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STEALTH AIRCRAFTS

DESIGN ASPECTS AND CONSIDERATIONS

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These three factors can be combined to determine the completeradar cross section (�) for a target

Simplifying that expression yields the following relationship for radar cross section.

The importance of radar cross section can best be understood bylooking at an equation relating the RCS of the target to the energy received by the radar.

where S = signal energy received by the radar Pavg = average power transmitted by the radar G = gain of the radar antenna � = radar cross section of the target Ae = effective area of the radar antenna, or "aperture efficiency"tot = time the radar antenna is pointed at the target (time on target) R = range to the target

Third strongest radar return due to direct reflection of incident wave; decreases rapidly as incidence angle changes from perpendicular

Flat plate

Second strongest radar return due to double reflection of incident wave; decreases from maximum slowly with changing q and rapidly with changing f

Right dihedral corner

reflector

Strongest radar return due to triple reflection of incident wave

Square trihedral corner reflector

Comments Maximum RCS Description Geometry

Perpendicular incidence wave creates a strong but

narrow RCS peakwhere q = aspect

qint = interior dihedral

angle between two faces

Straight edge

Produces the same isotropic return in all directions

Sphere

Strong radar return as aspect (q) changes, but decreases rapidly as azimuth (f) changes

Right circular

cylinder

Comments Maximum RCS Description Geometry

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B2 GEOMETRY

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100 m²

15 m²

7 m²

6 m²

4 m²

3 m²

2 m²

0.75 m²

0.1 m²

0.025 m²

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DETECTION RANGE

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NON-STEALTHY AIRCRAFT PENETRATION

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STEALTHY AIRCRAFT PENETRATION

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Air to Air

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T-33 medianized radar cross section

T-33 jet trainer

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B-52

B-1

B-2

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SR-71

Artzi DrorF-117

The Lockheed Martin F-117 stealth fighteris almost entirely covered in Radar-Absorbent Material

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Lockheed version of the Have Blue Demonstratorwhich led to the F-117

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MetallizedCanopy

CantedVerticals

SlopedFuselage

Sides

Top-MountedInlet

ShieldedNozzles

No ExternalWeapons

No CornerReflectors

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F-117 BOMB BAY

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Why Zig-Zag

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Gold plated “Zig-Zag” Canopy

Special RudderHinge Line

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Special Design Pitot Tubes

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X-32 BOEINGRCS MODEL

47 ft LONG 36 ft WING-SPAN

RCS Measurements in Special Range

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The USAF's Lockheed Martin F-117A fighters are to undergo a return-to-works programme to receive a new,

stealthier skin coating and improved cockpit instrumentation.

Play

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B-2

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Northrop YB-49 Flying Wing

1929 Twin Boom Wing---N1M---N9M---XP56---MX324---XP79---JB10---XB35---1947 YB49

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B-2 BOMB DROP

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PROTECTED HANGER FOR B-2 ENVIORONMENTAL CONTROL

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Radar-Absorbent Material

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Looking from the B-2 Cockpit

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PLAY

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YF-22YF-23

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YF-22

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YF-22

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F-22

Artzi DrorF-22

most of the F-22's surface is covered with a conductive metallic coating which prevents radar energyfrom penetrating the composite skin. The F-22 uses RAM around the edges of doors and control surfaces, and radar-absorbent structure (RAS) on the body, wing and tail edges.

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The entire airframe of the F-22 is painted witha Boeing-developed camouflage topcoat

which suppresses the aircraft’s IR signature

Testbed Raptor 04 made its first flight with a patchwork of gray-painted RAS(Radar Absorbent Structure) edges,yellow-primered skin,metallic coating and sprayed-on RAM(Radar Absorbent Material)

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Assembly Line

Serrated Skin Jointsand Access Panels

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F-22Skin and Access Panels Assembly

Artzi DrorF-22

“Frequent-Access” Panels open and closed without compromising the LO (Low-Observable) “Bubble”

The F-22 has almost 300 specially designed access points. Many service points are located inside the weapon bays, landing gear doors and other openings.

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F-22Measurement of Steps and Gaps in Skin Panel's Joint Lines

by Optical Probes

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F-22Gun Door Test

M 61A2 Six Barreled20 mm Gatling Gun

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F-22Weapons Bay Doors

Artzi DrorF-22

AIM-9M Missile Launched

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F-22 CUTAWAY

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Multilayer, Multispectral Camouflage System

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Boeing X-32 JSF (Joint Strike Fighter)Technology Demonstrator

WEAPONS BAYS

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X-32 JSF

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X-32A PROTOTYPE

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X-32

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X-32 TIP to TIP WING STRUCTURE

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X-32 Cool Exhaust Duct for very low IR Signature

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X-32B STOVL

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X-32B PROPULSION SYSTEMP&W JSF119-SE614S

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X-32 BOEING RCS MODEL

The manufacturers andthe US government have continuouslyupdated their RCS test facilities. They can now measure signaturesas low as -70dB/m2

- one ten-millionth of a square meter,or the size of a grain of dust

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Lockheed Martin X-35A JSF

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X-35A PROTOTYPE

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X-35

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X-35B STOVL ASSEMBLY atLockheed Martin Skunk Works

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F-35 Weapon Bays Fitted for 900 Kg JDAM and single AIM-120 AMRAAM

!

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X-35C US NAVY VERSION

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X-35B (STOVL) IN VERTICAL TAKE-OFF WITH FAN DOORS OPEN

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X-35B (STOVL) IN TRANSITION MODE WITH FAN DOORS OPEN

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Simplified cutaway of the F-35B propulsion system

LIFTING FAN VECTORED ENGINE THRUST

ROLL NOZZLES

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Lockheed Martin JSF RCS MODELTESTED at RCS RANGE

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RCS Measurement System

in Manching Germany

Handle objects up to 45 tones

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SU-27

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US Navy McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics A-12

Cancelled in January 1991was ahead of its time in its approach to stealth

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RAH-66 “COMANCHE”

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Boeing X-45A UCAV Demonstrator

The two X-45A prototypes are 45% composite production vehicles will be 90% composite.

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Northrop-Grumman Pegasus UCAV Demonstrator

Northrop Grumman's Pegasus test vehicle has one of the stealthiest inlets ever designed.

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The Lampyridae Stealth InterceptorTop Secret Development by MBB Since 1981

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In its search to replace its Tornado GR.4, the UK isexploring manned and unmanned aircraft.

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Bae - Stealth Platform

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This stealthy derivative of the Apache/Scalp EG was studied in the mid-1990s.

It uses a combination of shaping and radar-absorbent material to minimise its radar cross-section.

MBDA-France Air to Surface Cruise Missile

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Dassault AviationA’ronef Validation Experimentale (AVE) UAV

made its first flight in July 2000

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Preliminary Configuration of Luftwaffe(EADS) Reconnaissance UAV

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Northrop Grumman Pegasus Naval UCAV

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Pegasus Naval UCAVIncluding 2 Weapon bays

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Boeing is developing DE (directed-energy) concepts for the X-45 UCAV

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With stabilizers smoothly blended into the wingand an inlet entirely masked from the front,

the Bird Of Prey is clearly aimed at very low RCS levels.

Boeing's Bird of Prey named after a Klingon spacecraft from Star Trek

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SHADOW

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What Next ?

• The new aircraft are almost certain to be tailless. All surfaces will be canted very steeply away from the horizontal,particularly at the vehicle edges:such future vehicles are likely to resemble the Northrop Grumman Pegasus demonstratoror the Lockheed Martin-Boeing RQ-3 DarkStar reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

• external moving components will be eliminated:General Electric (GE), for instance,has designed and tested 'fluidic' jet nozzles in whichinternal airflows are modulated to change the effective areaand vector angle of the exhaust, while the nozzle remains mechanically fixed.

• integrating a number of new technologies.

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•IR and visual signatures may become dominant. Under a USAF program, Northrop Grumman and GE have investigatedan active cooling system that would deliver air at 0 to 37.5÷C to the engine nozzles. This would require very heat-tolerant fuel, but could virtually eliminate the heat signature from the engine nozzle.•Adaptive terrain match skin

•Higher and Faster

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• Use of flexible elastomer skins for weapon bay doors, control surfaces and variable inlets.

•Highly integrated avionics systems will be used to reducethe number of apertures in the aircraft surface

•Discrete moving parts and doors may be replaced by flexible surfaces

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The Ultimate Stealthy Aircraft

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The Dawn of The Era of Powered FlightWright Brothers Flyer – December 17 1903 At 10:35

In Kitty-Hawk

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Lockheed's conceptual design looks to fill the needfor a medium-lift multirole transport suited to the needs of both

conventional and special forces

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Lockheed's proposal for a long-range strike aircraftfeatures a highly swept delta and operating speeds of up to M4.0

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Artist Impression of New Generation Multi-Mission Transport Aircraft for 2015

Back

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Northrop Grumman Pegasus Naval UCAV Demonstrator

Northrop Grumman's kite-like design is very close to an ideal stealth shape.

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Artzi DrorLockheed's DarkStar

Despite the official termination of the programme, Lockheed's DarkStar long-endurance, high altitude UAV may have become a 'black' project. The surviving airframe was not scrapped, unconfirmed reportspersist about the testing of a larger, developed model.Further unconfirmed reports claim that a secret Lockheed UAV was used during Operation 'Iraqi Freedom' last year

Back

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Boeing has patented a design for a gapless control surfacewith flexible hinge and end covers,

Gaps can create radar hot-spots for a stealthy aircraft.

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Artzi DrorX-35B PROPULSION SYSTEM

P&W JSF119-SE611S

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F-35C CUTAWAY

LIFTING FANVECTORED ENGINE THRUST

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X -43

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