

Reference (typed) DirectMethodHandle NativeMethodHandle

Reference (direct) MemberName NativeEntryPoint

Linker MH.linkToVirtual() et al MH.linkToNative()

Invocation indy, MH.invoke(), MH.invokeExact()

“Making native calls from the JVM” by John Rose http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~jrose/panama/native-call-primitive.html

Thank you!

@iwan0www

Materials

§  Implementation Notes:–  http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~vlivanov/talks/2015-Indy_Deep_Dive.pdf

§  https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/HotSpot/Method+handles+and+invokedynamic §  https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/HotSpot/Bound+method+handles §  https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/HotSpot/Direct+method+handles §  https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/HotSpot/Method+handle+invocation §  "Deconstructing MethodHandles” by Paul Sandoz

–  https://wiki.openjdk.java.net/display/HotSpot/Deconstructing+MethodHandles §  "Lambda Forms” by John Rose, JVMLS'12

–  http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~jrose/pres/201207-LF-Tutorial.pdf

§  “J9's MethodHandle Compilation Pipeline” by Dan Heidinga, Jfocus VM Summit’15 –  http://www.jfokus.se/jfokus15/preso/J9%20MethodHandle%20Compilation%20Pipeline.pdf

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