the 9th international anti-corruption conference general secretariat oas
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THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION ANTI-CORRUPTION
CONFERENCE CONFERENCE
GENERAL SECRETARIATGENERAL SECRETARIAT
OASOAS
THE INTER-AMERICAN THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION AGAINST CONVENTION AGAINST
CORRUPTIONCORRUPTION
The OAS: Characteristics and Realities
A regional Organization
– Consisting of 34 Member States
An organization that is more political and legal than economic
Founded on common principles (to strengthen the peace and security of the continent; promote and consolidate democracy; and common action)
A Region of Contrasts
These contrasts should be taken into account in order to understand the content and scope of decisions adopted by the States within the OAS Framework, such as the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
POPULATION OF SELECTED POPULATION OF SELECTED MEMBER STATES OF THE OAS MEMBER STATES OF THE OAS
(IN THOUSANDS)(IN THOUSANDS)
69
36577
167988
41564
75
276219
85
97366
42 1120
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
TOTAL GEOGRAPHIC AREA: IN TOTAL GEOGRAPHIC AREA: IN THOUSANDS OF KMTHOUSANDS OF KM22
8,511,965
9,976,140
756,9501,138,950
51,100 750
9,629,091
340 269 176,2200
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
GDP PER CAPITAGDP PER CAPITA
$28,789.00
$20,082.00
$13,047.00
$9,070.00
$881.00 $785.00 $431.00 $398.00$-
$5,000.00
$10,000.00
$15,000.00
$20,000.00
$25,000.00
$30,000.00
$35,000.00
UnitedStates
Canada TheBahamas
Argentina Guyana Honduras Nicaragua Haiti
LITERACY RATESLITERACY RATES
99.0%
77.0%
45.8%
70.7%
63.4%
88.7%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Canada El Salvador Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Peru
CIVIL LIBERTIESCIVIL LIBERTIES (1 = FREE 7 = NOT FREE) (1 = FREE 7 = NOT FREE)
117%
229%
334%
56%
414%
POLITICAL RIGHTSPOLITICAL RIGHTS(1 = FREE 7 = NOT FREE)(1 = FREE 7 = NOT FREE)
138%
229%
46%
56%
321%
Why the sudden international interest in the fight against corruption?
What are the reasons for the incorporation of this subject area into
the international framework, especially the Inter-American agenda?
Convergence of political will to fight corruption
Differences in emphasis and the reasons that have motivated one state or another to make progress in this area
Industrialized Nations:Industrialized Nations: Greater importance attached to the collapse
central planning systems, the opening of new markets, changes in the role of the State and privatization
According to a recent study: Measures that eliminate commercial barriers and privatize state monopolies have opened a new area for international contracts worth more than 200 billion dollars. These contracts will determine who builds the economies of the future.
A Difference: Transnational Bribery
A Study by the Department of Commerce of the United States: between April 1994 and May 1995, American firms have lost around 100 contracts abroad because of bribery by their competitors from other countries. These contracts were worth approximately 45 billion dollars.
Countries on the path to development in the
Americas
Emphasis:
– Strengthening democracy and the rule of law
– Creating better conditions for economic and social growth and development
Studies by North, Tanzi and Mauro: – Greater Corruption = Less Investment and Economic
Growth
World Bank Report 1997:– Corruption is one of the major obstacles for business
in Latin America
–A group of countries in the region have the worst comparative indices in this area
The Inter-American Convention Against
Corruption
Background
– Convergence of Interests
– Initiative: Venezuela
– A participatory process in the development and negotiation of the Convention
Characteristics
First treaty in this area
United Nations 1975
OECD 1977
Council of Europe 1994
The Inter-American Convention takes a broad approach to the fight against corruption (compare with: the OECD Convention: Transnational Bribery; Council of Europe: Criminal Matters; European Union: Transnational Bribery)
– International judicial cooperation and national reforms
– Punishment and preventive measures
– A process
– Shared Responsibility: States, the private sector, civil society and the international community
– Bank Secrecy: Advances in avoiding its use to hide assets and protect persons engaged in corruption
– Right to Asylum: Balancing the principles protected by asylum and those that fight corruption
– Transnational Bribery: Development of a legislative and regulatory framework
– Illicit Enrichment: Development of a legislative and regulatory framework
ENTRY INTO FORCE OF ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE CONVENTIONTHE CONVENTION
THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION: SIGNATURESAGAINST CORRUPTION: SIGNATURES
SIGNATURES NEEDED
8 = 23.5%
SIGNATURES26 = 76.5%
THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION: AGAINST CORRUPTION:
RATIFICATIONS RATIFICATIONS
RATIFICATIONS NEEDED17 = 50%
RATIFICATIONS 17 = 50%
COUNTRIES THAT HAVE RATIFIED THE CONVENTION
ARGENTINAARGENTINA BOLIVIABOLIVIA CHILECHILE COLOMBIACOLOMBIA COSTA RICACOSTA RICA DOMINICAN REPUBLICDOMINICAN REPUBLIC ECUADORECUADOR EL SALVADOREL SALVADOR HONDURASHONDURAS MEXICOMEXICO
NICARAGUANICARAGUA PANAMAPANAMA PARAGUAYPARAGUAY PERUPERU TRINIDAD AND TRINIDAD AND
TOBAGOTOBAGO URUGUAYURUGUAY VENEZUELAVENEZUELA
ADVANCES SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE
CONVENTION I. I. GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND
PERMANENT COUNCIL
– Inter-American Program of Cooperation to Fight Corruption
– Symposium on the Enhancement of Probity in the Hemisphere
– Working Group on Probity and Public Ethics
– Model Legislation on Transnational Bribery and Illicit Enrichment
II.II. Inter-American Juridical Committee
III. III. GENERAL SECRETARIAT
Workshops for the dissemination and incorporation of the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption into domestic legislation
Colombia Colombia Costa Rica Costa Rica VenezuelaVenezuela
OAS/IDB Initiative: Assisting countries with the incorporation into national legislation of the criminal measures set out in the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
ArgentinaArgentina BoliviaBolivia ChileChile Dominican Dominican
RepublicRepublic EcuadorEcuador El SalvadorEl Salvador
GuatemalaGuatemala HondurasHonduras NicaraguaNicaragua PanamaPanama ParaguayParaguay PeruPeru
Assisting countries of Central America in incorporating the preventive measures set out in the Convention into their internal legislation
Support for a project to assist in the modernization and institutional development of legislatures in Central America
Assisting the Andean Parliament in the development of policies that promote and facilitate cooperation to combat corruption
The role of journalists in the fight against corruption
Inter-American Network of Institutions and Experts in the Fight Against Corruption
– 56 participating institutions– 19 participating countries
Anti-Corruption Information System
The Convention: The Road Ahead
The Convention: An instrument against corruption; not a magic solution
The Convention: A good navigational chart
– Signatures: 8 countries have yet to sign the Convention
– Ratification: 17 countries have yet to ratify the Convention
– Incorporation into internal legislation
– Application
STEPS THAT STILL NEED TO BE TAKEN
Complimentary legal developments at the Inter-American level
Ratification, incorporation into internal legislation, and application of other international conventions (e.g. The Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, Inter-American Convention on Extradition)
Legal Developments to Combat Money Laundering
THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION ANTI-CORRUPTION
CONFERENCE CONFERENCE
GENERAL SECRETARIATGENERAL SECRETARIAT
O.A.S.O.A.S.
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