the exterior, nervous, urinary, and endocrine systems of domestic animals animal science ims 8646-f
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The Exterior, Nervous, Urinary, and Endocrine Systems of Domestic Animals
Animal ScienceIMS 8646-F
Introduction An agricultural producer should be
knowledgeable of that A&P of livestock.
We will discuss 4 systems throughout these notes.
Nervous System Consists of two major parts:
The Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic Nerves
Nerves that control voluntary movements Autonomic Nerves
Nerves that control involuntary actions like the heart, intestines, and glands
CNS
PNS
Functions of the Nervous Sys. 1. To organize physical movement
2. Respond to the actions of all the senses, either internal or external
Nerves
Consists of 2 parts: Neuron = nerve cell
Axon = long fiber Dendrites = branched
Synapse Point at which the dendrite
connects to the axon
Parts of the Brain Cerebrum
Largest part, relative to body size in smarter animals In charge of thinking process, reacts to sense stimuli
Cerebellum Coordinates messages for transmission to the body Controls muscle performing activities, if damaged
incoordination may result, but not paralysis
Pons & Medulla Oblongata Together control reflex actions i.e. blinking, vomiting, breathing, swallowing Independent
Cow’s Brain
Sheep and Pig’s Brain
Human Brain
Spinal Cord The main avenue for message
transferals Divided into 5 segments: what are
they?
External Anatomy Skin is the largest organ! Hair, wool, horns, feathers,
toenails, and hooves are modified extensions of the skin
What is cloven hooves?
Functions of Skin To protect against disease and
infection and to regulate body temperature.
Contains glands for secretion and excretion and sensory nerves to help animals react to their environment.
Skin
Consist of two layers: Epidermis
Outer layer of the skin and contain no blood cells
Dermis Inner layer of the skin and contains
blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers
Primary Glands Sweat glands Sebaceous glands
Secrete oily substances to lubricate the skin and hair
Sweat Gland
Sebaceous gland
UrinarySystem Consists of:
Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
Kidneys Located in the abdominal cavity
just under the lumbar vertebrae Consists of:
Renal cortex = outer portion Renal medulla = inner protion
Kidneys
Functions of kidneys 1. Filter waste products form the
blood
2. Regulate blood composition
Ureters Are tubules that connect the
kidneys with the bladder and transport urine from to bladder as well.
Bladder An expandable sac that stores the
urine until it is expelled from the animal’s body
Urethra Elastic tubule that carries urine
from the bladder outside the body
Chickens don’t have one.
Endocrine System Many cells in the animals body rely
on the interaction of chemical substance that are secreted by the endocrine glands.
The glands are small and located in various parts of the body.
They secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Pancreas In females releases oxytocin and
that causes an immediate release of milk in lactating females
Hormones After being secreted in the
bloodstream they perform specific duties including growth, fattening, reproduction, lactation, and egg laying. The animal production depends on the level of the correct hormones.
Pituitary gland Master Gland Anterior pituitary
Controls hormones If removed the animal will not grow or
reproduce. The other glands will then shrink and stop functioning.
Hypothalamus Located above the pituitary gland
and regulates the functions. Hormones produced here are
transported by means of portal blood vessels
Thyroid Located on either side of the
trachea. Produces Thyroxine
Controls growth and energy production.
Calcitonin a hormone produced by the thyroid controls blood levels of calcium and bone density.
Vocabulary Terms Autonomic Nerves Hormones Somatic Nerve Glands
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