the chemists tools

The chemists tools

Elements and the periodic table

Elements

Pure substances that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary processes

Are the building blocks of matter

120 elements known todayExamples: carbon

goldcalcium

Symbols of Elements

Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations Capitalise the first letter only

Examples:

C carbon Co cobalt

N nitrogen Ca calcium

F fluorine Br bromine

O oxygen Mg magnesium

Symbols from Latin Names

Element Symbol Latin name

Copper Cu cuprum

Gold Au aurum

Lead Pb plumbum

Mercury Hg hydrargyrum

Potassium K kalium

Silver Ag argentum

Sodium Na natrium

Tin Sn stannum

% Major Elements in the Body

O 65.0 % K 0.34

C 18.0 S 0.26

H 10.0 Na 0.14

N 3.0 Cl 0.14

Ca 1.4 Fe 0.004

P 1.0 Zn 0.003

Mg 0.50

Trace Elements

As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V

Learning Check

Select the correct symbol for each:

A. Calcium

1) C 2) Ca 3) CA

B. Sulfur

1) S 2) Sl 3) Su

C. Iron

1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe

Solution

Select the correct symbol for each:

A. Calcium

2) Ca

B. Sulfur

1) S

C. Iron

3) Fe

Learning Check

Select the correct name for each:

A. N

1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickelB. P

1) potassium 2) phlogiston3) phosphorus

C. Ag

1) silver 2) aegean 3) gold

Solution

Select the correct name for each:

A. N

2) nitrogen B. P

3) phosphorus

C. Ag

1) silver

Periodic Table

The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements according to similarities in their chemical and physical properties.

Physical Properties

The characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance.

ColorSizeShapeDensityFreezing and Boiling PointsOdor

Groups of Elements

Vertical columns on the periodic table

Similar physical properties

Similar chemical properties

Groups on the Periodic Table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Representative Groups

Group 1 Alkali Metals

Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 7 Halogens

Group 8 Noble Gases

Location of Some Groups

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Al mk ea tl ai l s

Alkaline

Halogens

I Gn ae sr et s

Periods on the Periodic Table

Horizontal rows from Group 1 to Group 8.

Numbered 1, 2, 3, ….

Include representative elements and transition

elements

Periods on the Periodic Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

Learning Check

A. Element in Group VIIA, Period 4 1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn

B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3

1) beryllium2) magnesium 3) boron

Solution

A. Element in Group 7A, period 4 1) Br

B. Element in Group 2A, Period 3

2) magnesium

Learning Check

A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4 1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn

B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3

1) beryllium2) magnesium 3) boron

C. Metals in Group IVA

1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn

D. Nonmetals in Group VA

1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P, As 3) N, P, As, Sb

Solution

A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4

1) Br

B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3

2) magnesium

C. Metals in Group IVA

1) Ge, Sn, Pb

D. Nonmetals in Group VA

2) N, P, As

Metals and Nonmetals

Metals Located to the left of the heavy line Shiny, ductileGood conductors of heat and electricity

Nonmetals Located to the right of the heavy lineDull and brittlePoor conductors, good insulators

Metals and Nonmetals

NONMETALS

METALS

METALS

Transition metals

Learning Check

Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:

A. sulphur ____

B. chlorine ____

C. sodium ____

D. iron ____

E. carbon ____

F. silver ____

Solution

Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:

A. sulphur 2

B. chlorine 2

C. sodium 1

D. iron 1

E. carbon 2

F. silver 1

Learning Check

Select the correct elements:

A. Metals in Group IVA 1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn

B. Non-metals in Group VA1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P, As 3) N, P, As, Sb

Solution

A. Metals in Group 4A 1) Ge, Sn, Pb

B. Nonmetals in Group 5A2) N, P, As