stocking rate pasture production = animal production / ha = animal production / head * no of animal...
Post on 28-Mar-2015
242 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Stocking ratepasture production = animal production / ha
= animal production / head * no of animal / ha
= animal production / head * stocking rate
Animal unit
400 kg Steer = 1 AU.
Calf (1-8 mo) = 0.35 AU.
Weaner (8-12 mo) = 0.4 AU.
Steer (1-2 yr) = 0.87 AU.
Breeder Cow = 2.0 AU.
Bull = 2.0 AU
40 kg Merino = 1 dse.
Wether = 1 dse.
Maiden ewe = 1 dse.
Lamb= 0.5 dse.
Breeding ewe = 1.7 dse.
Ram= 1.7 dse
dse. = dry sheep equivalent
1AU. = 8 dse.
Carrying capacity =
Grazing pressure = utilise / production
= feed demand / pasture mass
= feed demand / head * no. of animal / ha
pasture mass / ha
= no. of animal / pasture area
?
The relationship between grazing pressure or stocking rate on animal production per head and per area.
Grazing pressure
An
imal
pro
du
ctio
n /
hea
dan
imal
pro
du
ctio
n /
ha
Factors control optimum stocking rate
pasture growth rate
availability of pasture mass to animal (allowance)
nutritional quality
botanical composition & ground cover
seasonal variation
type of enterprise and animal products
Pasture growth rate rainfall (seasonal) soil fertility farm management
LW
G(k
g/h
ead
/wk
)
Pasture availability (allowance; kg/head)
Pasture availability
Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) sward
LWG vs N availability N < 4 kg/head LWG is negative
optimum N = 36 kg/head LWG = 0.8 kg/head/d
LW
G(k
g/h
ead
)L
WG
(kg/
ha)
Stocking rate (AU/ha)2 4 6 8 12 16
N0 N134 N336 N672
Fertilizer management on botanical composition and carrying capacity of
pasture Heteropogon contortus + Stylosanthes humilis
carrying capacity = 0.7 AU./ha
if SR = 1.1 AU./ha less pasture mass and more weed (Fimbristylis dichotoma)
if + 250 kg P / ha of Super Phosphate more pasture mass and carrying capacity = 1.2 AU./ha
Accessibility of forage to animal (Pasture allowance)
Road & walk way
Shelter & pen feeding
Continuous grazing systems vs. working hour grazing time
Drinking water : 5km for cattle, 1.5 km for small ruminants
Fencing
Nutritive value of pasture
Selective grazing = การเลื�อกก�นอาหารของสั�ตว์� เท่�าก�บเป็�น การป็ร�บป็ร�งคุ�ณภาพอาหารด้�ว์ยต�ว์
สั�ตว์�เอง Intake and digestibility are limited by nutritive value
Fertilizer input will enhance intake and nutritive value of pasture
Supplementary feed
Stocking rate vs botanical composition
Species Stocking rate (head/ha)2.5 1.2
Chloris gayana 7 17Digitaria decumbens 20 30Paspalum commersonii 5 3Paspalum dilatatum 33 13Desmodium uncinatum 0 1Desmodium intortum 1 14Lotononis binensii 2 1Trifolium repens 9 5others 22 16
Effect of SR on BC of shade intorelant spp.Attribute SR (AU./ha)
3.3 2.5 1.7
LWG (kg/ha) 117 118 119
Pasture yield (kg/ha)
Total 2 170 2 850 3 170
S. humilis 1 640 1 920 1 840
% legume 75 67 58
N yield (kg/ha) 41 48 49
% N in pasture 1.88 1.68 1.54
Mott (1960)’s model
Grazing pressure
An
imal
pro
du
ctio
n /
hea
d
An
imal
pro
du
ctio
n /
ha
Low SR Optimum Over
Under grazing Optimum Over
LWG = a - b (SR)
a reflect to nutritive value of pasture and genetic potential of animal
b reflect to pasture mass or yield or allowance or response of pasture to stocking rate
LW
G (
kg/
ha)
Stocking rate (AU./ha)
.5 1 2 3 4 5 6
Yh = a SR - b SR 2
Sward structure Intake , Eadible or utilizable = < pasture mass or
yield Sward density = structure = bulk density = yield/
area/height of pasture Animal will selective graze at top of sward, then if f
orced by high SR or longer interval it will graze pasture of lower quality hence bite size and rate will be affected, since these depend on bulk or sward density
Pasture utilization period
Rest period– regrowth
– weed control
– irrigation
– fertilizer application
– flowering and seed production
– altering life cyle of parasite
Grazed / cut period– defoliation regimes– trampling– excretion– seasonal– continuous parasite
cycle
General guide for optimum stocking rate(after Jones, et al. 1984)
Total Subtropical Tropical
rainfall tropical temperate N short wet long wet N
(mm/yr) legume legume fertilizer season season fertilizer
750 0.8-1.5 1.0-2.5 2-4 0.3-1.0 - -
1000 1.0-3.0 1.5-3.5 3-6 0.5-1.5 1.5-3.0 3-6
1500 1.5-3.0 2.0-4.0 4-7 0.7-1.5 2.0-4.0 5-8
2000 2.0-4.0 2.0-5.0 5-8 1.0-2.0 3.0-4.0 7-10
Grazing systems Continuous ระบบจำ!าเจำ หร�อ ต�อเน�"อง Rotational ระบบหมุ�นเว์$ยน Repeated seasonal ระบบป็ระจำ!าฤด้& Strip ระบบเป็�นแถบ Creep ระบบแบ�งขนาด้สั�ตว์� Defered ระบบชะลือการแท่ะเลื*มุ Zero ต�ด้ให�สั�ตว์�ก�น
Stocking rate & grazing system
Set stock
Variable stock
– buying
– selling
Continuous grazing system
Rotational grazing system
Continuous vs rotational grazing system on LWG (kg/ha/d) of beef grazed Panicum maximum an
d Macroptilium atropurpureum cv.Siratro sward
Continuous 14 days on 7 days on
28 days off 35 days off
Dry season 1.14 1.03 0.77
Wet season 1.42 1.38 1.28
3-5 days on 7 days on
14 days off 28 days off
Dry season 1.30 0.95
Wet season 2.20 2.28
When to graze / rest ? Stock in (graze)
– high pasture growth rate
– not in poor conditions
– have longest rest period
Stock out (rest)
– low pasture mass harmful to the regrowth
– low nutitional status
– poor animal growth
– invasion of weeds
Why rest or rotation the pasture ?
to control botanical composition
to have seed set and seed soil reserved
to control parasite life cycle
for other animal management eg. vaccination, sanitation, reproductive management (AI)
for easier farm amnagement eg. fertlizer application, hay or silage making, fencing
Electric fence Three types of fencing : perimeter, permanen
t subdivision, and temporary subdivision voltage generator (energizer) wire fencing, Polywire, Hot-tape, Electric nett
ing, Hi-tensile wire, Barbed wire post is it cheap ? design of the fencing and paddock system
Electric fence
Energizer (voltage generator)Joule = 1 watt/sec
220 v. in
corner postgate post
controller switch
จำะเลื$,ยงสั�ตว์�ได้�เท่�าใด้ ( ก$"ต�ว์ ต�อไร�) ?
บ�ญฤา ว์�ไลืพลื 2526( ) ท่ราบผลืผลื�ตพ�ชอาหารสั�ตว์�(กก/ไร�/ป็0)
ท่ราบขนาด้ของสั�ตว์� (กก/ต�ว์ ) แลืะ อ�ตราการเจำร�ญเต�บโต (กก/ต�ว์/ว์�น)
ท่ราบคุว์ามุต�องการอาหารของสั�ตว์� 3( % ของน!,าหน�กต�ว์)
คุ!านว์น จำ!านว์นสั�ตว์� หร�อ อ�ตราสั�ตว์�
How to determine paddock size and number for rotational grazing system
(After Gerrisk, JR. 1992) How many animal and what are their size ?
Feed requirement (cow / bull = 2.5% of body weight , and calf = 3.0% of body weight)
What is the desired % of pasture utilization (eg. 70%)
What is the pasture yield (eg. 3000 kg/rai)
How would you like the paddock to be rotated (eg. 7 days graze 35 days rest)
Determine the size and number of required paddock
top related