television broadcasting

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Television Broadcasting System

KAUSIK DAS.(ET12BT0215)

Student at Kaziranga University

SUBMITTED BY:

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Contents IntroductionTypes of StudiosProduction Control RoomProduction areaEditingMaster Switching RoomEarth StationTransmitterOutside broadcasting

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Introduction• Part of the DD India• The largest television network in the world.• Power of 10KW covering range of 89-120 kms.• Better facilities for recording and transmission .• Separate studio for recording of north-east program.• Computerized earth station for networking.• Earth station is utilized for up-linking the Guwahati

Doordarshan program to entire country through INSAT-4B.

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STUDIO

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1) MAIN STUDIO• Dimension of 22x16.5 metres. • Fully digitalized with four cameras setup.• Equipped with different lights and microphones.• Mainly used for all major recordings.• Acoustic treatment.

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Three main lights:• Key Light: It is hard light about 1KW of power. Used

as main source of power.• Fill Light: It’s cool light about 500W, used to remove

object formed due to key light.• Back Light: It’s hard light used to remove the back

shadow and separate the object form background which gives a 3D picture.

[Ratio 3:2:1 for monochrome and 3:2:2 for color]

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Microphone

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Classification on construction basis:

Carbon Microphone Crystal Microphone

2)1)

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Ribbon Microphone

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Condenser Microphone

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Dynamic microphone

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Main Studio

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Studio camera:• Lens Block• CCD Block• Electronic Block

*CCD and EB are collectively known as camera head.All the captured signals are transferred to and from the base station using a multiple core-Triax cable.

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2) CB STUDIO:

• Dimension of 9.2x6 metres. • Fully digitalized with two cameras setup• Progams include discusion or anchoring are generated• Teleprompter.

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CB Studio

Production control Room(PCR)

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• Activities in this area are:- Minor editing. Direction to the production crew by the producer. Management of feed during a live program. Monitoring of output/off air signal.

Production Control Room

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Production Control Room of DDK-Guwahati

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Components of PCRPCR is house with :

1) Vision Mixer.2) Audio Mixer.3) Camera Control Unit(CCU).4) Character Generator .5) Tape Recorder.

Vision Mixer(video mixer)

Audio Mixer(Mixing desk)

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Camera control unit(CCU) :

This unit includes :1) Focus.2) Zoom-in/out.3) Beam focus.4) Contrast.5) Brightness.

A color composite video signal(CCVS) isReceived from the studio camera through the Triax -able can be viewed in monitor.

Character Generator (CG):

Modern CG are computer based and charactercan be generated with the help of software.

Character may be static or animated (ex: news crawls and credits roles)

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Video tape recorder :

It contain :1) Analog and digital processor servo system.

2) Microprocessor.

3) Memory etc.

Here a video tape recorder(VTR) or Video Cassette recorder (VCR) used for recording.

Recording is done in playback format.

Audio and video level can be adjust fromhere.

Quality of the recorded program are tested Immediately after recording and error is solved for better quality.

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PRODUCTION AREA

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Production Area:• Area where the actual production decision is made and the show

is created. This area includes the space for the director, producer and their assistants. One of the most significant parts of the production area is the monitor wall. It includes the following:

• Preview monitor• Live or on-air monitor• Camera monitors• VTR monitors• Graphics monitors• Still stores monitors• Routed monitors

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Advantages of large programmable monitors:

• Compact• Light• Consume little power

Audio Area:It includes:• Audio mixing board• Patch panels• Video and audio monitors

23Audio Control

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EDITING

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EDITING

Two types of Editing:-

1) LINEAR EDITING(non-computerized)2) NON-LINEAR EDITING(computerized)

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LINEAR EDITING

It is basically a mechanical process that employs the use to perform the edit functions are:- • Camcorders• VCRs • Edit controllers and• Mixers

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This editing technique is performs in linear steps, one cut at a time (or a series of program cuts) to its conclusion. It is the process of assembling footage in a sequential fashion, from start to finish. This type of editing is generally carried out when working with video tapes. Video tapes can be cut into sections and spliced together. The content must be accessed sequentially.

CAMCORDERS VCRs

Video tapes

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NON-LINEAR EDITING: Carried out on a computer with editing software. Gathering into the software, then cut, copy and paste it together in desired order. When the nonlinear sequence is ready, it is recorded onto the master tape. Possible to access any frame.

Non-Linear Editing

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Some of the editing software available and used in DDK, Guwahati are:

Leitch- velocity DPS & Velocity HD (version 8 and 9).

Adobe Premiere pro CS-3 and CS-6.

Canopus-EDIUS-4.

ADVANTAGE OF NON-LINEAR EDITING The original source files are not lost or modified during editing. & one of the biggest adv. Compared to linear editing.

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MASTER SWITCHING ROOM

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Master Switching Room(MSR) It is used for transmission media. Room where all different sources from the outside studio comes here and enroots transmission to different destination like Tr & Earth station. Room comprises of routine switcher, video/audio distributor amplifier etc. So, it is called heart of the studio. Most of the switching electronics is kept here:-1. Camera base stations.2. Switcher main frame. 3. Sync pulse generator(SPG).4. Satellite Receivers etc. Signals is routed through MSR from various

to earth stations and can be monitored at various stages.

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EARTH STATION

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Earth Station

GROUND STATIONS

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It is the terrestrial base of the system.Located either on the surface of the earth, or within Earth’s atmosphere.Communicates with the satellite (or spacecraft) by transmitting and receiving radio waves.Successful transmission of radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa), lead to establishment of telecommunication link. It is possible for a satellite to communicate with more than one Earth station at a time.

EARTH STATION

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WHAT IS AN EARTH STATION?

UPLINK STATIONRECEIVE CENTRE

DOWNLINK FREQ: 6725MHzUPLINK FREQ: 6333MHz

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Earth station involves the two terms which are basically the important parameters of the communication i.e., UPLINK & DOWNLINK.

1. Uplink:The process of gathering any information part & sending it to the satellite, running on specified frequency is termed as UPLINK. The uplink frequency is 6333MHz.

2. Downlink:The process by which satellite sends or received the signals to the controlling stations is termed as DOWNLINK. The downlink frequency is 3725MHz.

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Major Components of Digital Earth Stations Some Major components are:- PDA(Parabolic Dish Antenna) Up converter Modulator Encoder IRD(Integrated Receiver Decoder)

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TRANSMITTER

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TRANSMITTER

• In DDK-Guwahati VHF Solid State NEC(Japan) TV transmitter is used.

• It is a digital transmitter.• Power rating is 10kw.• Main parts are:

o ExciteroAmplifier

TV TOWER(200M)

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EARTHSTATION

TANSMITTER/RECEIVER

SATELLITE

DTHRECEIVER

TV

UPLINKINGDOWNLINKING

THE PROCESS OF TRANSMISSION

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Picture IF : 38.9 MHzSound IF : 33.4 MHz

Uplink : 6333 MHzDownlink : 6725 MHz

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OUTSIDE BROADCASTINGThis is shooting progrms outside the studios. It can be live or recorded programs. It involves two systems: OB van and ENG.

OB Van• Mobile unit • Mobile television control room• Equipped with a video switcher, intercom, graphics, audio, recorder/playback

decks and all the engineering equipment required to maintain a quality signal• Variety of sizes • Primary areas of OB van are:

o Production Areao Audio Areao Video Control/Transmission

43OB Van

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Thank You