stimulus ->

Stimulus ->Stimulus -> -> Response-> Response

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Stimulus ->Stimulus -> -> Response-> Response

What’s inside the black box?What’s inside the black box?

Behaviorism

Simple Associations:Simple Associations:

Push gas (stimulus), car goes (response)Push gas (stimulus), car goes (response)

Information Processing

Let’s build a model of what goes on under Let’s build a model of what goes on under the hood when you push the gas.the hood when you push the gas.

Cognitive Revolution!Cognitive Revolution!

Assumptions of CognitivismAssumptions of Cognitivism Learning involves changes in your mental

representations - doesn’t have to be a change in behavior.

Observable behavior is still important for studying learning in a scientific way. But now we are going to make inferences about the hidden mental process that may be affecting the behavior. I.e., we’ll make theoretical models about what’s “under the

hood,” propose theories based on the models, and then put the theories to the test.

Let’s Be Cognitive Theorists!Let’s Be Cognitive Theorists!

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are needed to see this picture.

What Are Effective Ways of Learning?

Advanced ideas

Factors Influencing Memory

Model of Information Processing

Sensory Register

Working Memory

Long-term MemoryAttention

Control Processes

Association,Meaning

Recall

Internet as a metaphor for Long Term Memory

UT site

My web page

Sid’s web page

Internet as a metaphor for Long Term Memory

Information A

Information B

MemorizationDeep understanding/

Personalized knowledge

Elaborate, organized network of knowledge

What would I. P. Theory have to say about this situation?

Advantages of a Rich Network

Information will be stored more effectively in long-term memory so that it will be able to be retrieved in the future.

You won’t forget it immediately after the exam!You will create a flexible knowledge structure

that will allow you to apply what you learn in complex, real-world situations (i.e. “transfer”).

Imagine that! Being able to actually apply what you learn!

What Metaphor Can You Come Up with to Represent

Effective Learning?My Examples:

Effective learning is like a website with lots of links.

Effective learning is like seeing the picture instead of the individual dots.

Implications

“It’s all about the network”

The network can include the following:Prior knowledgeOther new ideas Personal experienceEmotionsSensory representations (auditory, visual, kinesthetic)

The network needs to be:Integrated

Connected ideas/experience; cross-cutting themesElaborate

Many connections; crisscrossing the landscapeOrganized

Big ideas; patternsMeaningful

Personalized connections

“It’s all about the network”

Bad Studying:Psychologize = blah, blah, blah

Transformative Experience = blah, blah, blah

Ideas = blah, blah, blah

Good Studying (brace yourself):

Newton, Mozart, etc.

Dewey

Map Analogy

Explorers

The Map

Teacher

Student

The curriculumGuide to

Experience

Experience

Instruction

Dead Poets

Society

Trans-formative

Exp.

Art“Classics”

Enrich Exp.

“Ideas”

Model & Scaffold

Metaphor

Re-seeing Psychologize

Sugar Coat

Motivated Use

Expansion of Perception

Expansion of Value Your

Experience

C.P. Context

Past Classes

Concepts

Building Integrated Knowledge Structures

“Crisscrossing the landscape”To really get to know a city, you should crisscross it

from multiple directions, modes of transportation, etc.Applied to learning, study the same content from

multiple:PerspectivesRepresentationsDirections

Learn content in an integrated way with crosscutting themes.

Building Integrated Knowledge Structures

Dewey

Goals

Prior Kg.

Role of Individual

Instruction

Behaviorism

Information

Processing

Let’s revisit our initial ideas about effective learning. Have they changed?

Make an updated list of effective and ineffective study strategies.

The True Power of Learning is Unlocked When We Teach

Students to Monitor Their Learning and Use Effective Strategies

This is know as fostering metacognition.