the civil rights era chapter 26. beginning of the civil rights movement –in the north no official...
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The Civil Rights EraThe Civil Rights Era
Chapter 26Chapter 26
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
– In the North • No official
segregation but the two rarely mixed
• They lived in separate communities
• The African Americans faced Prejudice with hiring and housing
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
– In the South• Segregation was
supported by law• Jim Crow Laws
enforced separation in schools, hospitals, transportation, theatres and restaurants
• 1896- Plessy V. Ferguson “Separate but Equal”
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
– The NAACP challenged laws preventing African Americans from true equality
• Thurgood Marshall was a lawyer who attacked segregation according to the Constitution.
• His goal was integration
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
– Baseball was integrated when Jackie Robinson was signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947
– In 1948, Truman ordered integration of all units of the Armed Forces
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
– Segregation in schools was widespread until Oliver and Linda Brown
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka– Separate but equal
is not legal and schools were being forced to integrate
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
• In Little Rock, Arkansas, there was a problem with forced integration– The governor did
not want integration– When 9 African
Americans students went to school, the State National Guard was keep the students out
– Eisenhower sent Federal Troops in to enforce the integration
Little RockLittle Rock
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
– On Dec 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white rider. (Montgomery, Alabama)
• The driver had Parks arrested
Beginning of the Civil Rights MovementBeginning of the Civil Rights Movement
• All African Americans boycotted the busses the day of Park’s trial– Martin Luther King
Jr. urged the African Americans to boycott the busses the day of Park’s trial.
– The boycott lasted 381 days until the Supreme Court ruled “Bus Segregation” was unconstitutional
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
– In 1953, President Eisenhower appoints Earl Warren to the Supreme Court thinking he would be conservative
• He was NOT conservative
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
• 1966-Miranda v. Arizona– Ended with Miranda
rights-Advising arrested persons of their legal rights
• Tinker v. Des Moines School District– Freedom of Speech
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
• The Judicial Branch began Judicial Activism– Laws were
overturned if they were unfair, past decisions did not matter
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
– JFK was elected in 1960
• The youngest person ever elected
• He called on Congress to end poverty, fighting disease, ensure justice– Congress rejected
most democratic proposals
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
• Nov 23, 1963- Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas– Lee Harvey Oswald
was arrested
– People were shocked
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
– Lyndon Johnson became President and was elected again the next year
• He grew up in Texas, taught Mexicans American, supported FDR
• He set out to make economic and social reforms– He enacted more laws– Worked on a civil
rights law
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
• This began his “War on Poverty”– Economic
Opportunity Act attacked the causes of poverty
– Welfare, department of housing and urban development
An expanding role for the An expanding role for the governmentgovernment
– Medicare to help people over 65 pay their medical bill
• Medicaid- provided money to assist poor who were not covered by Medicare
• He expanded the role of government
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in civil disobedience
• He believed in nonviolence and was a Baptist Minister
• He got his ideas from Mohandas Gandhi
• He helped to found Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– Sit in’s began as a tool to protest segregation
• Freedom rides set out to the South to integrate bus stations before being attacked in Alabama
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– The SCLC began mass protests in Birmingham, Alabama
• Although it was peaceful, dogs, fire hoses and cattle prods were used
• The city agreed to desegregate public facilities
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– After this, JFK sent Congress a Civil Rights Bill
• Civil rights leaders marched on the capital and King Jr. made his “I have a dream” speech
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress
• It banned discrimination
• In 1964, volunteers set out to register African American voters– 3 volunteers were
found murdered. People were beaten, shot and churches were bombed
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– March 1965- Mass protest in Alabama
• Tear gas, clubs and whips were used on the people as the public watched on television
• Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– Some people grew impatient and turned into militant leaders
• Malcolm X called on African Americans to completely separate from white society
• He later spoke of an “Honest white-black brotherhood”
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
• Stokely Carmichael argued that African American should fight back if attacked, no more nonviolence– “Black Power”
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– In 1965-There was urban discontent
• In Watts, LA, citizens were angered by the police so they burned cars, looted stores, 1000 people were killed or injured.
• Over 2 years, this happened in dozens of other cities
• April 4, 1965, King was assassinated
Civil rights movement cont’Civil rights movement cont’
– African Americans had a greater role in the political process
• There was also new “Affirmative Action” programs
Other Americans seeking rightsOther Americans seeking rights
– Although women had the right to vote, they had a long way to go to get equality.
• Betty Friedam wrote The Feminine Mystique about women’s role in
society.
Other Americans seeking rightsOther Americans seeking rights
– She founded the National Organization for Women, its goal was equality
– The NOW campaigned for the equal rights amendment- which would forbid sex discrimination
– Many people, both men and women opposed this amendment
Other Americans seeking rightsOther Americans seeking rights
• 1963- Equal Pay Act– Women were
elected to city councils, state legislature and the US Congress
Other Americans seeking rightsOther Americans seeking rights
– Mexican Americans were also subject to discrimination
• 1954- Brown v. Board of Education
• Hernandez v. Texas- Said excluding Mexican Americans from juries was illegal
Other Americans seeking rightsOther Americans seeking rights
• In 1966- Cesar Chavez helped to form a labor union- United Farm Workers wanted to gain higher wages– He used non violent
protests
• Voting Rights Act of 1975- Bilingual Elections
Other Americans seeking rightsOther Americans seeking rights
– Native Americans• Americans Indian
movement protested federal policy
– 1958- American Association of Retired Persons to promote health insurance for retired Americans
Other Americans seeking rightsOther Americans seeking rights
– Disability rights accommodations
• Reserved parking, ramps, wheelchair lifts, Braille buttons
– The Education for Handicapped Act
• 1990-The Americans with Disabilities Act
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