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The Complete Set of AP Human Geography Cards (2009-2010)
This is the complete set of AP Human Geography Cards for the 2009-
2010 School Year. Know these and you will have most of the review
you probably need to pass the AP Test. Use them to your benefit,
expand your knowledge, and destroy that AP Test on the intellectual
battlefield! Good Luck to all of you!
-Alex George
Created By: Mr. Wiley
Compiled By: Alex George
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AP Human Geography Cards Created by Mr. Wiley -- Compiled by Alex George
© 2010
Ch. # Front of Card (Question/Definition) Back of the Card (Answer)
M A map’s smallest unit equals its Resolution
M What do Structural Adjustment Loans
Encourage
1-Selling of public resources to private companies, 2- high tax rates, 3-reducing
government expenses,4-changing citizens more services
M E.C.S.C (1951) European Coal and Steel Community, the
Precursor to the E.U.
M Fazenda Portuguese sugar plantation
M S.E. Asia straight used for shipping The Strait of Malacca
M Cumulative causation Kuala Lampur’s Industrial Growth has drained
other Malaysian cities of workers and resources
M Country with a lot of nuclear power plants France
M Velvet Divorce The peaceful breakup of Czechoslovakia
M Good Friday Peace Accords N. Ireland, Intra faith conflict, Protestant vs.
Catholics
M Continent at greatest risk for desertification Australia
M Two vernacular Regions The Sun Belt and the Rust belt
M Homeo-Static Equilibrium
M Rule by Autonomous Power over subordinate
people and place Colonialism
M Patagonia S. Argentine Plateau
M Cap and Trade System to reduce fossil fuel/carbon emissions,
Obama supports it
M Ubiquitous Industries Ex. Newspaper, Dairy, Bakery
M San Francisco Architecture 19th Century Victorian
M Cohort A group of subjects, Ex. A group of Irish
women born in 1950 forms a cohort
M Physical Culture Barrier, N/S India Vindhya Mountains
M Jatropha Haitian plant – seeds used for fuel, Bio-fuel of
the future? Used in Voodoo!
M Spanish Region of Devolution (N.E. Spain) “Catalonia”
M Masdar Arabic for source, city powered by sun wind, and earth heat, it is found in Abu Dhabi, UAE
M Coltan Cassiterite Metals use to weld electronics
M Latin word for state Standing
M Clem Jones Tunnel Opens Fall 2010, 3 miles, connects North and
South Brisbane, also Boston’s Big Dig
M 1- Accessibility, 2- Varied Function, 3-
Suburban Sense of place, 4- Office Park
Usual characteristics of an edge city
M Porto Alegre Where the world social forum is held “They
hate capitalism”
M Naples, Italy Garbage, Mafia, Dioxin
M Large country with no with no oil imports Brazil, uses ethanol made from sugar
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M Karl Marx General Theory, Capitalism creates unequal
people, communism shares resources. “Father of communism”
M What type of state Is Thailand Prorupted
M Haile Selassie 1937, Ethiopian leader who called on the
League of nations for help when Italy invaded
M Example of a Transition Zone The Sahel
M Entity of three or more states –forge
association for mutual benefit Supranational Organization
M Greenpeace World Environmental protection organization, Ex. Growth of palm oil in India, Malaysia, and
Indonesia
M Wallersteins Global Integrating Force Capitalism
M Devolution, Country 1998 Yugoslavia, Kosovo is the newest country
M Tibet Controlled by China
M Gray Pop Elderly population, Ex. Baby boom
M Sijia China’s city classified rural but with factories,
80% of China is rural
M Country that recently devolved peacefully Czechoslovakia
M Exclave
A country separate from the main part and constituting an enclave part and consisting in
an enclave in respect to the surrounding territory.
M Annexation Adding new territory to a country, Ex. Texas
and Hawaii annexed to the U.S.
M Borderland Ex. The Texas/Mexico border, an informal
region, an area with both characteristics of a country, Ex. A county mixed together
M Continent with a high level of secularism Europe
M Term for non-religious Secularism
M N. Mediterranean Sea, Indus River, East
Mediterranean Sea, Huang He river 4 Hearths of Religion
M Diwali/Kavadi Hindu Festival/Holiday in Durban, S. Africa
M Boundary Evolution Process Stage 1 – treaty written with description, Stage
2 – marked on a map, Stage 3 – demarcation formally marked with a line, fence, etc.
M Balkanization Devolution
M Yamoussoukro, Brasilia, Putrajaya 3 Forward capitals, 1- Cote D’Ivoire 2- Brazil, 3-
Malaysia
M Pampas Cattle area (North plain of Argentina)
M About 200 # of states in the world
M Smallest Country Vatican City
M Basque Separatist region and people of North Spain,
they live near Pyrenees Mountains.
M 3 Supranational examples The European Union, The Arab League, And
the UN
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AP Human Geography Cards Created by Mr. Wiley -- Compiled by Alex George
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M Forces that divide a country Centrifugal Forces
M Dry Stream Bed In the Desert Wadi
M E-Trash Any electronic trash, Ex. Old computers, Cell
Phones, etc. – they are dumped in Ghana
M T.GV Trans A Grande Vittesse (French High Speed
Trains)
M Colonia
Residential areas along the Texas/Mexico border, these communities may lack portable
water, sewer, electricity, paved roads, and safe sanitary housing
M Forces that Unite a country Centripetal forces
M Uighurs West Chinese Muslims
M Strasbourg, Brussels, and Luxembourg City The three capitals of the EU
M 3 Gorges Dam River On the Chang Jiang River
M Subsistence Agriculture Growing only enough to feed yourself
M Burakumin
Japan’s feudal era, class of Japanese forced to live in isolation because they did jobs
associated with death, leather butchering animals and digging graves
M Krona The currency of Iceland collapsed economy, bread basket loans, 100% loans, 9/11 type
event
M Rustbelt NE. US, Ex. Buffalo NY. Cleveland, Pittsburgh,
etc. – Rusting industrial base
M 5 Main categories of states
1 - Compact – Ex. Belgium, easier to defend, 2- Fragmented, Ex. Indonesia 13,000 + islands
3 – Elongated, Ex. Chile or Vietnam 4 – Perforated, Ex. South Africa
5 – Protruded, Ex. Myanmar or Thailand, or Oklahoma
M Last Plant to die in a drought (Africa) Grass Pea – last pant to die in a drought, found
in India and the United States as well
M Bhopal Chemical accident in the 1970’s, It killed about
3800 people with gas
M Example of Supranationalism Europe
M North America, Toponyms + saints Quebec and Southwestern US
M Basic Industries that provide services and goods to areas outside the urban center
Basic: Steel, Non-basic: any activity that maintains health/viability of an area, Ex.
Housing medical, shopping, entertainment
M Group/Nation without a state Kurds and the Palestinians in Israel
M The Burj Dubai The tallest building in the world
M Rhine- Rhur river valleys, N. Italy, Tokyo Plain,
and the Volga river valley Major manufacturing regions
M Irredentist One who advocates recovery of land
historically/culturally/now under foreign control
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M System of Farming, processing, packaging,
Distribution, and marketing Agribusiness
M H.D.I Human Development Index
M Campestre Wealthy area near Anapra, who run the
factories
M Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Baltic States
M Momar Khadafi Dictator of Libya
M Gave us time zones Railroads
M Population will be inversely proportional to tis
rank in the hierarchy Rank-Size Rule
M Pejorative Tending to make worse
M Grows Vegetables for city use Truck farm
M Tianamen 1989, Pro-democracy demonstration in China
M Zone of separation Frontier
M A group of culture regions, forms the most
highly generalized region Culture Realm
M Affluent Wealthy
M Vegetative Growth Natural increase of population, without any
immigration
M Idiographic Geographic research that applies to only one
region or place
M Country that did not join the League of nations The United States
M Communication and transportation systems
bring people, information and goods together Linkages
M Founder of the organization of Afro- American
Unity Malcolm X, Killed 1965
M Postmodern After modern period, critiques scientific
theories of modernists
M China’s SEZ Special Economic Zone, Guangdong Province,
Shenzhen- Fishing village adjacent to Hong Kong
M Catholic Country in the 1970’s that relaxed
contraception laws Ireland
M Spreads from small to large Reverse hierarchical diffusion, Ex. H5Ni, H5N2,
(Avian Flu Virus)
M Example of Maldative diffusion Spread of a culture trait that doesn’t seem
appropriate for the adopting population. Ex. Ranch House architecture in a snowy climate
M Bid-Rent Curve Bid-rent refers to the maximum rent that a potential real estate space user would be
willing to pay or bid for a specified location
M Temporal Means time
M Hindu outpost in Indonesia? Bali
M The most recent Glaciation of the Pleistocene Wisconican Glaciation
M Outsourcing Process of moving industrial jobs to places like
China
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M Countries/Language of the Maghreb? Atlas Mountains, Morocco, Algeria and
Tunisia, the language is Berber, some consider Libya and Mauritania as well
M Hegemon A Dominant state over others, for example,
the United States
M White Flight 1960’s, white people left cities for suburbs after school desegregation, Brown Vs. The
Board of Education 1954
M Where is the Hague (World Court) Netherlands. War/Criminal trials, etc.
M O.P.E.C. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
M Continent settled by convicts Australia
M Love Canal Buffalo, New York – Chemical dump helped to
create superfund E.P.A
M Diaspora Spreading of people, Ex. The Jews
M Country not in the UN Taiwan
M Nomothetic Relating to, involving abstract, garner, or
universal statements or laws
M Merseyside and Bootle Urban Renewal at Liverpool
M World’s longest undefended border US/Canada Border
M State with no Income tax Florida, maybe Texas and Alaska
M Growing Plants by Dividing Roots Vegetative Planting
M Economic/Political Domination, 1 state over
another Imperialism
M City in the US with 5 Boroughs New York City
M Example of City Beautiful Movement Washington D.C. and Chicago (1-
monuments,2-central planning,3-refrence to democracy, 4-neoclassic architecture)
M Applies to One Place Idio-Implies uniqueness, Idiographic
M Net National Product The aggregate measure of economic
development, it accounts for depreciation of capital and natural resources
M Capital of Baja California Mexicali (With 500+ Chinese businesses)
M Universally Applicable Nomothetic
M Includes Official Government Colonialism – included domination but with
official, institutionalized government rule
M Growth Pole
A place of agglomeration designed to spread wealth from core to periphery (most well-
known—Mezzorgiono, industrial complexes at Toronto and Bari, growth poles in France have
been less successful
M Use Raw materials to make finished goods Secondary Economic Activity
M Gazprom Russia (Natural Gas) Company
1 Independent Invention
Something that developed in many places at the same time, but they were independent of each other (Ex. The discovery of Pig Iron in the
US and UK)
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1 Distorted Shapes of landmass, map useful for
sea travel Mercator map
1 Expansion diffusion
An innovation develops in a hearth and remains strong there while spreading outward,
Ex. Islam, in this type of diffusion it doesn’t require any movement of people vs. relocation
diffusion, where people do move
1 600’ Isobath Refers to oceans and a result of the Truman
proclamation, basically the distance from the US into the oceans that count as US territory
1 Compared geography’s concern for space to
history’s concern for time Immanuel Kant
1 Area dealing with the role of culture in understanding use an alteration of the
environment Cultural environments
1 Diffusion is a segment of those who adopt the
diffusion Ex. Birkenstocks and hierarchical diffusion
1 Conurbation Randstand, large urban area of many smaller
communities
1 Spatial interaction 1 – depends on the distances 2—among places
and accessibility 3 – in transportation 4- communication connectivity
1 Projection—reduces polar exaggerations but
lacks directional utility Robinson Projection
1 Multiple Interactions between agriculture and
the natural environment Cultural ecology
1 Maps that tell stories Thematic maps
1 The spread of ideas/innovations Dissemination or diffusion
1 What do contour lines show, Isoline elevation
1 Cognitive Map Mental Map
1 Culture Trait Ex. Wearing a turban
1 Jumping scale Rescale, ex. The Zapistas in S. Mexico used this
in the internet to try and counter NAFTA
1 Places we travel to routinely Activity spaces
1 Perception of place Perceptions we develop after seeing pictures
or heaving stories of a place
1 Geographic Information Systems Used to compare a variety of spatial data, ex.
Layering of data to create maps
1 Map projection preserves correct land shapes Fuller’s Dymaxion
1 Environmental Determinism
The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various concepts of
human life, this includes culture, Alexander Von Humbolt and Carl Ritter said that humans urged geographers to adopt scientific inquiry
used by natural scientists
1 Mental map How the mind sees a place
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1 Total goods and services produced in a
year/country (within a country) GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
1 A city, urban region, office park, shopping
malls Functional regions
1 Culture Complexes equals in numbers and
strength and complexity, both are sources and adopters
Transculturation
1 Geocaching A hunt for a cache using a GPS
1 Regions with visible uniformity Formal region
1 Pandemic Worldwide outbreak of a disease
1 Arithmetic Population Density
Population per square mile, Ex. In the U.S. there are 79 people per square mile, in
Bangladesh; there are 2542 people per square mile. Egypt, 98 % of the population lives on 3%
of the land
1 Stimulus Diffusion
An idea that is not readily adopted by a new population, ex. Veggie burgers in India, where
the cow is sacred
1 Contagious Diffusion A form of expansion diffusion, nearly all
adjacent individuals are affected, example disease
1 Culture complex Ex. Cows, Maasai people drink the blood, while
Europeans drink the blood
1 Absolute Location Precise, uses grid system, latitude and
longitude
1 Time/Distance Decay Affects diffusion process from short to long
periods of time
1 Calculated the circumference of the Earth
within .5% Eratosthenes
1 First text to define basic principles of
Geography Ptolemy, 8 volume guide to geography
1 Zapistas Poor Mexicans in South Mexico, opposes
NAFTA, example of rescale
1 Map used for air navigating Azimuthal
1 Remote sensing Using satellites to collect data
1 Natural landscape, landforms, atmosphere,
climate, soil, and vegetation Physical geography
1 Example of a cultural barrier Alcohol prohibition in Muslim countries, or
features like mountains an oceans
1 Sequent Occupance Refers to cultural succession and its lasting
imprint
1 Cartographic Scale Refers to? The relation between the distance on a map
and the distance on the ground
1 Nodal Region Functional Region
1 A set of processes with no regard for borders Globalization
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1 Climate was a major determinant of
civilization Ellsworth Huntington
1 Data Assigned to intervals, colors, or patterns Chloropleth map
1 Map Making term Cartography
1 Maquiladoras Foreign owned factories just South of the US
border in Mexico
1 Example of a perceptual region Dixie
1 Pattern Notice commonalities
1 Map best used for population distribution Dot map
1 What does a large scale map show A small area
1 Relative location Using common landmarks to give
directions/locations
1 Map drawn on flat paper Projection
1 Line passing though all points of equal depth
below water Isobath
1 Greek word for Earth Writing Geography, credited to Eratosthenes
1 Term for maps that show places and
geographic features Reference map
1 Isotherms Lines connecting points of temperature values
1 View that national environment controls
human life Environmental determinism, Alex Vonhumbolt
and Carl Ritter
1 Local people meditate and alter regional
national + global processes Glocalization
1 Geographic approach that emphasizes human-
environment relationships Connectivity
1 Connectivity Refers to communications
1 Location, place, movement, human-
environment interactions, and region 5 themes of geography
1 Seriously malnourished fraction of the world 1/6th
1 Medical geography Mapping distribution of disease
1 Dot maps A dot equals a certain number of people, local scale can show individual farms, global scale
has a more generalized view
1 Accessibility Ease of getting to a place
1 Cylindrical projection – shows poorest
countries Peter’s Projection
1 Geographia Generalis Berhardus Varenius
1 Landscape The overall appearance of an area
1 Focus on how people make places, space and
society Human Geography
1 Carl Sauer and Torsten Hagerstrand Studied the impact of time and distance on
diffusion
1 Von humbolt and C. Ritter studied the nature
based on politics Political Ecology
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1 Relocation diffusion People who already adopted idea/innovation
and carry it to a new locale where they disseminate it
1 Projection with distorted land areas Mercator, direction is true
1 Cordillera Parallel mountain range
1 Rescale The Zapistas have been able to involve others
beyond local to regional/global attention, NAFTA
1 How something is distributed across space Spatial distribution
1 G.P.S. Global Positioning System
1 Reverse-Hierarchical diffusion From the spread of something (smaller and
less powerful) to larger more-powerful places, (Ex. Avian Bird flu)
1 Fashion expands though which type of
diffusion Hierarchical diffusion
1 NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement, US/Canada/Mexico, No tariffs (taxes on
deposits)
1 Anatolia Turkey
1 Spatial Space
1 What meridian runs through Greenwich
England Prime Meridian
2 Low or stationary growth Stage 4 of DTM
2 S.A.R.S. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, found
primarily in China
2 Area/Region of the world with a high birth
rate Tropical
2 Natural Increase The difference between the number of births
and the number of deaths
2 Region of the world without a large population Central America
2 Human Decisions, NOT the environment is
crucial in cultural development Possibilism
2 Megalopolis 20% of the US population, Boswash, Big super-
city
2 Epidemiologic transition model Similar to DTM, but deals with disease –
Plague on medieval Europe – Causes of death in each stage
2 CBR, CDR, LDC, MDC Crude birth and death rate, least and most
developed country
2 Population distributions Descriptions of locations on Earth where
people live
2 Chronic or degenerative diseases Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke, and Lung
diseases
2 Ecumene Proportion of the Earth that is able to be
inhabited by humans
2 Densely populated region of India Ganges River Valley, Indo-Gangetic Plain
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2 The difference between the number of births
and the number of deaths Natural increase
2 Descriptions of locations where people
(depending on scale) live Population distributions
2 Doubling time The time it takes for the population to double
2 1980’s the government wanted higher fertility
rates Sweden
2 Low growth, High Growth, Moderate growth,
Low/Stationary Growth 4 stages of the DTM
2 Moderate growth Stage 3
2 # of European countries at or above
replacement level 0
2 Sparrow Rainbow Village South Africa, where children can go with aims
to spend their last days in a clean/safe environment
2 Low Growth Stage 1
2 Example of a restrictive population policy
Policy that seeks to reduce the rate of natural increase, China, 1970’s India, 3 or more policy
equals sterilization, China’s one child, one family policy
2 Infrastructure Roads, Bridges, Canals, Railroads, etc.
2 Neo Malthusians Present day scholars to show concern, point to
human suffering
2 High growth Stage 2
2 Belief of Ester Boserup Believed overpopulation is solved by high
subsistence farmers
2 Country with 98% occupy 3% of the land Egypt
2 2 answers that represent the demographic
transition Early and late expanding
2 Forced Migration equals _____ migration Counter
2 Concept that population will grow after
fertility rates decline Demographic momentum
2 80 Million New people added each year to the world at
present death/birth rates
2 Country, abortion legal and available China
2 Example of an expansive population policy Sweden/Russia
2 General Fertility Rate Number of live births/1000 women in the
fecund range
2 Steps demographic transition theory –
economics 1 – death rate down, 2—birth rate down 3—
population levels off
2 Geographers consider birth rates above ___ as
high 20
2 Example of a Eugenic population policy Nazi Germany favored the Aryan race, white
people, blue eyes, blond hair, designed to favor 1 race or culture over others
2 Antinatialist Population policy Reduction in fertility rates
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2 Visible imprint of human activity on the
landscape Cultural landscape
2 Measure of total population relative to land Population density
2 Population growth despite a growth rate
decrease Hidden momentum like demographic
momentum
2 TP = OP+B+D+I/E Demographic change
2 AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
2 IMR Infant Mortality Rate
2 Demography The study of population
2 Malthus theory He wrote that world population would out
strip the fuel supply, Population equals geometric increase, food equals linear increase
2 Factors that make people want t leave Push Factor
2 Fecundity The ability of a women 15-45 to conceive,
2 Census U.S. counts everyone/ every 10 years
2 Physiologic Population Density
The number of people/unit area of agriculturally productive land. (Ex. Egypt’s
6319/sq. mile = high -- Switzerland is also high, and middle America/ China – Ukraine
= much lower and India is low.
2 Population composition # of men and women + their ages
2 Cause of most famine today Political instability
2 4 conditions of a changing population Births, Deaths, Immigration, Emigration
2 Country with 25% of the world’s population China
2 How many years for the population of the
world to go from 1 billion to 6 billion 100 Years
2 A period of Rapid doubling Population explosion
2 Large company with a low IMR Japan
2 African-Americans from the South to North
Industrialized cities Internal Migration
2 What does Europe’s Population axis relate to Coal fields
3 Chains of migration build on top of each other Immigration waves
3 Years congress ended quotas 1965
3 Event that altered immigration policies 9/11
3 2 Haitian dictators Papa and baby doc (Duvalier)
3 Weighs options/choices which result in
movement Voluntary migration
3 Example of cyclic movement Going to school every day, commuting,
nomadism, seasonal movement
3 Repatriate To return to the country of birth
3 Seasonal movement (while knowing the land) Nomadism
3 Non Serbian Kosovos forced out by Slobodan
Milosevic Ex. Of force migration
3 Wet foot, dry foot policy U.S. Cuban immigration policy during the
Castro years
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3 New immigrants move to areas occupied by
older immigrant groups Invasion and succession
3 Lampedusa Italian island where N. African migrants first
flee too
3 When a country lets a refugee stay due to
politics Asylum
3 3 organizations opposed to immigration
crackdowns 1 – amnesty international, 2 – human rights
first, 3 – migration policy institute
3 Papa + Baby doc Duvalier Brutal Haitian dictators, Jan Baptiste Cuistide
was ousted in coup, 1991
3 Janjaweed Sudanese militia – Brutal
3 Tobler’s first law of geography Concept of distance decay, things are less
relate farther away, they are from each othe
3 Places – often coastal where most foreign
investments goes Islands of Development
3 Soviet invasion creating refugees Afghanistan
3 4 examples of gov’t affecting migration 1)Great wall,2) DMZ Korea, 3)Berlin Wall,4) Rio Grande Fencing
3 Boat people Haitians and the Vietnamese
3 British demographer who proposed the laws
of migration Ernst Ravenstein
3 The number of illegal immigrants in the United
States Estimated to be 10 Million illegal immigrants
3 Immigration restriction act of 1901 Australia- ended all non-white immigration
3 When migrants feel less certain about distant
destinations Distance decay
3 Average number of years we move 6 years
3 Brain Drain When highly educated/skilled people leave for
other opportunities
3 African Union Supranational organization, African solutions
to African problems
3 Remittances Sending money back to homeland from jobs in
the US
3 287 (g) GA. Law that allows police to detain illegals for
immigration officials leading to maybe racial profiling deportations
3 Most migrants move… Short distances
3 Swiss farmers to elevation in summer months Returning to lower elevations in winter, Transhumance transfer of grazing areas
depending on the season
3 Where did Huichol Indians move To North Mexico
3 S. American country, Narcotics + refugees
1997 Colombia
3 Example of Periodic movement College students returning to school in the fall, migrant labor, transhumance, military service
3 Migration involving power or authority Forced migration
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3 Families are less likely…. To make international moves than young
adults
3 Stoop labor – Agriculture, Gardening, Day
care, Construction, house keeping Typical professions taken by Hispanic
immigrants
3 Operation hold the line Reduced illegal immigration, Mexicans to the
United States
3 Migration leads to attracting factors Pull factors
3 In Europe – migrant workers are called Guest workers
3 Favelas Slums of Rio De Janeiro and Sao Paulo
3 Country with a Muslim/Arab North and an
animist/Christian south Sudan
3 Canadian Diaspora 1755-1788 French Arcadians to New Orleans
3 Book that discussed African losses due to
slavery A colonizer’s model of the world by James
Blaut
3 Displaced person Internal Refugee
3 Urban residents are less migratory … Than rural migrants
3 Migrants moving longer distances Tend to be moving to big city distances
3 Kanakas
Were the Plantation workers, S. Pacific Islanders were deported by 1906, part of white Australian immigration policies, not modified
until 1972 -1979
3 When Countries deny entry due to criminal
activity, poor health, etc.
Selective immigration, an example of this was the immigration act of 1901 in Australia, it created a “White only” immigration policy
3 Dayton accords Peace agreement following the break of
Yugoslavia
3 Leicester, England On track to be the 1st European city with a
non-white majority
3 Inter-national, Intra-national International is between countries while intra-
national is within a country
3
1) migration generates counter migration, 2) most migrants move short distances, 3) longer moves are usually to cities 4) urban residents
are less migratory than rural migrants, 5) young adults NOT Families tend to move
internationally
Ravenstein’s laws of migration
3 Mariel Boatlift 1980 125,000 Cubans to the United States mainly
Miami, since Clinton, wet foot, dry foot
3 Kind of movement, military service Periodic
3 1990’s – 2005, fastest growing U.S. City Hendersonville, NV, near Las Vegas
3 Congregaciones Forced settlements of
Amerindians AKA reducciones
3 Every migration flow generates …. Counter migration
3 Example of voluntary migration Retired people to Florida
3 Emigrate, Immigrate Immigrate- coming to and staying, Emigrate-
leaving
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3 The multiplication of 2 populations/ by the
distance between them! Gravity Model
4 Culture Music, literature, dress, habits, food Education, government, and the law
4 What affects distance decay The friction of distance
4 When other culture adopt customs for their
benefit Cultural appropriation
4 Places designed for men and women Gendered
4 New England, Mid-Atlantic, Southern
Tidewater Folk-housing regions
4 Hip Hop hearth New York City, now Atlanta
4 Hutterites Reject popular culture, accept technology to help with farming and cooking, Ex. Industrial grade cooking materials in the large kitchen
4 Anabaptist Baptized again as an adult
4 What happens at one scale is not independent
of what happens at other scales Global-local continuum
4 Traditions that borrow from the past, present,
and different cultures Syncretism
4 Process of adopting culture traits or social
patterns of another group, Culture changed through interaction with another culture
Acculturation
4 Leader in regional studies or cultural
landscape Carl Sauer
4 A group, its beliefs, values and practices Non material culture
4 Reinvigorating local culture Neolocalism
4 Moving indigenous into the dominant culture Assimilation
4 Grouping culture complexes Culture systems
4 Pattison’s four traditions 1-Spatial (map), 2-Area, 3-Man-
land(environment), 4-Earth-science (Physical Geography)
4 Cultural Syncretism
When two things come together to make something new, for example, 2 religions (The Islamic and Hindu Faiths converged to form
Sikhism)
4 Large, Heterogeneous, Urban and Quick
changing traits Popular culture
4 When people in a place begin to produce an aspect of popular culture in the context of
their own local culture Reterritorialization
4 Culture change induced by the introduction of
elements of a Foreign Culture Transculturation (Coined by F. Ortiz 1947)
4 Name of Marxist geographer- critic of
privatization of public space (AKA time-space compression)
David Harvey
4 Mohenjo Daro Indus culture hearth city, Ex. Harappa
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4 How transportation and communication have
shrunk our world Space-time compression
4 Small , Homogenous, Rural, and Cohesive
Traits Folk Culture
4 A group, their art, sports, dance, food, houses
and clothes Material culture
4 The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural
landscape Placelessness, Edward Relph coined the term
4 When a commodity becomes an item to be
bought and sold Commodification
4 Where a culture develops and forms Cultural hearth
4 A practice people follow routinely Customs
4 Indus, Meso America, Andean America, West
Africa Ancient Culture Hearths
5 SPL Stationary population level
5 People with a shared biological ancestor Race
5 The degree to which two or more groups live
separately from each other Residential segregation, coined by Douglas
Massey and Nancy Denton
5 How we make ourselves Identity, Term coined by Gillian Rose
5 Brown Vs. the Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court, separate but equal facilities
are unconstitutional
5 What is socially constructed Race
5 Stereotype model minority Asians
5 Sense of place Occurs when people infuse a place with
meaning and emotion
5 Women’s Vote, which amendment (1920) 19th amendment
5 A cultures assumption about the differences
between men and women Mona Domosh and Joni Seager, this is the
definition of Gender
5 Identity with a group who share the culture of
a homeland Ethnicity
5 Highlights opposition to heteronormative and
focuses on political engagement of Queers Queer Theory, Elder, Knopp and Nast
5 Jim Crow Laws U.S. Laws designed to separate blacks and
whites
5 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Most residentially segregated for African
Americans according to the Census Bureau
5 Kerner commission, 1960 A report that staid that the U.S. was heading
toward two societies, 1 black, 1 white
5 4-29 AND 30, 1992 Riots
During arrest, video of 4 white officers beating Rodney king, not guilty verdict, worst civil
unrest in U.S. History, South Central L.A. (43 dead, 2383 Injured, 16291 arrested, 1 Billon
dollars in damage)
5 Barrioization Process – refers to barrios (Spanish word for neighborhood) For example, 4% Hispanic in
1960 to 90%+ in 2000
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5 We define ourselves as “not the other” Identifying against
5 The concept that ethnicities have the right to
govern themselves Self determination
5 Social relations stretched out Space, Doreen Massey and Pat Jess
5 Evenness, Exposure, Concentrated,
Centralized, Clustered U.S. Census Bureau, 5 statistical measurements of segregation
5 Chinese exclusion act (U.S.) 1882
5 Particular articulations of social relations Place
5 3/5 compromise Slaves counted 3/5 of person in the
constitution in the United States (U.S)
6 George Stewart
10 types of place names (1-descriptive, 2-associative, 3-commemorative, 4-
commendatory, 5-possession, 6-folk culture (plains), 7-manufactured (Lasker, N.C. –
mistakes), 8-incidents, 9-shift names-Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 10-Double names,
when two places have the same name
6 A major Altaic language Turkish
6 The number of principal language families 20
6 A more complex pidgin language (it is native to
a group) Creole Language
6 Greatest Linguistic Diversity on the Earth New Guinea
6 English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish Germanic
6 Number of official Indian languages 22
6 Khoisan (clicking sounds) oldest language of Africa
6 Sanskrit Ancient language of India
6 Statue of Pleading (1362 AD) Parliament enacted to change the official
language of court from French to English, but the parliament still allowed French until 1489
6 2 languages converge into 1 Language convergance
6 Euskera Basque language
6 1st dialects, then isolation divides languages
into discrete languages Language divergence
6 Ideogram Japan/Chinese Writing
6 African Country with almost 400 languages Nigeria
6 Preliterate People who don’t have a written language
6 Toponyms Place names
6 Russia, N. Indian Language, Iran, East and
South Austrailia Indo-European Language Family
6 Dravidian South India Language Family
6 Farsi Language of Iran
6 Ibo, Hausa, Yoruba 3 languages of Nigeria
6 English and Pilipino and Tagalog Philippines languages, Creolized Spanish is
Pilipino
6 A slight change in a word across languages Sound shift
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6 1st language spoken by homo-sapiens The mother tongue
6 Theory that early speakers of the proto-Indo-Europeans Spread westward on horses and
diffused the Indo-European tongues Conquest theory
6 Bengali The language of Bangladesh, it is also spoken
in some linked areas in India
6 U.S. states that are officially bilingual New Mexico, and Hawaii
6 Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian Uralic Languages
6 Worldwide common language of trade and
commerce Global language
6 Russification Russians encouraged to leave the Moscow
area and populate the Soviet Republic
6 The number of official UN languages 6
6 British-Argentina Malvinas – Falklands 1982 War – Britain still controls Falklands
6 Universal language based on European
languages and inflections Esparanto
6 A hypothetical language related to many
modern language families Nostratic
6 Bazaar Malay Trade Language, Myanmar to Indonesia,
Philippines and Malaysia (Southeast Asia)
6 3 Native Nigerian languages Ibo, Hausa, Yoruba
6 Urdu, Hindi, Malayalam 3 major languages of India
6 A linguistic refugee area Mountains, due to isolation
6 Dominant Language family in India Indo-European (Ex. Hindi)
6 B.R.P. British Received Pronunciation
6 Simple language (combines 2 or more languages) for quick communication
Lingua Franca
6 Afrikaan Related to Dutch, spoken by over 6 million people in South Africa and Namibia, Some
Bantu and Khosian mixed in
6 Two languages that are not mutually
intelligible German and Dutch
6 English, Chinese, Malay, Tamil Singapore
6 The way words are put together in phrases Syntax
6 Dialects most often have differences in _____ Vocabulary
6 Language published widely and purposefully
taught Standard language
6 People combining their different languages
(simplifying) Pidgin language
6 Crucial element in language Vocalization
6 Russian, Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, Serbo-
Croatian, Bulgarian, and Czech Slavic
6 Quebecois People of Quebec
6 Inuktitut Language of Nunavut
6 Canadian who doesn’t speak English or French Allophone
6 Serbian and Russian Alphabet Cyrillic Alphabet
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6 Number of official EU languages 20
6 2 Regions that speak standard Italian Florence and Tuscany
6 French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and
Portuguese Romance
6 Hypothesis, 3 sources of agriculture gave rise
to a major language Renfrew Hypothesis
6 Geographic Boundary where a particular
linguistic feature occurs Isogloss
6
Proto-Indo European Language, Languages first spread over Southwest Asia, then around the Caspian Sea (Russian Plains), and then the
Balkan peninsula
Dispersal Hypothesis
6 Mandarin and Hakka (Kejia)
The largest and smallest languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family (Corresponding in the same order, Mandarin-most spoken and vice
versa)
6 Turkish, Kazakh, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, and Uzbek Altaic Languages
6 Responsible for standardizing the French
Language Academie Francaise
6 Quechuan Peru, Incan Language
7 Attempt to destroy a certain ethnic group Genocide (Croats against the Serbs who live in
Croatia and Bosnia
7 One’s own culture is better than others Ethnocentrism
7 Taliban founded in Pakistan
7 Ashkenazim Central European Jews
7 Contemplative form of Buddhism Zen-Buddhism
7 Diocese The basic unit of geographical organization in
the Roman Catholic Church
7 Religion founded by guru Nanak Sikhism (1469-1538) Lahore, Pakistan
7 World’s Youngest major religion, Ca. 640 A.D. Islam
7 Faith linked to pagodas Buddhism
7 Division of a branch and unites local
congregations Denomination
7 Largest country of Sunni Muslims Indonesia
7 Islamic sect that believes that the Imam is the
sole source of knowledge Shiite Islam
7 Atheist System A policy of atheism used by the Soviet Union
7 Intifada Means shaking off, generally means a
Palestinian uprising
7 Mujahedeen Afghanistan’s Holy Warriors
7 Id al- Kabir Muslim holiday, practiced in Morocco
7 City neighborhood set up to be inhabited by
Jews Ghetto
7 Religion that began about 4000 years ago Hinduism
7 Mahavira – Bahu Bali The founder of Jainism – Sacred worship
statue
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7 1-Spatially concentrated, 2-born into faith, 3-converts not actively sought
Characteristics of an ethnic religion with the exception of Judaism, which is widely
scattered
7 Site of intrafaith conflict North Ireland, Protestants vs. Catholics
7 Religion diffusing at the fastest rate Islam
7 Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple at Amritsar,
Punjab Sikhism’s most holy structure
7 Concepts of Buddhism 4 noble truths (1- Everyone suffers, 2-
suffering leads to reincarnation, 3- goal is to escape suffering, 4- Nirvana
7 Mahayana, Theravada, Tantrayana Three branches of Buddhism
7 2 Christian churches in Africa Coptic Church of Egypt, Ethiopian Church
7 Church of Holy Sepulcher Site of Christ’s Tomb
7 Religion? Wards =750 People, Stakes = 5000
People Mormon church organization, Highest
authority is the board + president
7 He loosened the social barriers of caste Mahatma Gandhi
7 A large fundamental division within a religion A branch
7 Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox 3 major branches of Christianity
7 What are geomancers associated with Fung Shui
7 Religion in Korea, Nepal, Tibet, and Sri Lanka Buddhism
7 Country with 5% Muslims The Philippines
7 Taoism, Shintoism, Hinduism, Confucianism All four of them are ethnic/cultural religions
7 Catholic country in the South Pacific The Philippines
7 3 Major Sects of Isla Sunni, Shiite, Sufi
7 Fatwa Religious decree of Islam
7 Sephardim Jews of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa
7 A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin
of the universe Cosmogony
7 Ziarats A non-hajj pilgrimage
7 Nagomo-Karabakh An exclave – Azerbaijan/Armenia area
(Muslim)
7 3 Hindu Gods Shiva – the destroyer, Vishnu – the preserver,
Brahma – the creator
7 Who said religion was “The opium of the
people” Karl Marx – Vladimir Lenin and other
communists believed it as well
7 3500 years ago, monotheistic religion Zoroastrianism
7 Gilo Jewish (settlements building areas) in
Jerusalem, point of conflicts between Israel and most of the world
7 Bajrang Dal Radical Hindu group like to violence in India
7 Coptic Monophysite – that Jesus was a single divine nature, Coptic and Syrians Christians profess
this doctrine
7 Religion – a strict adherence to basic principles
and a literal interpretation Fundamentalism
7 Faith associated with Amritsar Sikhism
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7 North India conflict Kashmir, Muslims vs. Hindu
7 Green line Divided Jewish and Arab areas of Jerusalem
7 Indian Leader that grew Buddhism Asoka, emperor of the Magadha empire (273-
232 BC)
7 Rabbi Kahane Jewish extremist (anti-arab)
7 Religion with caste Hindu
7 Ancient empire that set off the Jewish
diaspora Roman Empire
7 Country that banned wearing religious
symbols to school France
7 A Political System under divine guidance Theocracy
7 1054 A.D. Catholic Church Split , Eastern Orthodox
Created
7 Islamic Pilgrimage Hajj
7 Baptized Again Anabaptist
7 A small group breaks away from a
denomination Sect
7 Region with a majority of Baptists? Southern US
7 Orthodox country, East Africa Ethiopia
7 Bodh Gaya The Bodhi tree under which Buddha taught
7 Laozi Organized Tao or Daoist faith
7 Islamic Sect in Azerbaijan Shiite
7 Buddha’s name Siddhartha Gautama
7 Islamic Holy war Jihad
7 What usually relegates women to a lesser role Religion
7 Shamanism Continent Africa
7 Animism Traditional Religion, Central Africa and the
Americas, the world is influenced with spirits and supernatural forces
7 Most widely dispersed faith Christianity
7 Eid (Muna) Islam – an Islamic Religious Holiday after the
fasting season at Ramadan (Usually the correct time for a pilgrimage to Mecca)
7 African Country with Sharia Law North Nigeria, Sudan
7 Where do they practice Lamaism of Xizang Tibet
7 Croat Faith Balkan Peninsula, Catholics (Slovenians Too),
Serbs and Montenegrins were Eastern Orthodox
7 Hinduism’s fundamental doctrine Karma
7 Translate Dali Lama to English Oceanic Teacher
8 12 + 15, Total 27
EU Members originally + members added thereafter = the number of EU members in
2009, Croatia, Macedonia/Kosovo, and Turkey have applied for membership, the EU was
founded in 1993
8 To fix or define the limit of Delimit
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8 E.C. European Community, Replaced the EEC
8 Rhinau
Region between France and Germany, Example of supranationalism, French Farmers
can work German fields without a passport since the two countries are in the EU
8 Political boundaries defined as a straight line
or arc Geometric boundaries
8 P.L.O Palestinian Liberation Organization
8 A territory occupied by a particular ethnicity and has been transformed to a nationality
Nation-State
8 1-linguistic, 2-religious,3-ethnic,4-racial Terms that connote the concept of a nation
state, Political is an exception
8 C.I.S. Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia
and surrounding countries)
8 12 original members of the E.C. France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Germany,
Luxembourg, and 6 others
8 U.S. Ally in the middle east with nuclear
weapons Israel, perhaps 200
8 3 tier structure Wallenstein’s core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries in the World Systems
theory that he developed
8 Representative districts are redrawn according
to population shifts Reapportionment
8 UNHCR United nations high commission for refugees
8 Flanders and Wallonia Dutch = Flanders, French = Wallonia
8 Boundaries that follow an agreed upon
feature in the physical landscape Physical-political boundary
8 R. Sack’s view of territorial behavior Concept of sovereignty
8 Culturally defined political boundaries
determined by patterns of religion or language Consequent boundaries
8 Autonomous states allied to the central government but not subordinate to it
Commonwealth (Ex. Puerto Rico)
8 A majority of the population is from the
minority Majority-minority districts
8 Rebuilt Europe after World War II The Marshall Plan
8 North/South Divide Colonizing countries vs. colonized countries
8 Ratzel = state, Resembles a biological
organism (Birth, maturity, decline, death) German School
8 Example of a nation-state Iceland and Denmark
8 Politically organized area, nation and state
occupy the same space Nation-state
8 Eurasian rim is not it’s heartland is the key to
global power Rimland theory – opposite to Mackinder’s
Heartland theory
8 Low education, low technology development, low wealth, low capital, are characteristics of
Periphery countries
8 Genoa, Italy Where the plague entered Europe
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8 Rule Eastern Europe, which leads to the
heartland, rule that, and rule the world island which commands the world
Mackinder’s heartland theory, Heartland and inner crescent, Later NATO was formed to
prevent expansion
8 Loyalty and devotion to a nationality Nationalism
8 Moving a capital for economic or strategic
reasons Forward capital (Ex. Brasilia)
8 Vertical plane that cuts through Earth and
Airspace Boundary
8 New world order Refers to the post-Cold War
8 Higher education, Higher technology, Higher capital, and High wealth are characteristics of
A core country
8 Brutal Uganda Dictator Idi Amin (Particularly brutal to Asians and
expelled 50,000 Asians and Asians of Ugandan descent
8 Timothy McVeigh Oklahoma City Terrorist, he detonated the
Murrah Building (Federal) in response to FBI, Waco and branch Davididians
8 Boundaries based on the median line principle
are associated with Bodies of water
8 E.E.C European Economic Community (replaced
ECSC)
8 Describes a place’s location relative to other
places Situation
8 Ancona line From Rome to Ancona (North of the boundary
is Rich, South of it is Rich)
8 Mercantilism
Economic theory (CA. 1400-1700) 3 principles (1-finite amount of gold, 2-favorable balance
of trade,3-coonies for markets and raw materials)
8 Islamabad Berlin, Kyoto, and Brasilia Forward capitals
8 Focus on the delimitation and demarcation of
a boundary Locational boundary dispute
8 Start date of capitalism 1450 A.D. “the emergence of a capitalistic
global economy”
8 A.P.E.C. Asian-Pacific Economic Council
8 Next major power – per Spykman’s theory China (he stated that power flows to larger
nations)
8 36th parallel “No fly zone” established after the first Gulf
War to protect the Kurds
8 Explains electoral patterns, power core
dominates minority groups Cleavage Model
8 1 State is dominant, Allies don’t join, but
follow Unilateralism
8 System of central Government that allows entities within to have their own laws and
customs Federal system
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8 Where Europe state model does not work Non-western
8 Sathish Dhawan Indian Space center off the East Coast, Nar
Srihavikota
8 Deccan Plateau South central India
8 Padania North Italy region of devolution
8 Divide and diminish policy
Soviets try to destroy religion in their country by separating religions from each other (Ex.
Azerbaijan and Armenia, they separated Christians and Muslims here)
8 Peace of Westphalia 1648 Recognized statehood and nationhood and
guarantees of security
8 Gov’t is highly centralized, the capital city is
the focus of power Unitary Government
8 Focus on the legal language of a boundary
agreement Definitional boundary dispute
8 Plebiscite Yes or No vote
8 Lebensraum Territory belonging to less powerful
competitors
8 Corporations/states produce goods for profit Capitalism
8 Yasser Arafat Leader of the P.L.O
8 King and parliament = democracy Bhutan
8 Loans given in exchange for economic or
governmental reform Structural adjustment loans (Given by
World Bank or IMF)
8 Unstable area with opposing political and
cultural values Shatter belt
8 Benalux Belgium – Netherlands – Luxembourg (First
multinational state)
8 A Culturally defined people with a shared past
common future and political goals Nation
8 Example of devolution, 1997 Scotland Created Scottish Parliament
8 Neighbors who differ over the way their
border should function Operational boundary dispute
8 Hamas Terrorist group in gaza
8 Territory with a permanent population,
defined territory and government (Recognized by other states)
A state
8 Focuses on Strategic Places, Ex. Mackinder’s
Heartland theory British-American School
8 ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
8 Argument of Robert Ardery in territorial
imperative Humans collect and secure territory
8 State with more than one nation within its
borders Multinational state, Ex. Yugoslovia
8 Relation between power, environment and
economic inequalities Political ecology
8 3 forces of devolution Economic, spatial cultural
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8 Thesis of Samuel Huntington
Harvard historian, he wrote the clash of civilizations and the remaking of the world, he argued that the world was bipolar, he said it would be: Judaism and Christianity vs. Islam
8 A political movement overcoming nationalism
and creating a new global government Supranationalism
8 2 examples of relict boundaries U.S. Civil war Union/Confederacy – N.S.
Vietnam
8 System in which a representative is elected
from a defined district Territorial representation
8 Example of a physical political boundary River
8 Europe – meeting of rich and powerful
countries World economic forum (Davos, Switzerland)
8 Core-Periphery
Description of the world, Core = higher levels of development (countries), Innovation, and
trade, Periphery—these countries are subjugated to those processes
8 Conference that divided Africa Berlin Conference (CA. 1884)
8 Gateway States Theory by Saul Cohen
8 Mezzogiorno Poorer Southern Italy
8 Nautical miles the delimit territorial seas ___
miles from the shore 12 nautical miles
8 Country with hyper-inflation Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
8 Semi-Periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring, paces that are exploited by the
core, but in turn exploit the periphery.
8 Who said states in border zones can become
gateway states Saul Cohen
8 Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Established modern day Turkey
8 Mercosur Central American common market, the
Andean Group, and the South Core community market
8 Leadership of the UN Secretary General
8 Organic theory Ratzel’s German School
8 A nation that stretches across borders and
states
Multi-state nation (Ex. Hungary and Romania have the nation of Transylvania in both
countries)
8 Gerrymandering Drawing voting districts for political advantage
8 Gov’t based on people are sovereign an have
the final say Democracy
8 Disputes between countries over resources Allocational boundary disputes
8 U.N.P.O Unrepresented nations and people’s
organization
8 Geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on
spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians
Critical Geopolitics
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9 Tear-downs and McMansions Change landscape, Higher House values,
Higher tax revenue for a city (Examples include Greenwich, Connecticut and Hinsdale, Illinois
9 The “Situation” of a city Is its relative location, place in the region and
the world around it
9 Urban structure proposed by c. Harris and E.
Ullman Multiple Nuclei model (CBD is losing its
dominant position)
9 Roman combination of Greek Agora and the
Acropolis The Forum = Focal point of Roman Life
9 Spatial patterns of urban areas abased on the
flow of goods and services Central Place theory
9 Combines radial sectors and concentric zones Griffin-Ford Model
9 Person who said that suburbs were becoming
self-sufficient urban entities Peter Muller
9 The city layout, physical form an structure The urban morphology
9 Rank-size rule
Rule advanced by Zipf in 1941,{ Pn = P1/n} (Pn = the population of town ranked n, P1 = the
population of the largest town, /N = the rank of the town) For example, if the population of the largest town is X, then the 2nd largest has a population of X/2, 3rd larges has a population
of X/3
9 Places created by media and reshaping cities Spaces of consumption
9 Name 3 classical models of urban structur Concentric, Multiple Nuclei Model and, Sector
Model
9 Laws that outline what activities can occur at
that city site Zoning laws
9 Japan’s historic capital Kyoto
9 Zone of situ accretion
As opposed to a zone of maturity, better residences, etc… This zone is in a constant
state of flux. Residents move in and out according to lifestyle and status, variety of
houses styles, size, and quality – Griffin Ford Model predicted they would improve over
time
9 5 rings of the Burgess Model 1—CBD 2—Zone of transition, 3—Zone of Independent worker’s homes, 4—zone of better residences, 5—commuter’s zone
9 Geographer that studied the medium size
cities of S.E. Asia? T.G. McGee
9 Typical Spatial behavior of a sector model of
city structure In and out of downtown
9 Example of New Urbanism Seaside, Florida – West Laguna, California – Kentland’s, Maryland – Celebration, Florida
(Disney built this in 1994)
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9 Derived the model of a Latin American City Griffin-Ford model, Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford
9 2 spaces of consumption New York Time’s Square and Berlin’s
Potzdammer Platz
9 Restoring urban areas with money from
affluent people, this leads to the displacement of the poor
Gentrification
9 High Threshold, Highest Range (Central Place
Function) Neurosurgery Complex
9 The first urban revolution The innovation of the city, it occurred independently in 5 separate hearths
9 The economy not taxed and Not counted in
the G.N.I. Informal Economy
9 City that dominates culturally an economically Primate city
9 “Boston” Special zone of city with worst
poverty
Empowerment zone
9 Spatial components of metropolis where a
realm is a separate entity
Urban Realm (economic, political, social entities that Make up larger metropolitan
framework
9 The city and its surrounding environs
(connected to the city) Urban
9 Banks identify risky neighborhoods and refuse
to do loans mortgages Redlining
9 Greek city – highpoint with the most
impressive buildings Acropolis (Ex. Parthenon of Athens)
9 3500 B.C.E. Ur and Babylon First known cities (Mesopotamia)
9 Core of a city CBD (Central Business District)
9 New city – away from the CBD – new office
and retail space Edge city (Ex. Tyson’s Corner,VA)
9 Agents buy homes with scare tactics and resell
at high prices Blockbusting
9 Goal of a gated community Safety, Security
9 Least urbanized (US, Australia, Japan, or
China) China
9 The physical character of a place Site
9 1-sail wagon 2-iron horse,3-steel rail,4-car and
air travel
Borchert’s model of urban evolution (1--1790-1830, 2--1830-1870, 3--1870-1920, 4--1920-
Present)
9 The division of the city into certain zones for
certain functions Functional zonation
9 Provide legibility of urban environments Kevin Lynch’s book – impacted urban planners
9 Model for the modern European State Greece
9 Post Industrial revolution, location of the first
manufacturing cities British Midlands
9 Etruscans Early Romans
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9 1-Inter-National Headquarters, 2-Global
financial center, 3-polarized social structure World cities
9 Greek word for market and the focus of
commercial activity Agora
9 Cities that function on a global scale, beyond state borders and are world service centers
World cities
9 The Beaux arts Combines Greek and Roman Architecture with
renaissance, (1885-1925)
9 2 keys to the formation of cities Agricultural surplus and social stratification
(leadership class)
9 Central place theory Explains regional organization of urban areas
based on functional services and goods offered (Walter Christaller)
9 # of CBD’s in most African Central cities 3
9 Who laid the groundwork for central place
theory Walter Christarller
9 What does the “hinterland” reveal Its economic reach
9 Perifercio Area of little law enforcement, drug lords
often run the area (Latin America) – Beyond the ring highway = perifercio
9 Area between Tigris and Euphrates rivers Mesopotamia
9 Conglomeration of buildings, and people
serving as the center of politics, culture, and economics
A city
9 Poorest areas of Latin American cities – sometimes on connected to regular city
services Disamenity sector
10 Relationship between the potential labor force
and the remaining population of a country Dependency ratio
10 Sierra Madre Oriental Occidental The Oriental range is eastern Mexico and the
Occidental mountain range is in western Mexico
10 Opposite of dispersal
Agglomeration, and example of this is something in a clump, Economic geography =
the distribution of industry Scattered Dispersal: For example a firework
going off
10 Children/Adults that have been
bullied/deceived into bad situations Trafficking
10 4 new industrial countries Hong Kong, South Korea, Brazil, and China
10 World systems analysis Asserts world’s countries are divided into 3
subgroups: Core, semi-periphery, an periphery, it is driven by capitalism
10 Topocide Planned destruction of a site for a new
industrial center
10 2 megacities Mexico city and Sao Paulo
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10 Loans given to women to encourage small
business Microcredit program
10 Disease is spread by 1 person to another by an
intermediate host Vectored disease, like malaria by mosquito
10 E.P.Z.’s Export Processing Zones
10 N.A.T.O.
(North American Treaty Organization) A military alliance with Europe and the United States, It was create after World War Two in an effort to balance power against the USSR
10 Central American country of ecotourism Costa Rica
10 Measures production within a country GDP
10 El Salvador’s Colon Abandoned Dollarization
10 Connects distribution an production for world
market Commodity chain
10 1835-1935 Peak era of colonialism
10 Marshall Plan Rebuilt Europe after World War II, it cost 12 Billion dollars and it lasted from 1948-1952
10 Not earning a living wage Underemployment
10 Political/Economic controls limit the
development of poorer countries Dependency Theory
10 East Russian Port Vladivostok
10 Continent that is 2/3 desert Africa
10 Processes that increase: interactions,
relationships, and interdependence with no regard for borders
Globalization
10 Rail, Roads, Airports, T.V. , Radio, Telephone Infrastructure
10 Birthplace of the Skyscraper Chicago
10 Writer of (Framework) for understanding the
legibility of urban environments Kevin Lynch
10 Relationship between the potential labor force
and the remaining population of a country Dependency ratio
10 Toshka Canal Artificial Nile project in Egypt
10 Manufacturing activities where the cost of
transporting raw materials and the product is not important for the location of the firm
Footloose industry (Ex. Electronics – many that assemble component parts in high tech
equipment, manufactured with high levels of information and brainpower, the same goes for some forms of food processing,) another
example is the diamond industry
10 Money produced in a country and the income
from outside investments G.N.I (Gross national income)
10 Microscale, the neighborhood effect The Neighborhood effect occurs when
diffusion is most rapid around the original innovator
10 Al necessary services to sustain and provide
for a local population Ancillary activities
10 I.M.F. International Monetary Fund
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10 N.G.O.’s Non-governmental organizations not run by
Government and usually non profit
10 P.L.V.I
Peak Land Value intersection, where the highest land value is in a city, Bid-cent curve
shows how much someone is willing to pay for land
10 Exurbanization Moving out of a city to quiet natural rural
setting
10 Agronomy The science of using plants for (fuel food +
fiber food)
11 Village Form for conquistadors Grid
11 Source of Sugar – 25 % of world supply Sugar beet
11 Olives, citrus, figs, dates Mediterranean agriculture (Found in the Mediterranean sea, Central Chile, South
Africa’s Cape, Southwest and South Australia)
11 Boreal or Taiga North Russian and Canadian Forest
11 Tertiary Sector Service sector
11 Milpa and Patch Agriculture Slash and burn
11 IR 36 Green Revolution by 1992 the most widely grown crop on Earth (Improvements have
been made since the release of IR 36)
11 Word for Equal Egalitarian (Early Agricultural societies were
this)
11 Source of fast food beef Trend – South and Central South America
11 Productivity Higher productivity equals more produced
with less people
11 Rubber trees were first tapped (location) Brazil-Later transplanted to SE Asia
11 System for climate classification based on
temperatures and rainfall Koppen climate classification system
11 Hacienda System Large land holdings in Argentina and Brazil
(Status)
11 Von Thunen’s Rings 1-central city, 2-market gardening/dairy, 3-
forest,4-fieldcrops/grains, 5-livestock ranching
11 Saur theory of plant domestication 1st planting root crops
11 Number of people practicing shifting
agriculture 150-200 million worldwide today
11 Fallow Letting a field rest, no crops for at least a
seasonal to regain nutrients
11 Eastern European term for Round Village Rundling
11 Rainbow Warrior Greenpeace ship sun by the French
Government in protest of French nuke testing at Auckland Arbor, 1 died
11 Products closest to the ground, for example:
Agricultural, Ranching, Fishing, Forestry, Mines and Quarries
Primary economic activities
11 Average acres of a China Farm ½ of an acre
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11 Open grazing area of Southern Africa Veld
11 Von Thunen 1-central city, 2-market gardening/dairy, 3-
forest,4-fieldcrops/grains, 5-livestock ranching
11 Land ordinance of 1785 Broke up the N.W. Territory into townships, 6
miles square
11 Coffee’s % of the retail price is returned to the
grower under fair trade 40%
11 Location of Bio-Diesel Growth Arid regions of the Great Plains
11 The Enclosure act Britain encouraged the consolidation of fields into large, single-owner holdings, part of the
second agricultural revolution
11 Example of a primary activity Coal mining
11 Primary product and then manufacture into
things like toys, ships, and buildings Secondary economic activity
11 4500 years ago, the number of domesticated
animals 14
11 U.S. 2% of food production Organic
11 5 zones (tropical, dry, mid-warm, mid-cold,
polar) Vladimir Koppen
11 Theory of Lee Liu Chinese take less care of lands far away from the center of the village, compare with Van
Thunen
11 Depending on one Agricultural commodity Monoculture
11 Roundup Weed killer, for soybeans and cotton
11 Leading export crop Wheat, in 2008
11 What began the first agricultural revolution Cultivation of seed crops (probably
Mesopotamia)
11 What is grown an a truck farm Vegetables
11 5 domesticated mammals 1-Cow,2-Sheep,3-Horse,4-Pig,5-Goat – Jared
diamond he wrote this in his book: Guns, Germs and Steel
11 Natural features use to demarcate irregular
parcels of land Metes and bound survey found on the Eastern
Coast of the United States
11 Most prevalent rural residential patter for
world agriculture Nucleated
11 Tea, coffee, cacao and tobacco Luxury crops
11 Country with livestock for export Argentina
11 The production of crops without industrialized
pesticides and fertilizers Organic agriculture
11 Cash crops on large estates Plantation agriculture
11 Type of agriculture found in tropics or sub-
tropics Shifting Culture
11 4 economic cores where organics sold 1-US,2-Canada,3-Japan,4-Europe
11 G.M.O’s Today, 75% of all U.S. Processed food are from
Genetically Modified Organism
11 5 village forms 1-linear, 2-cluster, 3-Round, 4-Walled, 5-Grid
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11 Cadastral system
Township + range system adopted post-revolutionary war. 1 square mile was the basic unit, bought in whole, half or ¼ sections. Much
of Canada was surveyed this way too.
11 Longlot survey system Maritimes, Quebec, Los Angeles, Texas,
Narrow parcels of land stretching from rivers.
11 Model in which land value decreases from the
urban center Von Thunen, basic idea
11 Cattle domestication occurred where South Asia
11 Basic and Non-basic functions Steel mill and grocery store respectively
11 Activities tied to research or higher education Quinary Economic activities
11
Industries that require high skill and knowledge, (Ex. High level management +
scientific research) – decision to create E.P.A. Human cloning, bids on new military fighter jet
Quinary Industries – Example—Kyoto Treaty – Things that supposedly make the world a better place or improve socio-economic
setting
11 Service Sector, activities of Info, capital ($), or
goods (Ex. Finance, Administration, Higher ed.) Quaternary, any activity involving the
collection, processing, distribution of info.
11 Tubers, Manioc, Cassava, and Yams Root crops, reproduced by cultivating roots or
cuttings from plants
11 3rd agricultural revolution IR 38, IR 36 (Green Revolution – Started
approximately in the 1930’s)
11 Amaranth Cereal (Ex. Lucky Charms, Wheaties, and
Cheerios)
11 Economic Activity at the highest level of
decision making Quinary Economic Activity
11 Vietnam’s Rice Bowl Mekong River
11 Sawah A flooded rice field for rice farming
11 4 issues of the green revolution
Plants: 1-Take More water, 2-Less nutrition, 3-more fertilizer (Which equals to more money spent on that), 4- more susceptible to disease and pests (due to genetic engineering which makes the “immune” system of the plants
more vulnerable to new diseases)
11 Java – villages every ½ mile on the rural road Nucleated settlements
11 Campesinos Mexicans who live and work in rural areas
11 Centuries of the 2nd agricultural revolution 17th and 18th centuries
11 Primogeniture Eldest son inherits all
11 Cultivate between the rows of a crop Intertillage
11 Swidden Agriculture Slash and Burn Agriculture
12 “Big Box” Store Ex. Sam’s Club and Wal-Mart
12 Intermodal connections Places where two or more modes of
transportation meet (Ex. Air, Ship Barge, Rail, etc.)
12 Theory – Why are villages, towns, cities,
spaced the way they are? Location Theory
12 T.N.C. ‘s Transnational Corporations
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12 Bulk Reducing Process Ex. Copper refining – a process that produces a
product lower in weight than its original process
12 Cargo is transferred from one mode of
transportation to another Break of Bulk Point
12 Lowest order of Goods or Service Gas Station
12 Firm comprised of smaller firms that serve
different functions Conglomerate Corporation
12 Multiplier Leakage
Multi-national corporation invests and builds secondary industries like factories in
peripheral regions and send most profits to core Head Quarters
12 Kanto Plain Japan’s dominant region of Industry and Urban
12 Movement of Northerners to south and
Southwest Sunbelt Phenomenon
12 Distribution and use of products These are tertiary economic activities
12 Hong Kong, Taiwan, S. Korea, and Singapore “4 economic tigers”
12 New Industrial Country
Country with a strong industrial base so it can compete in a global economy rather than
remaining a neocoloninal country dependent on former colonial masters (Ex. Indonesia is a
country that is no one of these)
12 Theory of Alfred Weber – optimal Location of
Manufacturing in relation to cost of transportation and labor
Least Cost Theory
12 Technopole
An area panned for High tech where agglomeration built on synergy among tech companies occurs. (Ex. Outside of Boston, Rt
28 corridor, Silicon Valley, Telecom Corridor – Plano-Richardson outside Dallas )
12 Distance requires money, energy to overcome
distance, spatial interactions tend to occur over shorter distances
Friction of Distance
12 3 Points of Weber’s Least Cost Theory
1-Transportation, 2-Labor Costs, 3-Agglomeratin – Hotelling’s – Locational
interdepenance (Ex. 2 ice cream vendors). Losch’s – Profit Maximization
12 J.I.T. Production Just in time manufacturing, Toyota – optimal
loan production
13 Pleistocene Overkill Theory Hunter-gatherers caused extinctions at the
end of the last ice age (Ex. Wooly Mammoths)
13 Continent most likely for desertification Australia
13 The notion women are better
environmentalists ecofeminism
13 Madrid Protocol Theory 50+ Nations agree to use Antarctica for
science, no permanent residents
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13 Current Warm Period Holocene
13 Kruger national Game Reserve Site of Israel, N.E. South Africa
13 Kyoto Treaty
Kyoto Protocol—a relatively recent attempt of the world’s nations to reduce greenhouse
gases, -- U.S. President George Bush refused to sign on
14 LETS Local Exchange Trading System – a local
currency is developed for goods and services, it is an informal economy
14 Cross-Promotion of vertically integrated goods Synergy
14 People or corporations who control access to
information Gatekeepers
14 Washington Consensus Principles of Free Trade:1-Privatize state-
owned entities, 2-remove trade barriers, 3-encourage foreign investment
14 Set of interconnected nodes without a center Networks
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