structural systems for tall buildings arch489_fall2009_lecture1 - aug 25
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Structural Systems for Tall BuildingsProfessor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD
Fall 2009 - Lecture 1
What is structure?
Structure/Architecture Interaction
State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)
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Stability
Equilibrium
What is Structure
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Human Comfort
Strength
Stiffness
What is Structure
Redundancy
variation of B with design parameters
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Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility
What is Structure
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Ductility Demand and Capacity
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Efficiency
- Materials
- Gravity System
- Lateral System
- Foundation
Constructability
- Simplicity
- Time
What is Structure
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Steel Structural Systems
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Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems
160
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
NUMBER
OFOFFICESTORIES
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Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems
NUMBER
OFST
ORIES
(OFFICE
BUILDINGS)
POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF)
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structure
20-30%
MEP
20-25%
elevator system
6-12%
architecture
30-40%
Structural Economy, Efficiency and Constructability
Cost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs
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World Map
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Worlds Tallest Buildings Chart
Meter
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
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Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1965
Completion: 1969
Use: Mixed use
Height: 1127 feet (344 meters)
Floor Count: 100 Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft . (260,126 sq.m.)
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Contractor: Tishman Construction Company
- Developer: John Hancock Insurance
John Hancock Center
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Structural System
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Sears Tower
Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1972
Completion: 1974
Use: Office
Height: 1451 feet (442 meters)
Floor Count: 110 Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.)
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc.
- Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company
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Structural System
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Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Column Axial Load Distribution
Load behavior
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Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Connection Details
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Frame Construction
Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle conf iguration
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Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Modular Parts
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Superstructure Construction
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One Magnificent Mile
Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
Status: completed
Groundbreaking: 1978
Completion: 1983
Use: Mixed
Height: 673 feet (205 meters)
Floor Count: 57
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merril l, LLP
- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
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Structural System
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Structural Analysis
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Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois
Status: completed
Completion: 1986
Use: Mixed use
Height: 570 feet (174 meters)
Floor Count: 58
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merril l, LLP
- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Onterie Center
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Architectural plan / section
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The Attack
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The World Trade Center Site, New YorkTwin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)
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World Trade Center
Groundbreaking:August 5, 1966
Completion:Apri l 4, 1973
Destroyed: September 11, 2001
Use: Office
Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters)
- Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consul ting
- Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson
- Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
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Typical tower floor plan
Site plan
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conceptual view of floor systemconceptual view of structural system
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Simulation of the collapse
http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm
Simulation of the collapse
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Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate cr isis
on Tall Building Construction
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Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998(Architect: SOM)
Skyscraper built before 9/11
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Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004(Architect: SOM)
Skyscraper built after9/11
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Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004
(Architect: Norman Foster)
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Turning Torso, Malm Harbor, Sweden, 2005
(Architect: Santiago Calatrava)
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Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain
(Architect: Norman Foster)
under construction, 2008
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Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China(Architect: KPF)
under construction, 2008
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Chicago Spire
Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois
Status: under construction
Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007
Completion: 2011 estimated
Use: Residential
Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters)
Floor Count: 150
Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.)
- Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will
- Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti
- Contractor: Case Foundation- Developer: Shelbourne Development
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Americas Tallest Bui ld ing
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Foundation
34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120) deep
32m (104) diameter cofferdam 24m (78) deep
1m (3.2) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80) deep
98 bell caissons to support subst ructure
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Superstructure
Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns
7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns
Columns shi ft inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors
6 thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor
Calatravas sketch
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Calatravas sketch
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Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE(Architect: SOM)
under construction, 2008
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Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE
(Architect: SOM)
under construction, 2008
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White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China
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Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE
(Architect: Fisher)
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New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, China
proposed
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Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt
(Architect: Zaha Hadid)
proposed
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Dubai Towers
Location: Dubai, UAE
Status: proposed
Completion: 2011
Use: Mixed
Height: 1805 feet (550 meters)
Floor Count: 120
Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.)
- Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback
- Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international
- Developer: Sama
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HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA
TOWER-01 360 m 120,000 sq. m
TOWER-20 410 m 140,000 sq. m
TOWER-21 460 m 160,000 sq. m
TOWER-29 550 m 210,000 sq. m
TowerHeight 550m
Towers Heights and Areas
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Architectural ModelStructural ModelPreliminary structural sketch
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Elevator Core/ Plan Layout
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Typical Facade
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Spire
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Tall Building Research at IIT
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Tall Building Research at IIT
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Tall Building Research at IIT
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Plaza Level Floor Plan 1st Floor
Office Zone 3 Local 2: 74th 76th
Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th
Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Korea
proposed, 1996
Tall Building Research at IIT
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Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT
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