the federalist period

The Federalist Period

1788-1815Washington, Adams,

Jefferson, Madison

Terms—see Constitution notes

1. Land Ordinance of 17852. Northwest Ordinance of

17873. Township4. Vermont5. “Demigods”6. New Jersey Plan7. Virginia Plan8. The Great Compromise

9. Electoral College10. The Three-Fifths

Compromise11. Federalists12. Anti-Federalists13. The Great Debate14. Four “Laggard” States15. The Federalist Papers16. Washington’s Chair

Land Issues

Land Ordinance of 1785• Greatest accomplishment of

The Articles of Confederation• Provided for orderly creation

of territorial governments and new states (Ohio was first from NW territory)• Land sold would pay public

debt• Supported public education• Established townships (6 X 6)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• 60,000 inhabitants could lead to statehood• Excluded slavery north of

the Ohio River• Gave new states same

status as the original thirteen• Public education required

religious indoctrination

Review Terms• Republicanism—government is based upon the consent of

the people voiced through elected officials

• Separation of Powers—Hamilton wrote, “There is no liberty if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.”

• Checks and balances—the president has the power to veto a bill passed by Congress but Congress has the power to override the president’s veto

• Anti-Federalists—against a powerful president, heavy taxes, standing army, weak state governments, and feared for the rights of the individual

I. Rise of Political Parties—see Constitution notes

Federalists• Hamilton’s philosophy and

followers

• How did Washington view parties?

Democratic-Republicans• Jefferson’s philosophy and

followers

II. Washington—two terms

A. Judiciary Act of 1789—established court system—John Jay named chief justice of The Supreme Court

B. Bill of Rights

C. Washington’s inauguration and precedents (John Adams was vp)

D. Capital—NYC—Pierre L’Enfant hired to design Fed. City (Banneker assisted)

E. First Cabinet…

First Cabinet

Secretary of State—Jefferson

Secretary of Treasury—Hamilton

Secretary of War—Henry Knox

Attorney General—Edmund Randolph

III. Hamilton’s Financial Program

A. Debts: $12 million owed to other nations, $44 mill to Ams., $25 mill to states

B. Goal: establish credibility—Bonds issued; Scrip issued (pay certificates)

C. State debts paid (Capital Compromise)

D. National Bank Established with 20 year charter and public stock—opposition led by Jefferson

E. Coinage System in The U.S. Mint

F. Excise Tax issued—led to Whiskey Rebellion (put down by GW)

Whiskey Rebellion

G. Protective tariff proposed to help American Industry--rejected

H. Effects of Hamilton’s policies included stimulation of American business and credibility

Tariffs•A tariff is a tax placed on goods being imported into a country from another nation. Tariffs have existed for hundreds of years, and most nations still use them today. The U.S. established its first tariff in 1789 in order to raise money for the government to operate. The tariff system worked. In 1800, for example, tariffs raised 83% of the government’s total revenue.

•Tariffs have another purpose: they can protect a nation’s own industries from too much foreign competition. A tariff raises the price of imported goods that might ordinarily be cheaper. When that happens, however, consumers end of up paying the higher prices.

• http://www.businessinsider.com/americas-biggest-tariffs-2010-9?op=1

Effects of High and Low TariffsTypes of Tariffs Government

RevenueEffect on Nation’s Own Industries

Effect on Nation’s Own Consumers

High High High profits: sales and production up, competition from foreign products down

High prices: tariff raises prices of foreign goods, consumers pay more

Low Low Low profits: sales and production down, competition from foreign products up

Low prices: foreign goods cost less, consumers pay less

•Which type of tariff would earn more money for the government?

•Which type of tariff would create higher prices for consumers?

•Which type of tariff would lower business profits?

•Who would favor higher tariffs? Lower tariffs?

•During the Federalist Era, the value of American exports was never greater than the value of imports in any single year. Based on this evidence, would you expect later government officials to raise or lower American tariffs? Why?

•Are current tariffs high or low?

IV. Foreign Policy

A. The French Revolution—rebellion of lower classes led to mob rule and the murder of many—American policy was neutrality

B. Expulsion of Genet

C. Haitian Slave Rebellion led by Toussaint L’Ouverture prompted fears of U.S. slave revolts

D. Complications with Britain

•Indian uprisings in NW Territory encouraged by British

•Battle of Fallen Timbers—last battle in Ohio Valley between General Wayne and Western Confederacy (Shawnee, Delaware, Miami)

•Impressment

E. Treaties

Jay’s Treaty—U.S. and GB—England would leave the Ohio Valley; allowed Americans to trade in West Indies; discussed impressment of American sailors

Pinckney’s Treaty—U.S. and Spain—America was allowed to use the Miss. River (right of deposit) and store goods at New Orleans; Spain would respect American borders and not aid Indian uprisings

F. Washington’s Farewell Address

Very important—Warned against:

parties, military alliances, and foreign entanglements

GW: Honored by Revolutionaries Everywhere

•Died in 1799

•Provided manumission for his slaves in his will

•At his death, Washington was eulogized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" by Henry Lee.

Review Washington’s Administration

•See Docs A, B,C

•See textbook Chapter 7—pages 214-223 and list important terms to know

John Adams —View Part 5

1. Describe Adams’ personality in three ways.2. How did Abigail influence him?3. How did Adams come into conflict with

Jefferson?4. How did Adams view the Vice-Presidency?5. Name five problems of the new nation

under Washington and Adams.

V. Election of John Adams—1796 (very ugly campaign against TJ who became VP)

A. XYZ Affair—France (under Talleyrand) made demands about American loans and bribes

• “Millions for defense; not one cent for tribute!” (JA)

•France and U.S. fought an undeclared war on the seas for three years

B. Alien and Sedition Acts

•Americans distrusted French immigrants

•Rights suspended regarding citizenship

•Deportation of many French

C. Opposition by TJ and Madison

•Wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions—nullified the A and S Acts because they violated the Bill of Rights

•nullify=to make null and void a federal law within a state•Could they do that?•Can states defy federal law today?

Federal City• Adams moved from Philadelphia to the swampy

construction area of the new capital

D. Split of Federalist Party

•“High”—Hamilton

•“Low”—Adams

•Adams was not re-elected

•Last minute appointments— “Midnight Judges”

Review the Washington and Adams Administrations—chapter 7, p. 214-231—list important terms to know

Terms for Ch. 7--Jeffersonianism

1. mudslinging2. Sally Hemmings3. “Revolution of 1800”4. “Responsibilty breeds moderation”5. Marbury v. Madison6. “judge breaking”7. Barbary Wars8. Right of deposit9. Louisiana Purchase

10. Meriwether Lewis 11. William Clark12. Sacajawea13. “Great White Chief”14. Aaron Burr15. Embargo Act16. James Madison17. “War Hawks”18. Tecumseh19. Tippecanoe

VI. “Revolution of 1800” (Election of T. Jefferson)

A. Deadlock in House of Representatives between Jefferson and Burr Burr became VP 12th Amendment followed

B. The Common Touch—his inauguration, manner, life at Monticello

C. Architect, linguist, botanist, philosopher, inventor, musician, diplomat, … family man?

VII. Jefferson AdministrationA. Supreme Court Case: Marbury v. Madison—

established judicial review—chief justice was John Marshall

B. Louisiana Purchase, 1803—original plan, negotiations with Napoleon, $15 million, constitutional issue

C. Lewis and Clark Expedition (with Sacajawea)

Louisiana Purchase APUSH Details• Jefferson sent men to France to buy New Orleans only for $10 million

• Napoleon was nervous about uprising of natives in Haiti and needed money to fight war against England

• Jefferson’s philosophy as a strict constructionist did not allow him to buy it—but he was pragmatic and did what was best for the country

• He envisioned an agrarian America—the heartland

• Greatest deal in history—over 800,000 square miles for $15 million (4 cents an acre)

• Final cost of New Orleans? About $7!

• The control of the Mississippi River was the most important geographical advantage

• The Missouri River provided a significant travel route westward

• Note: explorers had long searched for an all-water route from the East to the West coast of North America. The Lewis and Clark expedition proved that there was no all-water route westward

• Spain could have challenged the purchase

More TJ…

D. VP Burr killed Hamilton in a duel

E. Barbary Wars against N. African Pirates

F. Embargo Act—no trade with warring countries (England and France)—disaster

Duel

Jefferson Memorial

•Built in 1930s under FDR

•19 foot statue added in 1940s

•Supposed to embody the ideas of The Enlightenment

•Modeled on the Pantheon in Rome

VIII. Key Tenets of Jeffersonian Democracy (APUSH)A. “End of Federalist Decade”—Revolution of 1800

B. Yeoman farmer exemplifies virtue and independence from the corrupting influences of cities, bankers, financiers, and industrialists--Populism

C. The federal government must not violate the rights of the states-- “states rights” exemplified by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

D. Freedom of speech and press are essential rights since governments must be closely watched. The Alien and Sedition Acts violated this principle

E. “Republican Virtues”

•Activities and powers of federal government should be reduced

• “Responsibility breeds moderation”

F. Women• Cult of Domesticity refers to the idealization of women in their

roles as wives and mothers

• “Republican Motherhood”—women were responsible for rearing their children to be good citizens, emphasizing family and religious values, strong moral character and sound political ideas

•Middle class Americans viewed the home as a refuge from the world rather than a productive economic unit

• (Later the educator, Catharine Beecher, wrote about this)

Documents Activity—Pair Up (A/B)

A

• Read Alien and Sedition Acts—p. 1• Summarize with 3 points• Explain the answer to #2• Explain short term effects• Explain #5

B

• Read Alien and Sedition Acts• Explain the answer to #1• Explain the answer to #3• Explain long term effects• Read Jefferson’s quote at

the bottom and explain it to A

Read/Scan Jefferson’s Speech

A•Would you vote for TJ in 1800? Explain why or why not.

B•Would you vote for TJ in 2016? Explain why or why not.

Letters to their Children

A

• Read Adams letter• Summarize with three main

points to B• Choose one word to

describe Adams as a parent•Would you want him as a

guest speaker in our class? Explain your answer to B.

B

• Read Jefferson’s letter• Summarize with three main

points to A• Choose one word to

describe him as a parent•Would you want him as a

guest speaker in our class? Explain your answer to A.

A and B--Consensus

•Decide which man would make the better guest speaker for our class and be ready to defend your choice.

•A4—

•5th—

Results for Guest Speaker

• A4 Block—

• 5th Block—

IX. Madison Administration 1809-1817*

A. War HawksB. Causes of War of 1812C. Military EventsD. EndE. Results

*See handout

National Anthem

•Song: “To Anacreon in Heaven”

•Lyrics: “Star-Spangled Banner”

General Jackson – “Old Hickory”