the cold war - kyrene
Post on 19-Nov-2021
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THE U-2 INCIDENT
The Soviets shot down a U-2 spy plane flying over the
Soviet Union
THE U-2 INCIDENT
The Soviets captured
the pilot, and
Khrushchev
demanded an
apology
THE U-2 INCIDENT
Eisenhower was
forced to admit that
the U.S. had been
spying (espionage)
on the Soviet Union
for years
THE U-2 INCIDENT
Through spying, the U.S. learned that the Soviet
Union’s nuclear capabilities were much weaker
than they bragged
THE U-2 INCIDENT
This event broke off
peace talks between
the two nations
JOHN F. KENNEDY
• Bay of Pigs Invasion
• An army of U.S. trained Cuban exiles invaded Cuba (a
Communist country)
• Hoped to overthrow Fidel Castro
• The invasion failed
What mistake(s) did Kennedy make?
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• To prevent another attack, the Soviets placed nuclear
weapons in Cuba
• “The greatest danger of all would be to do nothing.”
• The U.S. blockaded Cuba
• The Soviets withdrew the weapons upon the U.S. promise to
not invade Cuba
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
• The Berlin Wall (1961-1989)
• People were fleeing East Berlin to escape Communism
• Nearly 3 million!!!
• The Communists built the wall to attempt to stop this
• They claimed they built it to keep out “fascists” from West
Germany
• Before, Germans would cross the border daily for work,
shopping, and even entertainment
• On the East German side, there was a “Death Strip” with soft
sand (to show footprints), floodlights, vicious dogs, trip-wire
machine guns, and soldiers with orders to shoot
• More than 100 people were killed trying to escape
• Kennedy said, “a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war.”
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
JOHN F. KENNEDY
THE VIETNAM WAR
• French Indochina (controlled by France from 1887 – 1940) • Vietnam
• Cambodia
• Laos
• Japan invaded and took control
• Following WWII, these nations became “independent”… sort of…
THE VIETNAM WAR
• North Vietnam• Ruled by Communist
leader Ho Chi Minh
• Created the Viet Minh to free Vietnam from foreign control
• Fought against Japan DURING WWII (with the support of the U.S.)
• Fought against France and the U.S. AFTER WWII
• South Vietnam• Ruled by Anti-
Communist leader Ngo Dinh Diem• Cruel, violent, and
corrupt
• Supported by the French
• Supported by President Eisenhower
THE VIETNAM WAR
Ho Chi Minh Ngo Dinh Diem
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The 17th Parallel
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The election of 1956• Meant to determine the
fate of Vietnam (Communist or Democratic or…?)
• Ho Chi Minh = popular
• Ngo Dinh Diem = not so much
• Diem refused to hold elections in South Vietnam
• Eisenhower supported this decision
• The U.S. provided 16,000 “advisors” a.k.a. military forces (brinkmanship)
THE VIETNAM WAR
• North Vietnam• Sent Vietcong (small
bands of South Vietnamese fighters who supported the North) that used guerilla warfare• They mixed with the
general population and were difficult to identify
• They used quick surprise attacks and would quickly flee
• Diem arrested more than 100,000 of his people, tortured, and executed many of them
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
• November 1, 1963: Diem was overthrown by his own people and assassinated
• Three weeks later: President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
• President Lyndon B. Johnson increased U.S. military support
THE VIETNAM WAR
Nguyen Van Thieu
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The United States
belief: the domino
theory
• If one Southeast
Asian country fell to
Communism, many
would follow
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The Gulf of Tonkin Incident: U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin were “attacked”
• “Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with a positive reply. That reply is being given as I speak tonight!”
THE VIETNAM WAR
• North Vietnam
didn’t attack the
U.S. ships
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Passed by Congress, this gave President Johnson the power to declare war
• The U.S. began Operation Rolling Thunder (bombing raids)
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The United States strategy: limited war• They feared the
Chinese would join North Vietnam
• Napalm• A flammable liquid that
sticks to skin and is difficult to put out
• Agent Orange• A herbicide sprayed on
North Vietnam’s agricultural fields
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The Ho Chi Minh Trail: an extensive trail used by the North Vietnamese army to transport supplies and soldiers
• “There were thousands of trails, thousands of rest spots along the way where enemy troops could seek refuge and build up.”
THE VIETNAM WAR
• A frontless war• Instead of trying to gain
territory, the U.S. adopted a strategy known as attrition (kill as many enemy troops as possible and wear them down over time)
• Areas in South Vietnam became “free-fire zones”• Civilians were supposed
to have evacuated
• Anyone became a target
The My Lai Massacre
THE VIETNAM WAR
• “It became necessary to destroy the town in order to save it.”
• President Johnson had escalated the number of troops to 500,000
• American casualties had reached 15,000 killed and 109,000 wounded
• Despite the losses, the government claimed the war was being won
• Horrific war images were regularly broadcasted on television
Americans began to view the war as “senseless”
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The draft• One year of service
• Average age: 19
• Most soldiers were inexperienced
• Many avoided the draft by enrolling in college
• Civil rights issue: the poor, which were often minorities, were drafted in greater numbers since they couldn’t afford to attend college
THE VIETNAM WAR
• Hawks v. Doves
• Hawks: Prefer military
engagement
• Doves: Oppose entry
into war
• Anti-War protests
began to spread
(mostly on college
campuses)
THE VIETNAM WAR
• Pentagon protest
(1967)
• 35,000 protestors
• 2,500 armed guards
THE VIETNAM WAR
• Kent State University shooting• The National Guard was
called in to stop protests
• The ROTC building was burned down by protestors
• The next day, the National Guard opened fire on the protestors (most shot into the air, but several fired into the crowd)
• Four students were killed
ACTIVITY: THE MEDIA
a. A terrorist group that is holding an American hostage
sends your news organization a videotape of the hostage
denouncing American foreign policy. The accompanying
note states that the hostage will be released if you air the
videotape on the evening news. Do you air it, refuse to air
it, or agree to follow whichever course the U.S.
government advises?
ACTIVITY: THE MEDIA
b. One of your reporters has been given secret
government documents that show the government
has tortured foreigners arrested for involvement in
terrorist plots against Americans. Do you provide this
information to the public?
ACTIVITY: THE MEDIA
c. A wanted terrorist grants one of your reporters an
exclusive, face-to-face interview, but on the
condition that you do not reveal his hiding place -- or
any other sensitive information you learn in the course
of holding the interview -- to the government. Do you
refuse these terms and reject the interview, agree to
the terms and abide by them, or agree to the terms
but then violate them after the interview?
ACTIVITY: THE MEDIA
d. One of your reporters has written a story, based
entirely on unclassified information, that describes
some aspect of the government's anti-terrorism
policies. A government official asks you not to publish
the story because it might help terrorists avoid
capture and plan future attacks. Do you run the story
as is, kill the story, or run the story but only after
deleting any sections the government objects to?
ACTIVITY: THE MEDIA
e. One of your photographers takes a powerful,
graphic picture of a child accidentally killed by U.S.
forces during a major anti-terrorist operation. Do you
print the photograph on the front page, on a less
prominent page, or not at all? (Would you give a
different answer if the child had been killed by a
terrorist attack, or if the child had been killed during a
newsworthy event that was unrelated to terrorism,
such as a major flood or tornado? If so, why?)
YOU DECIDE
Write one paragraph explaining what role YOU
believe the media should play in a time of war.
THE VIETNAM WAR
• The Tet Offensive• North Vietnam invaded
during the Vietnamese New Year (January 30 –31)
• Surprise attack on more than 100 towns
• Killed soldiers, teachers, doctors, and priests
• 45,000 Viet Cong were killed
• No cities were captured
THE VIETNAM WAR
• Even though the U.S. “won” the Tet Offensive, Americans were worried and furious when they heard about the attack
• President Johnson’s popularity plummeted
• New tactic: PEACE!
• The problem? President Nixon won the election
THE VIETNAM WAR
• President Nixon, “Peace with honor”• Supported
“Vietnamization” (turning the war effort over to the South Vietnamese)
• More and more Americans protested
• Soldiers began to desert the military
• “Draft Dodgers” fled to Canada to avoid being drafted
THE VIETNAM WAR
• January 27, 1973, The U.S. and South Vietnam agreed to a ceasefire with the North
• March 29, 1973, American troops left South Vietnam
• The U.S. continued to “fund” the war
• By 1975, North Vietnam had captured Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, which was renamed Ho Chi Minh City
THE VIETNAM WAR
• South Vietnamese fled
• More than 1.2 million South Vietnamese refugees came to
the U.S.
THE VIETNAM
• Lasting effects• The U.S. spent more than $120 billion
• Congress lowered the voting age to 18
• The War Powers Act limited the amount of time soldiers could be sent into action
• Americans began to distrust the government
• 3 million deaths (half of which were civilians)
• Vietnam became a united Socialist nation
• Veterans were greeted by protestors who didn’t support the war and protestors who believed they lost the war
• Approximately 500,000 American soldiers suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, which in many cases, led to divorce, suicide, alcoholism, and drug addiction
• 58,200 American soldiers had died
ACTIVITY: THE VIETNAM WAR TIMELINE
Group 1: 1954-1963
Group 2: 1964-1967
Group 3: 2968
Group 4: 1969-1973
Group 5: 1974-Present
ACTIVITY: VIETNAM WAR FINAL PROJECT
THE END OF THE COLD WAR
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