the environment and development chapter 10. group members o zaheer u din qadir o muhammad sufian o...
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The Environment and Development
Chapter 10
Group membersO ZAHEER U DIN QADIRO MUHAMMAD SUFIAN O BILAL NAZIR QADRIO ASADO NADEEM ASHRAFO AYESHA AKHTAR
10-2
Economics and the Environment
O Environmental issues affect, and are affected by, economic development
O Poverty and ignorance may lead to non-sustainable use of environmental resources
10-3
Environment and Development: The Basic Issues
O Sustainable development and environmental accounting
10-4
Environment and Development: The Basic Issues
10-5
nm DDGNINNI *
Sustainable net national product is:
WhereNNI* is sustainable national income
GNI is Gross national incomeDm is the depreciation of manufactured
capital assetsDn is the depreciation of environmental
capital
Environment and Development: The Basic Issues
10-6
ARDDGNINNI nm *
Alternatively, sustainable net national product is:
WhereNNI*, GNI, Dm, and Dn are as before R is expenditure needed to restore
environmental capitalA is expenditure required to avert
destruction of environmental capital
Environment and Development: The Basic Issues
O Sustainable development and environmental accounting
O Population, resources, and the environment
O Poverty and the environmentO Growth versus the environmentO Rural development and the
environment
10-7
Environment and Development: The Basic Issues (cont’d)
O Urban development and the environment
O The global environment
10-8
The Scope of Environmental Degradation: A Brief Statistical Review
O Environmental problems have consequences both for health and productivity
10-9
Table 10.1
10-10
Table 10.1 (cont’d)
10-11
Rural Development and the Environment: A Tale of Two Villages
O Representative African villageO Representative South American
village
10-12
Traditional Economic Models of the Environment
O Privately owned resources
10-13
Figure 10.1
10-14
Figure 10.2
10-15
Traditional Economic Models of the Environment
O Privately owned resourcesO Common property resources
10-16
Figure 10.3
10-17
Traditional Economic Models of the Environment
O Privately owned resourcesO Common property resourcesO Public goods and bads: regional
environmental degradation and the free-rider problem
O Limitations of the public goods framework
10-18
Figure 10.4
10-19
Urban Development and the Environment
O The ecology of urban slumsO Industrialization and urban air
pollution
10-20
Figure 10.6
10-21
Urban Development and the Environment
O The ecology of urban slumsO Industrialization and urban air
pollutionO Problems of congestion and the
availability of clean water and sanitation
10-22
The Need for Policy Reform
O The recognition that action to reduce environmental hazards has been insufficient is now widespread
O However, budgets are limitedO Better pricing policies would improve
mattersO Inclusion of women in the design of
environmental policy is important
10-23
The Global Environment: Rain Forest Destruction and Greenhouse Gases
O Many scientists are alarmed by recent evidence regarding ozone depletion and global warming
O Economists also are concerned with the costs of global climate change
O The solutions seem to involve both LDCs and industrialized countries
10-24
Policy Options in Developing and Developed CountriesO What LDCs can do
O Proper resource pricingO Community involvementO Clearer property rights and resource
ownershipO Improved economic alternatives for
the poorO Improved economic status of womenO Industrial emissions abatement
policies10-25
Policy Options in Developing and Developed Countries (cont’d)
O How developed countries can help LDCsO Trade policiesO Debt relief and debt for nature swapsO Development assistance
O What developed countries can doO Emissions controlsO R&DO Import restrictions
10-26
Table 10.2
10-27
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